...Topic # 3: Random Variables & Processes & Noise T1. B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 3rd Edition, Oxford University Press, 1998: OR 4th Edition 2010 Chapter 8, 9 & 12 T2. Simon Haykin & Michael Moher: Communication Systems; John Wiely, 4th Edition OR 5th Edition, 2010, 5/e. : Chapter 5 R1.DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Fundamentals and Applications: ERNARD SKLAR and Pabitra Kumar Ray; Pearson Education 2009, 2/e. : ( Section 5.5) August 11- 18, 2014 1 What is Noise ? Desired Signal : The one that is needed. Effect of Noise : Since the noise adds to the signal, it lives with it. Neither amplification nor the filtering can alleviate the effect of noise on the desired signal. Undesired Signal : The one that gets added to the desired signal when the desired signal is passing through the medium, amplifiers, mixers, filters and other parts of the communication channel between the source and the destination. Noise : The undesired signal that adds to the desired signal and reaches the destination. The only way to keep away from the effects of noise is to see that less amount of noise, relative to the desired signal, is present at the destination Interference: Intentional or unintentional un desired signals that interfere with communication process. 2 ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS COMMUNICATION INSTRUMENTATION Noise Sources Externally Generated Internally Generated Thermal noise : Random Motion of electrons due to temperature in...
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...Econometrics of Random Walk Hypothesis ABSTRACT The random walk hypothesis is a key instrument used in the analysis of forecasting in the economic and financial market. It is used primarily in the forecasting of the prices of stocks. This is useful to determine and forecast the prices of stocks given previous stock prices. This paper discusses the basis of the hypothesis, the two types of random walk hypothesis, its framework, methodologies and the analysis of its repercussions. INTRODUCTION The random walk hypothesis states that stock price changes have the same distribution and are independent of one another, so the past movement or trend of a stock price or of the market as a whole cannot be used to predict its future price or any possible future trends. The concept originated in the late 1800s from Jules Regnault, a French broker, and Louis Bachelier, a French mathematician, whose Ph.D. dissertation titled "The Theory of Speculation". The same ideas were later developed and studied further by Paul Cootner, an MIT Sloan School of Management professor, in his 1964 book The Random Character of Stock Market Prices. The term was popularized by the 1973 book, A Random Walk Down Wall Street, by Burton Malkiel, a professor of economics at Princeton University, and was used earlier in Eugene Fama's 1965 article "Random Walks In Stock Market Prices”. The theory that stock prices move randomly was earlier proposed by Maurice Kendall in his 1953 paper, “The Analytics of Economic Time...
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...I believe random acts of kindness are related to our class because the health fields are service fields. We will be working with people. We need to be able to get along with others. We will need to be or learn to be givers. They say people get well faster if they have the right attitude. If we work in health services and we help our patients by being positive around them they may get better faster, and I think we will enjoy our work more too. My favorite random act of kindness from the past nine weeks is something that happened here at the local fishing hole on Lewisburg Highway. One day I was fishing there and I caught three big Rainbow Trout. My step-dad Mark and I met a man who was also fishing for trout. He said he was taking his fish home to feed his family. I decided I would like him to have my three fish too. It felt like the right thing to do. Mark really bragged on me to my mom and told her how happy that made him to see me just decide to do that on my own. I have done a lot more than three a week. Some other things I have done without being asked over the past nine weeks are: I have written grocery lists, and cooked for the family. One night I made a shrimp dish that was everyone's favorite. I got a hair cut and the lady was extra nice and did a really good job. I said to her, “ Thanks, you are the best hair stylist ever.” She was touched and we were both really happy. One day at school a friend was cold and I let her have my hoodie even though I was cold too...
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...Bringing happiness and hope to someone’s day are an honor; this can be accomplished by giving or helping others without thought of self-benefit (Olpin & Hesson, 2016). This Random Act of Kindness (RAK) can be achieved by performing a selfless act to either help or positively affect the emotional state of another person (Passmore & Oades, 2015). The Random Act of Kindness that I performed was at a Dunkin Donuts; I asked the gentleman behind me if he was having a cup of coffee today. He responded. “yes.” I placed my order; the told the cashier that I was going to purchase the gentleman’s coffee. Both the clerk and the gentleman looked at me with a strange glance. I assured the gentleman that this was not a television prank and he started to laugh....
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...Random access memory • Sequential circuits all depend upon the presence of memory. – A flip-flop can store one bit of information. – A register can store a single “word,” typically 32-64 bits. • Random access memory, or RAM, allows us to store even larger amounts of data. Today we’ll see: – The basic interface to memory. – How you can implement static RAM chips hierarchically. This is the last piece we need to put together a computer! • Random Access Memory 1 Introduction to RAM • Random-access memory, or RAM, provides large quantities of temporary • storage in a computer system. Remember the basic capabilities of a memory: – It should be able to store a value. – You should be able to read the value that was saved. – You should be able to change the stored value. A RAM is similar, except that it can store many values. – An address will specify which memory value we’re interested in. – Each value can be a multiple-bit word (e.g., 32 bits). We’ll refine the memory properties as follows: A RAM should be able to: - Store many words, one per address - Read the word that was saved at a particular address - Change the word that’s saved at a particular address • • Random Access Memory 2 Picture of memory • You can think of computer memory as being one big array of data. – The address serves as an array index. – Each address refers to one word of data. You can read or modify the data at any given memory address, just like you can read...
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...She handed me a five dollar bill through the car window, then turned and walked away. I don’t know her name, nor where she was going—the encounter was so brief—but I know I will never forget that lady stranger who generously saved me from a lot of frustration and prevented me from walking a mile or more to my destination. The scene was a downtown public parking lot. My husband, Leo, and I were already a half hour late for a statewide conference on the status of African American families and children. (CSAAFC). We had taken the wrong fork in the expressway, and found ourselves deadlocked in traffic that was backed up for four miles due to a serious accident. I told Leo to go the other way, but he didn’t. . . When we finally were able to exit, we tried to find parking in the designated free garages and lots near the hosting hotel. But, by now, they were all full. Not expecting this, neither of us had brought change; all we had was a twenty dollar bill. When we did find some space in a lot two blocks away from the conference, we were unable to pay the automated box for our slot; we needed five dollars. There was, handily, an ATM that charged $4.50 to get change for a twenty. But, there was no guarantee that there would be a five spot; we might have gotten just two tens for change. That wouldn’t have helped the situation. Besides, $4.50 just seemed like highway robbery. I wasn’t willing to pay it. We asked several people approaching the pay box if they could change a twenty. “No”...
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...Introduction to Randomness and Random Numbers. Randomness and random numbers have traditionally been used for a variety of purposes, for example games such as dice games. With the advent of computers, people recognized the need for a means for a means of introducing randomness into a computer program. Surprising as it may seem, however, it is difficult to get a computer to do something by chance. A computer running a program follows its instructions blindly and is therefore completely predictable. Computer engineers chose to introduce randomness into computers in the form of pseudo-random number generators. As the name suggest, pseudo-numbers are not truly random. Rather, they are computed from a mathematical formula or simply taken from a pre-calculated list. A lot of research has gone into pseudo-random number theory and modern algorithms for random numbers have the characteristic that they are predictable, meaning they can be predicted if you know where in the sequence the first number is taken from. For some purposes, predictability, is a good characteristic, for others it is not., Random numbers are used for computer games but they are also used on a more serious scale for the generation of cryptographic keys are for some classes of scientific experiments. For scientific experiments, it is convenient that a series of random numbers can be replayed for use in several experiments, and pseudo-random numbers are well suited for this purpose. For cryptographic use, however...
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...Random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random...
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...random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random random ...
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...department to the entire university and above all to the organizational environment at hand and lastly the cost of establishment and implementation of a HR department. Descriptive study has been undertaken to address this paper due to the absence of HR department in the university. Through this study feasibility of an HR department is inquired. The methods used for data collection and research is entirely based on a survey which consists of a combination of questionnaires and interviews which have enabled us to collect primary data for this study as no secondary data can be found due to the absence of the HR department in the university. Multi-stage sampling was carried out where sampling is conducted by using 2 techniques. Here they used random sampling...
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...1. In music, the early twentieth century was a time of revolt and change 2. The most famous riot in music history occurred in Paris in 1913 at the first performance of Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. 3. Composers in the twentieth century drew inspiration from folk and popular music from all cultures, the music of Asia and Africa, and European art music from the Middle Ages through the nineteenth century. 4. Twentieth-century composers incorporated elements of folk and popular music within their personal styles because they were attracted to the unconventional rhythms, sounds and melodic patterns 5. A great twentieth-century composer who was also a leading scholar of the folk music of his native land was Béla Bartók. 6. Which of the following composers was not stimulated by the folklore of his native land? Anton Webern 7. In twentieth-century music string players are sometimes called on to use the wood instead of the hair on their bows, percussion instruments have become very prominent and numerous, & dissonance has been emancipated 8. Among the unusual playing techniques that are widely used during the twentieth century is the glissando, a rapid slide up or down a scale. 9. In modern music instruments are played at the very top or bottom of their ranges; uncommon playing techniques have become normal; noiselike and percussive sounds are often used 10. A piano is often used in twentieth-century orchestral music to add a percussive edge 11. The combination of two...
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...Paper 2752 ans 1b Management decision problem vs. marketing research problem· The decision problem should focus on what needs to be done? · The research problem should aim at providing information which enable the decision maker to take relevant decisions or carry out relevant actions in order to solve the problem · How can you avoid to make wrong specification of the research problem? o Wait until you have explored the decision problem sufficiently before you state your research problem o The typical research failure is to start the research process by making a proposal stating the methods which is to be used to complete the research o A more fruitful way of doing research is to examine the decision maker’s situation carefully in the first place with focus on: · The decision maker (organization) and its environment · Alternative courses of action · The objective of the decision maker · The consequences of alternative actions · Decision Problem: · The problem facing the decision maker (organization) for which the research is intended to provide answers or information · Research Problem: · A statement of the decision problem into research terms ans 1c. Research question vs. Hypothesis A hypothesis is a tentative statement predicting a particular relationship between two or more variables. If you want to know whether or not your study requires a hypothesis, ask yourself these questions: Are you undertaking a quantitative study...
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...Twelve Years Wasted Twelve years of my life wasted. Twelve years away from my family, the only people whom I truly loved in life. I had made a terrible mistake and had to face the consequences of living in a confined jail cell, all alone for twelve years. It was a seemingly endless hiatus but it was finally my time to leave and be reunited with my family. They had no idea I was coming home and surprising them on Thanksgiving since I had kept it a secret. As I rang the doorbell to my elderly grandmothers house I could feel the nerves growing by the second. Would they accept me again? Would they understand that this needed to be done to support my family? All these questions would be answered as soon as I stepped foot through the door of my grandmothers petite, cramped house. I heard my mother coming to the door…she opened it and hugged me like I’ve never been hugged before. I knew she had accepted me, now for the rest of my family. As I sat down at the dinner table it was completely silent. I assumed no one knew what to say to me. No one in my family knew the real reason for my actions; so, I started off by explaining my story in a way they could understand. I was eighteen years old when my father died and that’s where it all started. My family had always been of lower class but we could get by. But when my father died we had nothing. My mother was working two jobs to support my younger brother, and me but it wasn’t enough. So I took it upon myself to ameliorate the...
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...Steph wrote a while back that she was sad to see summer going. For me, especially the way this summer has gone, I can’t agree. Yes, I’ll definitely miss the Saints games. I’ll miss the nice days, but for me, this is the time of year when I’m looking ahead. I’m getting closer to finishing up the software I’ve been working on all summer long. I may actually even get to take a real vacation in a month or two. Plus, with the advent of cooler evenings, I’m actually able to open the windows at home and avoid the noise of the air-conditioner and fans once in a while. And I’ve got a hope that with cooler weather, a break in the work (at least temporarily), and no Saints games taking up my my evenings, I’ll find more time to get out and ride my trike. And it’s been this way since I started my business. I’ve always tried to take on less work over the summers, but every year but one I’ve been working on a project that was originally supposed to be done in May, and ended up finishing around September. It’s a chronic problem in the software field, but being an outsider on these projects, I wonder why companies don’t bite off smaller chunks so they can let their employees take some time off during the summer when the ankle-biters are home from school, and families want to take vacations. And just for completeness’ sake, I should note that the one summer I had off, I was working on a project that was running late, and when hit with completely unreasonable demands on my time in May, I left...
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...552. CHAPTER 5GROSS INCOME: EXCLUSIONS Question MC #1 The taxpayer’s marginal tax bracket is 25%. Which would the taxpayer prefer? a. $1.00 taxable income rather than $1.00 tax-exempt income. *b. $.80 tax-exempt income rather than $1.00 taxable income. c. $1.25 taxable income rather than $1.00 tax-exempt income. d. $1.30 taxable income rather than $1.00 tax-exempt income. e. None of the above. 553. CHAPTER 5GROSS INCOME: EXCLUSIONS Question MC #2 Cash received by an individual: a. Is not included in gross income if it was not earned. b. Is not taxable unless the payor is legally obligated to make the payment. c. Must always be included in gross income. *d. May be included in gross income although the payor is not legally obligated to make the payment. e. None of the above. 554. CHAPTER 5GROSS INCOME: EXCLUSIONS Question MC #3 Sharon’s automobile slid into a ditch. A stranger pulled her out. Sharon offered to pay $25, but the stranger refused. Sharon slipped the $25 in the stranger’s truck when he was not looking. a. The $25 is a nontaxable gift received by the stranger because Sharon was not legally required to pay him. b. The $25 is a nontaxable gift because the stranger did not ask to receive it. *c. The $25 is taxable compensation for services rendered. d. The $25 is a nontaxable service award. e. None of the above. 555. CHAPTER 5GROSS INCOME: EXCLUSIONS Question MC #4 Carin, a widow, elected to receive the proceeds of a $150,000 life insurance policy...
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