...Cultural Studies Essay A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that utilizes some form of random selection. In order to have a random selection method, you must set up some process or procedure that assures that the different units in your population have equal probabilities of being chosen. Humans have long practiced various forms of random selection, such as picking a name out of a hat, or choosing the short straw. These days, we tend to use computers as the mechanism for generating random numbers as the basis for random selection. Probability sampling methods are those in which every item in the universe has a known chance, or probability of being chosen for sample. This implies that the selection of the sample items is independent of the person making the study that is the sampling operation is controlled so objectively that the items will be chosen strictly at random. Types of probability sampling Simple Random Sampling: The simplest form of random sampling is called simple random sampling. Neither of these mechanical procedures is very feasible and, with the development of inexpensive computers there is a much easier way. Simple random sampling is simple to accomplish and is easy to explain to others. Because simple random sampling is a fair way to select a sample, it is reasonable to generalize the results from the sample back to the population. Simple random sampling is not the most statistically efficient method of sampling and you may, just because of the...
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...Q1) The data to be assessed was collected just prior to the 2008 United States presidential election. The New York Times/CBS sought after collecting data, which would be representative of the United States of America as a whole. In doing so, it would give a reasonably accurate prediction of how the nation would vote in the upcoming election. A stratified random sample was taken (the country was split up into regions and each region had a random sample taken in proportion to its population size) by means of telephone survey. The manner in which the data was collected had both good and bad aspects and upon considering both we will be able to come to the conclusion on whether the data will be representative of the purpose it is intended for. To begin with we are told that the sample was made up of 1152, however only 1046 of these were registered to vote. The population of this survey would have been people who were registered to vote, as ultimately it was only these people who could decide the election. This meant the 106 people not registered should have been excluded from the survey results. Furthermore a sample of 1152 people I feel is too small a sample to be representative of the U.S as a whole. 1152 people...
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...in dealing with uncertainty in spite of the flood of available data, enabling managers to more quickly make smarter decisions and provide more stable leadership to staff relying on them. Businesses are increasingly using Statistical techniques to convert data into information. Tools and techniques of Statistics are being widely used in HR in many domains that include Compensation survey, Performance Management, Employee Satisfaction Survey, Training Feedback Evaluation, Operational Research Techniques in HR, Human Resource Accounting, Acquisitions, Mergers, Restructuring and Downsizing, HR Budgeting etc. The most common areas where HRM can use information gathered from statistics to make improvements and changes within the company, include the following: Compensation survey: This will help the HR team identify if compensation programs, such as pension schemes, are working or if areas need to be addressed. This will help them identify how many staff are involved on a pension scheme and will help them tailor the service to suit their needs. Employee satisfaction: By carrying out staff surveys and questionnaires the HR will be able to identify how happy and satisfied the employees feel within the workplace. This will help identify areas where more attention or investment is needed and may even help a potential problem from growing out of control. Training and support: By regularly asking staff if they feel they would like more training on a particular topic or asking...
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...Literature Review – Survey Sampling Matthew King Liberty University BUSI 600-B13 LUO Dr. Shawna Wentlandt September 27, 2014 Abstract Conducting a survey is an incredibly fruitful method in gathering informational data related to a particular field or idea. When conducting that survey, one of the first questions to answer is who will partake in the survey. The methodology employed to determine how many, and the parameters of who will be surveyed is known as sampling. This literature review will summarize and synthesize many articles on the topic of sampling. Introduction Literature Review Purpose This literature review will summarize and synthesize over twenty-four articles related to the science and art of survey sampling. Sampling for a survey is paramount to the research as it ensures accuracy of polling a population. An understanding of sampling will not be necessary to the comprehension of this review. It serves to introduce the reader to survey sampling in general, while acting as a quick handbook to sampling. Those with a beginning interest should be able to use this review as a first step into sampling science. Each section should provide a further understanding of sampling from the various articles reviewed. Literature Review Outline The literature review will begin with an introduction section to survey sampling. The history of survey sampling will be shown by the articles reviewed. Following an introduction to sampling, methodologies used in sampling...
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...objects known to have similar characteristics. All individuals or objects within a certain population usually have a common, binding characteristic or trait. Usually, the description of the population and the common binding characteristic of its members are the same. "Government officials" is a well-defined group of individuals which can be considered as a population and all the members of this population are indeed officials of the government. There are various sources from which a sample is created. A set of all these sources is called a Sampling frame from which the sample is selected. With the help of sampling frames, researchers are able to select the sample population from the target population that will be tested for the research or survey. A sampling frame should have the following characteristics: Completeness: A frame should be complete in a sense that all the individuals of the target population should be covered in the frame. In case we are...
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...which to solicit survey participants and/or because it was close to the pollster's home or business, this would be a convenience sample. Let’s say that a researcher and professor at a University is interested in studying drinking behaviors among college students. The professor teaches a sociology 101 class to mostly college freshmen and decides to use his or her class as the study sample. He or she passes out surveys during class for the students to complete and hand in. This would be an example of a convenience sample because the researcher is simply using subjects that are convenient and readily available. This sample would not be representative of all college students and therefore the researcher would not be able to generalize his or her findings to all college students. The students enrolled in the sociology 101 class, for example, could be heavily weighted toward a certain characteristic (mostly freshmen, for instance). While the results of this study could not be generalized to the larger college student population, the results of the survey could still be useful. For example, the professor could use the results to refine certain questions on the survey or come up with more questions to include on a later survey. Convenience samples are often used for this purpose: to test certain questions and see what kind of responses arise and use those results as a springboard to create a more thorough and useful questionnaire. Simple Random Sampling Simple random sampling refers...
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...CHAPTER 2 o n Studying this chapter should enable you to: • understand the meaning and purpose of data collection; • distinguish between primary and secondary sources; • know the mode of collection of data; • distinguish between Census and Sample Surveys; • be familiar with the techniques of sampling; • know about some important sources of secondary data. 1. I N T R O D U C T I O N h T lis R b E u C p N re © e b o t t chapter, you will study the sources of data and the mode of data collection. The purpose of collection of data is to collect evidence for reaching a sound and clear solution to a problem. In economics, you often come across a statement like, “After many fluctuations the output of food grains rose to 176 million tonnes in 1990–91 and 199 million tonnes in 1996–97, but fell to 194 million tonnes in 1997–98. Production of food grains then rose continuously and touched 212 million tonnes in 2001–02.” In this statement, you can observe that the food grains production in different years does not remain the same. It varies from year to year and from crop to crop. As these values Collection of Data d e In the previous chapter, you have read about what is economics. You also studied about the role and importance of statistics in economics. In this 1 0 STATISTICS FOR ECONOMICS vary, they are called variable. The variables are generally represented by the letters X, Y or Z. The values of these variables are the observation. For example, suppose...
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...Programme name | Management | Module title | Survey Research Management | Module code | MN3121 | Local Resource Centre (where relevant) | School of Management | Date Submitted | 13/12/2013 | Word count (to include everything except the references and appendices) | 2108 | Nonprobability sampling in management research ESS has made a survey created to measure attitudes cross-nationally in Europe, using probability sampling. Measuring an attitude across countries is a tough job, but to successfully apply the methods of probability sampling too, seems close to impossible. This essay will look at the sample-problems that this survey faces, and how a non-probability sample can be successfully integrated. Before starting to analyse the survey, I would like to briefly explain what a sample is, and the main differences between the two sampling techniques. First of all the objective of most surveys or research projects is to obtain information about the parameters of a population. To do this a sample is collected representing a subgroup of the population selected for participation in the project. The sample characteristics are used to “make inferences about the population parameters”. (Malhotra, 2010: 370) Meaning that you by selecting a small representation of the population can tell something about the whole population. Non-probability sampling can be defined briefly as “Sampling techniques that do not use chance selection procedures, but rather rely on personal...
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...increasing customer service experience. Will the new training increase customer service satisfaction? Over the past years Apple has been an adequate customer service company. We have gathered information from Human Resources department to investigate the results of the past few years in customer service result. In Apple our customer service is ranked by a scale of 1-10, 10 is the highest score, which means that all calls and face to face interactions have been ranked by people as excellent. In the past few two years our average score has been 3.90. We have come up with a hypothesis to our problem; with the new training implementation our customer service satisfaction will increase significantly. A new training to our customer service representatives has been in place for the past year with the intent of increasing our customer service experience. Our variables to consider has been that of how many people will answer the questionnaire. Our questionnaire consists of a...
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...Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about statistically selecting a random (or a wishfully "representative") subset of a population. For computer simulation, see pseudo-random number sampling. In statistics and survey methodology, sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population. Researchers rarely survey the entire population because the cost of a census is too high. The three main advantages of sampling are that the cost is lower, data collection is faster, and since the data set is smaller it is possible to ensure homogeneity and to improve the accuracy and quality of the data. Each observation measures one or more properties (such as weight, location, color) of observable bodies distinguished as independent objects or individuals. In survey sampling, weights can be applied to the data to adjust for the sample design, particularly stratified sampling (blocking). Results from probability theory and statistical theory are employed to guide practice. In business and medical research, sampling is widely used for gathering information about a population. Contents [hide] * 1 Process * 2 Population definition * 3 Sampling frame * 4 Probability and nonprobability sampling * 5 Sampling methods * 5.1 Simple random sampling * 5.2 Systematic sampling * 5.3 Stratified sampling * 5.4 Probability proportional...
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...ages ranges from young individuals to adults. The gender is not a hindrance since almost everyone loves to eat ice cream. Summer season is the projected time that would increase demand for the ice cream. The ice cream product would be saleable during summer season but regardless, ice creams can be served at anytime of the year. The business is using e-commerce and social networking sites for the purpose of advertising their product. Through this, it is more accessible for the customers to easily know about the business and the products or services they offer. Research and Methodology The researcher was able to gather data through sampling, the process which involves taking part of the population, making observations on these representative groups and then...
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...especially if the population is very large. Then it would be wise to use sampling. A sample is a group of subjects taken from the population intended to represent the population (Triola & Triola, p. 4, 2006). The sample needs to have all the characteristics required for the survey. The sample should resemble the population. For example if the survey required all the college students at a particular college or who went to that particular college to participate, the person in charge of the survey would have a very large population. In this situation using a sample from that population, which could represent the population would be an ideal alternative. By drawing a sample from the original population would ensure the sample contained only the students that are in attendance or have attended that particular college. It would have a range of students who not only went to that college but also would have an assortment of majors and classes making your sample diverse in other aspects. The one thing they all would have in common is that they all will have attended the college. We can take this one step further and say you not only need to survey those currently and previously enrolled but you wanted to survey those who have taken a particular class. By narrowing down to a particular class the population gets smaller. If you wanted a particular class with a particular instructor, you population shrinks...
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...Non-Probability Sampling Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected. In any form of research, true random sampling is always difficult to achieve. Most researchers are bounded by time, money and workforce and because of these limitations, it is almost impossible to randomly sample the entire population and it is often necessary to employ another sampling technique, the non-probability sampling technique. In contrast with probability sampling, non-probability sample is not a product of a randomized selection processes. Subjects in a non-probability sample are usually selected on the basis of their accessibility or by the purposive personal judgment of the researcher. The downside of the non-probablity sampling method is that an unknown proportion of the entire population was not sampled. This entails that the sample may or may not represent the entire population accurately. Therefore, the results of the research cannot be used in generalizations pertaining to the entire population. Types of Non-Probability Sampling Convenience Sampling Convenience sampling is probably the most common of all sampling techniques. With convenience sampling, the samples are selected because they are accessible to the researcher. Subjects are chosen simply because they are easy to recruit. This technique is considered easiest, cheapest and least time...
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...Task 2A; 2B; 2C; 2D ------------------------------------------------- To: Homer Jasperson (Founder of Hayward Home-Style) From: Angelina Hartanto (Project Leader) Title: Market Research on new potential market (Brazil) Executive Summary: Objective of this survey is to find out the correlation between income level and spending patterns in general as well as on household goods. The secondary data collection is obtained through an external source from an accountable Internet web (www.tradingeconomics.com). From the data, we would be able to have a better understanding on Brazil’s consumer spending trend, in which if it has increases on the recent years. Trading Economics; Brazil Consumer Spending (Available from: http://www.tradingeconomics.com/brazil/consumer-spending) Trading Economics 2015 A secondary data should overtake any primary source data. It projects information from a wider range of audiences/sources than a specific one in primary data. Secondary source data is cheaper to collect as well as more time efficient as compared to primary source data. The nature of the data above is relevant to what Hayward is searching for. Knowing the spending trend of the entire population on the specific country could be very useful to determine if it is the right time/ market to venture in. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ We would recommend probability samples design to non-probability...
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...provide an explanation of the statistical procedures used to analyze the data. Research Methodology A descriptive research methodology was used for this study. A survey was administered to a selected sample from a specific population identified by the National School Board Association. The term ‘survey’ is commonly applied to a research methodology designed to collect data from a specific population, or a sample from that population, and typically utilizes a questionnaire or an interview as the survey instrument (Robson, 1993). Surveys are used to obtain data from individuals about themselves, their households, or about larger social institutions (school boards). Sample surveys are an important tool for collecting and analyzing information from selected individuals. They are widely accepted as a key tool for conducting and applying basic social science research methodology (Rossi, Wright, and Anderson, 1983). American society is familiar with the use of surveys to assess issues or project trends: marketing researchers use surveys to study consumer preference and shopping patterns (Leary, 1995). The Gallup poll on education in America is an ongoing project of Phi Delta Kappa. Results of the annual survey are published each year in Kappan magazine. Selected American television viewers participate in the Nielson surveys, 23 designed to estimate the size of various television program audiences for the purpose...
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