...Process Measurement Instrumentation API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 551 FIRST EDITION, MAY 1993 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, Northwest Washington, D.C. 20005 Process Measurement Instrumentation Manufacturing, Distribution and Marketing Department API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 551 FIRST EDITION, MAY 1993 American Petroleum Institute SPECIAL NOTES 1. API PUBLICATIONS NECESSARILY ADDRESS PROBLEMS OF A GENERAL NATURE. WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES, LOCAL, STATE, AND FEDERAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS SHOULD BE REVIEWED. 2. API IS NOT UNDERTAKING TO MEET THE DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS, MANUFACTURERS, OR SUPPLIERS TO WARN AND PROPERLY TRAIN AND EQUIP THEIR EMPLOYEES, AND OTHERS EXPOSED, CONCERNING HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS AND PRECAUTIONS, NOR UNDERTAKING THEIR OBLIGATIONS UNDER LOCAL, STATE, OR FEDERAL LAWS. 3. INFORMATION CONCERNING SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKS AND PROPER PRECAUTIONS WITH RESPECT TO PARTICULAR MATERIALS AND CONDITIONS SHOULD BE OBTAINED FROM THE EMPLOYER, THE MANUFACTURER OR SUPPLIER OF THAT MATERIAL, OR THE MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET. 4. NOTHING CONTAINED IN ANY API PUBLICATION IS TO BE CONSTRUED AS GRANTING ANY RIGHT, BY IMPLICATION OR OTHERWISE, FOR THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, OR USE OF ANY METHOD, APPARATUS, OR PRODUCT COVERED BY LETTERS PATENT. NEITHER SHOULD ANYTHING CONTAINED IN THE PUBLICATION BE CONSTRUED AS INSURING ANYONE AGAINST LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF LETTERS PATENT. 5. GENERALLY, API STANDARDS ARE REVIEWED AND REVISED, REAFFIRMED, OR...
Words: 27566 - Pages: 111
...Statement of Purpose In the constantly evolving world of Science and technology, where there is an outbreak of new concepts that soon become obsolete, I wish to gain a competent level of education and expand my scale of learning. With my keenness, I am devoted to continue my academic pursuit in this direction. With a definitive purpose to gain a fine understanding in the segment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, I desire to convert my intention into logic supplemented by an MS degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Trying to grasp the basics of science in my secondary learning, an interest in the field generated. To understand it in detail, I took up science as my major in my higher secondary. With a certainty to adopt Engineering as my career stream, I focused on Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry. A reasonable performance was the result of my interest in the subjects. Working in the direction of my focus, I sat for the competitive IIT entrance examinations and thereafter, secured an admission in Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.IIT Roorkee is one of the top-ranking Engineering institutions in India. I joined IIT Roorkee in 2008 cracking Joint Entrance examination to pursue my Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication, which I completed in 2012. During this under graduate program, I understood the basics of Electronics and Communication Engineering, which coupled with their practical applications, strengthened my interest in the field. During...
Words: 879 - Pages: 4
...or excessive bending • Insufficient transmitting power • Excessive signal loss due to a cable span that’s too long • Excessive signal loss due to a contaminated connector • Excessive signal loss due to faulty splices or connectors • Excessive signal loss due to having too many splices or connectors • Faulty connection of fiber to the patch panel or in the splice tray Typically, if a connection is completely dead, it’s because of a break in the cable. However, if the connection is intermittent, there are several possible causes: • The cable’s attenuation may be too high because of poor quality splices or too many splices. • Things like dust, fingerprints, scratches, and humidity can contaminate connectors. • There is low transmitter strength. • There are bad connections in the wiring closet. Some tools to assist in determining the issue with the network would be: Cable fault finder - fault locator, cable and wire manager and tone generator Electrical Contractor Telecom Kits - these kits contain essential industry standard telecommunications tools and test equipment. Voltage Detector - provides protection against hazardous voltages. Punchdown Tool - termination tool allows you to terminate jacks. Modular Crimper Cable Strippers Once you find the problem, you have to repair it. Besides the test equipment needed for troubleshooting, you need tools for splicing and termination, which may include a fusion splicer for outside plant cables. You also need matching...
Words: 313 - Pages: 2
...Electronic Communications Policy Introduction: In today’s fast paced and ever-changing economic environment, electronic communication tools are heavily relied on and recognized as an enormous company asset. Electronic communications equipment and services include internal and external electronic mail (e-mail), facsimiles, telephone systems, voice mail, internet access, cellular phones, as well as computer networks, files, hardware and software. While we encourage the use of these company resources, it is important to note they should only be used for their intended purposes and in a manner in which their integrity and performance is protected. “Company” will continually monitor the use of all company assets. Purpose: The guiding purpose of “Company’s” electronic communications policy is to set forth the expected standards of conduct, rules, restrictions, procedures, and disciplinary actions surrounding their use. Abuse and misuse of electronic communication tools potentially puts both the company and employees at risk. In an effort to minimize risks, “Company” is responsible for securing its electronic communications system against unauthorized access, prohibited uses, abuse, and violation of local, state, federal, and international laws. In addition, we will ensure any applicable electronic communications will be retained in accordance with any applicable laws. Employee acknowledgement and consent is required. Scope: The electronic communications policy applies...
Words: 806 - Pages: 4
...control element in the control loop. What does this signal transmission is referred to as a transmitter. The schematic below illustrates the interactions between all the elements in the control loop: | Elements of a Process Control Loop | What is a Transmitter? A Transmitter is a device that converts the signal produced by a sensor into a standardized instrumentation signal such as 3-15 PSI air pressure, 4-20 mA DC electric current, Fieldbus digital signal etc., which may then be conveyed to an indicating device, a controlling device, or both. The indicating or controlling device is often located in a centralized control room. The transmitter often combines a sensor and the transmitter in a single piece. The sensor measures the process variable and generate a proportional signal. The transmitter then amplifies and conditions the sensor signal for onward transmission to the receiving or controlling device. | --> Transmitters Used in Process Instrumentation: Transmitters can be broadly divided into two broad groups: (a) Electronic Transmitters (b) Pneumatic Transmitters Electronic transmitters can either be analog or digital/smart as the case may be. We can further group transmitters according to the types of signals they produce namely: (a) Pneumatic Transmitters (b) Analog Transmitters (c) Digital Transmitters Pneumatic Transmitters Pneumatic transmitters output a pneumatic signal corresponding to the process variable. The pneumatic signal range...
Words: 1407 - Pages: 6
...Members: Anthony Combes Jerick Angeles Industry: Telecommunications I. Introduction Telecommunications is a universal term that is used for a vast range of information-transmitting technologies such as mobile phones, land lines, VoIP and broadcast networks. It is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, especially in the developing countries. It is a process where in an exchange of information occurs by means of electronic and electrical over a distance. An example of a complete arrangement of this process is that, it is made up of two or more stations provided each with transmitter and receiver devices. There is this so called transceiver, a single co-arrangement of transmitters and receivers that may also be used by telecommunication stations. In telecommunications, information is passed through forms of electrical signals which are the carrier waves that are modulated into analog or digital signals for transmitting information. Telecommunication all began in Africa, some parts of Asia and the Americas with the use of smoke signals and drums. Until, in the year 1830’s, electrical telecommunication systems started to appear already. With the advancement of the technology today, no doubt why time and distance as obstacles to communication is not is not problem anymore. Telecommunication has been always beneficial to many parts of the society such as businesses, international relationships and many more. http://www.ehow.com/about_6130768_technology-improved-communication...
Words: 466 - Pages: 2
...Electronic Media Claim (EMC): this is an electronically processed and transmitted claim. The claim process starts by the healthcare facility collecting information, such as, the patient’s condition, the physician’s diagnosis and a list of all procedures performed. This information is then sent to the insurance company. Healthcare facilities that submit electronic claims use a clearinghouse. Clearinghouse: a clearinghouse acts as a third person that takes claims information from a healthcare facility and sends it to the insurance company. The clearinghouse checks the claims for errors and also makes sure that procedures and diagnosis are coded correctly. Explanation of Benefits (EOB): a document that is sent to patients from the insurance company explaining what services where paid for by the insurance company. An Explanation of Benefits usually includes, patient’s name, patient’s insurance ID number, claim number, provider information, type of service, date or service, charges, total patient cost and the amount the patient is responsible for paying. Bucket Billing: in bucket billing the healthcare facility decides how much to charge for a procedure, the insurance company reimburses the healthcare facility for that procedure and if that reimbursement does not cover the full bill, what is left over is then billed to the patient. That is called bucket billing. Benefit of Using Electronic Claims Clearinghouses Using an electronic claims clearinghouse have a lot of...
Words: 331 - Pages: 2
...RF transmitter, direct RF radio transmitter, IF, LO, I and Q, wireless base transceiver station, BTS, wireless base station, DAC, zero IF APPLICATION NOTE 5317 Implementing a Direct RF Transmitter for Wireless Communications By: Ajay Kuckreja, Principal Member Technical Staff, Product Definition May 16, 2012 Abstract: The application note summarizes the RF transmitter architectures of zero-IF, complex IF, high (real) IF, and direct RF before detailing the benefits of the direct RF transmitter for wireless applications, which have increased with the rise in smartphone and tablet computer use. As the application note shows, the superiority of a direct RF architecture with a high-performance DAC results in reduced component count and lower power dissipation while synthesizing very wideband signals. A similar version of this article appears on Wireless Design & Development, March 29, 2012. Introduction Wireless radio transmitters have evolved over the years from real IF (intermediate Click here for an overview of the wireless frequency) transmitters, to complex IF transmitters, to zero-IF transmitters. components used in a typical radio transceiver. However, there are still limitations associated with these commonly used architectures. A newer approach, a direct RF radio transmitter, can overcome the limitations of traditional transmitters. This article compares various radio transmitter architectures for wireless communications. The direct RF radio transmitter...
Words: 1766 - Pages: 8
...communications is that more than one modulation signal can be sent on a carrier. Another reason is that we can modulate our voices or a message into a RF and transmit the message all over the world. 4. three parameters of a high frequency carrier that may be varied by a low frequency intelligence singal are Amplitude,frequency and phase. 5. MF frequency ranges goes from 300 - 3000 kHz, HF is 3 - 30 MHz, VHF is 30 - 300 MHz, UHF include 300 - 3000 MHz, and SHF rannge is 3 - 30 GHz. 7.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx a microwave transmitter typically 9. convert the following power to their dbm equivalents: a) 1w= 30 dbm b) 0.001w= 0 dbm c) 0.0001w= -10 dbm d) 25 uw= -16.02 dBm 15. electrical noise is any undesired voltage or current that appear in a circuit and it is a problem in communications because the information sometimes is obliterated. 16. external noise is a received radio signal that has been introduced by the transmitting medium. internal noise noise in a radio signal that has been intorduced by the receiver. 23. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 38. hartley's law explains that the total amount of information that can be transmitted is proportional to frequency range transmitted and the time of the transmission. 40. the seventh harmonic of 360 = 2520 because 360 x 7 =2520. 49. resonance is defined as the sound or vibration produced in one object that is caused by the sound or vibration produced in another. 50. R=1200 F=100000000 Hz L=0.006 H ...
Words: 347 - Pages: 2
...different groups of networks to share data across what we call the internet. Games take advantage of this technology to connect to other computers. Networking companies have succeeded so well in allowing people to connect across their internal networks and the internet that pretty much any app. is able to send data to another computer. There is a physical connection running between two computers that want to connect. This is made possible because phone lines that run from houses to switches to other houses that the phone company lets dial to each other. Or another alternative it could be network cables going to hubs and other computers. Also, it could be cable lines running to fiber optic lines, through routers. And lastly it could be radio waves that computers can broadcast and receive. There are physical devices that connect the computer to the network of lines that you use to communicate...
Words: 472 - Pages: 2
...Phase 1 is that, BTC of the node j parent node field. After broadcastingADV1 message, if a node receives any of the ADV1 message from any type of other node, then the all node compare its own ID with the parent node ID stored in the received broadcast the message. If its own ID is equal to that the parent node ID in received ADV1 message, the node declares itself as an internal node, If the node does not receive any type of the ADV1 message where its own ID is equal to the parent node ID stored in that broadcast message, after then the node declare itself as an leaf node. The algorithm to add second parent to each of the node,the tree constructed in phase 1 is given in the procedure BTC phase2 in which performs its all task as follows. At the starting of this phase, sink node broadcasts anADV2 message to all its neighbours,the node executes the following steps 1. If the node receives the ADV2 message from the sink node, then it computes the new cost by adding reciprocal of its left over power to the received cost, and sets its two cost fields to new cost and its stores the sink node ID in its both parent node fields. 2. If both the parent node fields of the receiving node are equal, then it stores that new cost value as computed in step 1 in the second cost field and stores the received node ID in the second parent node field. 3. If both the parent node fields of the receiving node are not equal, then it compares the new cost with that cost are stored in the second cost field,...
Words: 501 - Pages: 3
...Transder: A device that converts from one form to another. #3 Radio Frequency interference and Electromagnetic interference. #5. Electric Field and Magnetic field. Diffraction occurs with all waves, including sound waves, water waves, and electromagnetic waves such as visible light, X-rays and radio waves #17. Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its transmission medium. #18. Shadow Zone is an area following an obstacle that does not receive a wave by diffraction. #19 Thre basic modes : Ground wave, space wave. sky wave. #20. Ground Wave propagation is a method of radio frequency propagation that uses the area between the surface of the earth and the ionosphere for transmission. #24. The radio waves having high frequencies are basically called as space waves. These waves have the ability to propagate through atmosphere, from transmitter antenna to receiver antenna. #30. The CRITICAL FREQUENCY is the maximum frequency that a radio wave can be transmitted vertically and still be refracted back to Earth. The CRITICAL ANGLE is the maximum and/or minimum angle that a radio wave can be transmitted and still be refracted back to Earth. In radio transmission maximum usable frequency (MUF) is the highest radio frequency that can be used for transmission between two points via reflection from the ionosphere ( skywave or "skip" propagation) at a specified time, independent of transmitter power. This index is especially useful in regard to shortwave...
Words: 412 - Pages: 2
...cable installations and no government licensing is necessary. Free space laser communications systems can be quickly deployed since they are small and do not need any radio interference calculations. Additionally, no spectrum fees have to be paid. This paper includes analysis, optimization, design and system level development of signal transformation between satellites or any two sources. Which work similarly to fibre optic links, except the beam is transmitted through free space. The carrier used for the transmission signal is typically generated by a laser diode. Two parallel beams are needed, one for transmission and one for reception. INTRUDUCTION: Laser Communication is one of the emerging areas of wireless communication system. Due to its low noise ratio makes its one of the well suited communication medium for exchange of information. Currently laser commutation is adopted in satellite communication for space research activities and due to its efficiency on low noise ratio, inexpensive, low power and its flexibility and its resistance to the radio interferences makes laser communication as one of research area in wireless communication. In this process, this paper comprises the one such application of laser communication for information exchange between any two devices. In Laser Communication the transmitter and receiver must require a line-of-sight conditions and Laser communications systems have the benefit of eliminating the need for broadcast rights and buried cables...
Words: 2114 - Pages: 9
... If a 1500-kHz radio wave is modulated by a 2-kHz sine-wave tone, what frequencies are contained in the modulated wave (the actual AM signal)? 3. If a carrier is amplitude-modulated, what causes the sideband frequencies? The non-linear mixing of the carrier and intelligence frequencies. 4. What determines the bandwidth of emission for an AM transmission? It is twice the frequency of the highest audio frequency transmitted. The upper sideband is fc +FM where fc is the carrier frequency and FM is the modulation (audio) frequency. The lower sideband is fc-FM. The total band 10. What are some of the possible results of overmodulation? 19. Why is a high percentage of modulation desirable? 20. During 100 percent modulation, what percentage of the average output power is in the sidebands? (33.3%) 23. Describe two possible ways that a transistor can be used to generate an AM signal. 24. What is low-level modulation? 25. What is high-level modulation? 27. Why must some radio-frequency amplifiers be neutralized? 29. Define parasitic oscillation. Higher frequency self-oscillations in RF amplifiers. 30. How does self-oscillation occur? 32. What is the principal advantage of a class C amplifier? 35. Draw a block diagram of an AM transmitter. 36. What is the purpose of a buffer amplifier stage in a transmitter? 38. Draw a simple schematic diagram showing a method of coupling the radio-frequency output of the final power amplifier stage of a transmitter to an antenna. ...
Words: 452 - Pages: 2
...laptops, cell phones (especially smartphone) and other portable devices are increasing rapidly in present and mainly for cordless devices or which has unmanageable wire connections. This technique passes electromagnetic energy to the portable devices when it is placed close to the wireless charger. magnetic field by passing alternating current through it for which there is a voltage induced in the receiver. I. INTRODUCTION In 1900 June Nikola Tesla introduced the concept of wireless charging. During 1891 to 1904 using Tesla coils (generates high AC voltage) he transmitted power without wires by capacitive coupling and inductive. Wireless charging is also known as inductive charging. It consists of two coils which is transmitter coil and receiver coil. Recent technology has introduced movable transmission coil and the receiver coils made of silver plated copper. Sometimes it is also made of aluminium to reduce resistance and weight. From the past few years wireless charging has appeared in the electronic markets. In present, wireless charging can be seen in many restaurants like Starbucks, McDonalds. Figure 1. Wireless Charging II. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE WIRELESS POWER FUNCTION The wireless charging defines inductive coupling. It uses two for coils one is transmitting and another one is for receiving. They are usually kept at a...
Words: 1610 - Pages: 7
