...It was mid-June, and I was laying down watching the clouds go by. The air was warm and smelled of ripe raspberries. While a deer and her speckled fawn were grazing on the green grass in the field, and in the background I could hear the creek slowly running. I was just laying there thinking about what I would do later that day. I found that weird because I’m always busy because Gram says I am the hardest working girl in all of Sante Fe. But I could take a day off any time. So I decided that I was going to pick the ripe raspberries at Gram’s house. Then the strangest thing happened, the strangest thing that had ever happened to Orange Hill. What happened you're wondering? Well, an orange portal appeared out of nowhere, smelling of freshly peeled...
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...Raspberry’s make a great jam and is a well known favorite in the Alaskan household. In Alaska the season for Raspberries is in the month of August. The quality of the berry is important for a successful jam making session. Domesticated raspberries, as opposed to the wild raspberry are by far the best choice available. They are considerably larger, juicier,and have a good amount acidity and pectin. Pectin is a jelling substance found naturally in a large variety of fruits. Raspberries are found to be high in pectin, while strawberries, blackberries, and blueberries are low in pectin. Finding a decent patch of berries to harvest that has not been picked through can sometimes be a challenge. Walmart and Fred Meyers will have everything needed to make raspberry jam. For the food portion of the shopping list, the following are needed: • At least 6 cups of white granulated sugar • 1 cube of butter • CERTO brand fruit pectin in the pouch found in the food storage section. • If you missed the berry picking season, frozen red raspberries will suffice. You will need at least 2 quarts of uncrushed berries. For the cooking and hardware portion of the shopping trip, gather the items listed below: • 1- 6 to 8 quart Stainless Steel sauce pot. It is important to use only Stainless Steel, as other metals such as aluminum will produce a chemical reaction with the berries which results in a tinny taste. • 1 - Large Stainless Steel Spoon • 1 - Stainless Steel ladle • 9 - 8 ounce...
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...FOR HYDROXYL AND CARBONYL CONTAINING COMPOUNDS ABSTRACT Hydroxyl- and Carbonyl- containing samples were tasked to be distinguished and classified respectively; the three types of alcohols were to be differentiated along with aldehydes and ketones. Hydroxyl groups are functional groups containing OH- atoms acting as substituents in an organic compound, carbonyl- groups refer to a divalent group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. Hydroxyl groups are characteristic functional groups of alcohols and phenols, while carbonyl groups are characteristic functional groups of aldehydes and ketones. The samples include ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone, acetophenone, and isopropyl alcohol. The samples were analyzed through different tests including the solubility of alcohols in water, Lucas Tests, Chromic Acid Tests (Jones Oxidation), 2-4 Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) Tests, Fehling’s Tests, Tollens’ Silver Mirror Tests, and Iodoform Tests. Lucas tests differentiate primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Chromic tests distinguish a sample’s capability to oxidize. 2,4-DNP tests differentiates aldehydes and ketones from other functional groups. Fehling’s tests and Tollens’ Silver Mirror tests distinguish aldehydes from other functional groups. Iodoform tests distinguish methyl carbinol and methylcarbonyl groups. INTRODUCTION A Hydroxyl- group...
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...Experiment 34A: Hypochlorite Oxidation of Methyl Ketones by the Haloform Reaction: Benzoic Acid Objective: To practice the Haloform reaction as synthetic rout to form benzoic acid To understand the mechanis that provide chorine from NaOH To obtain the melting point and FTIR spectrum of benzoic acid Experimental Procedure: The procedure was followed as described in Mayo, pages 405 -406, with the modifications given on Blackboard. Additional modifications to the procedure included the following: * The filtered product was left on the Hirsch funnel for 1 5 min * The amount of Na2SO3 was increased from 15 to35 mg * The amount of Acetophenone was increased from 15 to35 mg * The amount of Na2SO3 was increased from 90 μL, from 60 μL. * The amount of Sodium hypoclorite was increased to 3.2 mg Reaction scheme Data and Results: Physical properties Compound | Formula | MW | Amount | mmol | Mp 0C | Bp 0C | d | nD | Acetophenone | C₆H₅COCH₃ | 120.16 | 90 μL. | 77 | 20.7 | 2.2.6 | 1.03 | 1.5372 | Aquous NaOCl | NaOCl | 74.442 | 3.2mL | | 18 | 101 | 1.11 | | Sodium sulfite | Na2SO3 | 120.6 | 35mg | | | 33.4 | | | Benzoic acid | C6H5COOH | 122.12 | 94mg | 77 | 121.0 | 249 | | | Chloroform | CHCl3 | 119.38 | 92mg | | | | | | Water | H2O | 18.015 | 1.5mL | | 32 | 100 | 1.00 | | Observations: * Acetophenone and NaOCl were clear liquids * Sodium Sulfite was a whote powder * A yellow greasy liquid was found at the...
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...deactivate the benzene ring. a. Which property of these groups causes this deactivation? b. Giving a suitable example compare the directive influence of –NO2 and –Cl group, when attached with benzene. (OR) Benzene is a highly unsaturated compound, but it does not give addition reaction with bromine even in the presence of Lewis acid. Name and explain the process which gives this extra stability to benzene. Q.10 . a. In the preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols SOCl2 is the best reagent. Which solvent is required to complete the reaction? b. Why is SN2 mechanism chosen rather than SN1 in the preparation of primary alkyl halides? Q.11 Aldehydes and small methyl ketones form addition product with NaHSO3: a. Write the equation for such reaction. b. What is the importance of this reaction? 12. OH group is a characteristic...
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...17.0 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS: ALDEHYDES AND KETONES 17.1 Introduction ◆ Aldehydes and ketones are carbonyl compounds ◆ The functional group : [pic] |Aldehyde |ketone | | | | |[pic] |[pic] | 17.2 Nomenclature ◆ The longest continuous carbon chain with -CHO group gives the parent name. ◆ Aldehydes : the -e ending is replaced by –al ◆ Ketones : the –e ending is replaced by –one. ◆ The chain is numbered in the direction that provides the lower number for the functional group. Example |butanal |[pic] | |2-ethyl-4-methylpentanal |[pic] | |3,5-dimethyl-2-hexanone |[pic] ...
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...chain. The functional group gives the molecule its properties, regardless of what molecule contains it.[1] Examples of functional groups are that of hydroxyl (-OH) which is usually seen in alcohols, and carbonyl (C=0) which is seen in aldehydes and ketones. In this experiment, several tests were conducted to distinguish and differentiate various sample compounds such as ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, n-butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone, acetophenone, isopropyl alcohol, and acetaldehyde. The tests are the following: solubility test of alcohols in water, which gave a soluble result in ethanol, sec-butyl alcohol and tert-butyl alcohol. Next is the Lucas test, which is used to differentiate 1°, 2° & 3° alcohols. In Lucas test, tert-butyl alcohol gave an immediate turbid result; the rate of reaction was noted. Chromic Acid test (Jones Oxidation) which gave a positive result by producing a blue-green solution with the sample n-butyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and isopropyl alcohol. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) was used to detect presence of carbonyl groups. In this test, only acetophenone gave a red-orange precipitate. The tests to identify between aldehydes and ketones are Fehling’s test and Tollen’s Silver Mirror test. In Fehling’s test, it gave a brick-red precipitate in n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde; while in the Tollen’s Silver Mirror test it produced silver...
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...Test For Carbonyls: Aldehydes and Keytones Abstract Qualitative analysis of aldehydes and ketones was conducted in the experiment. Twelve test samples namely, acetophenone,2-butanone, 2-heptanone, benzaldehyde, 3-pentanone, hexanal, butyraldehyde, octanal, 4-heptanone, propiophenone, cyclohexanone, propionaldehyde were used in the experiment. Various parameters regarding the physical properties of aldehydes and ketones were determined using tests such as oxidation with sodium nitrate and sodium hydroxide, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones test, Semicarbones test, Tollens’ test, Fehling’s test, Iodoform test, and the chromic acid test. The objectives of the experiment were met since the physical properties of the aldehydes and ketones were observed using these tests. Give an Unknown Letter D sample was tested with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones test, Semicarbones test, Tollens’ test, Fehling’s test, Iodoform test, and the chromic acid test. Unknown D presumed miscible with a color change of Tang orange precipitate in 2,4-Dinitrophenyldrazones test. Semicarbones Test Unknown D had a melting of point 123C. Tollen’s test for unknown D tested negative with no formation of black precipitate of reduced silver. In Fehling’s test for unknown D tested negative with no formation of reddish precipitate of copper(I) oxide metallic deposits. Iodoform test of unknown D tested positive and Chromic Acid test for unknown D tested negative. Once conducting all test unknown D tested positive for a Keytone...
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...Carbonyl Compounds Carbonyl Compounds Aldehydes Name Methanal (Formaldehyde) Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) Propanal Ketones Name Structural Formula Structural Formula HCHO CH3CHO CH3CH2CHO CH3CH2CH2CHO Propanone (Acetone) Butanone (CH3)2CO CH3COCH2CH3 Butanal Glucose & Fructose (Simplest sugars) Glucose (Chain Form) Glucose (Ring Form) Fructose (Chain Form) Fructose (Ring Form) Naturally Occurring Carbonyls with Odours Carvone Typical odour of Heptan – 2- one Almond Flavours Spearmint Caraway Seeds Gen Properties • General Formula: CnH2nO • Polarity: • Miscibility: The polarity is sufficient to enable the lower members of the homologous series of Aldehydes and Ketones to be completely miscible with water. Water will form H- bonds to the carbonyl group. Redox Reactions 1. Reduction: Aldehydes and ketones may be reduced to 10 alcohols and 20 alcohols, respectively using the reducing agent sodium tetrahydridoborate, NaBH4. (Water or ethanol is used as a solvent.) (a) Reduction of Ethanal CH3CHO + 2[H] NaBH4 in water CH3CH2OH (b) Reduction of Propanone CH3COCH3 + 2[H] NaBH4 in ethanol CH3CH(OH)CH3 Regarded basically as the addition of H2 across the C=O double bond. SAQ 19.4 • Draw the structural formulae for products obtained when the ff are treated with NaBH4: (i) Butanone (ii) Pentanal (iii) 2-Methylhexan-3-one Redox Reactions 2. Oxidation: Aldehydes require only mild conditions to oxidize to carboxylic acids CH3CHO + [O] K2Cr2O7/H+ CH3COOH (reflux) This reaction...
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...Section 1: Biomolecules & chemical bonding Reading: Chapter 2, concepts 2.1 – 2.4 Chapter 3, concepts 3.1 and 3.2 Watch and Learn: ➢ Biological molecules ➢ http://youtu.be/QWf2jcznLsY Basic Learning objectives After completing the readings and practice exercises, students should be able to: • Define the biologically relevant interactions (bonds) between molecules • List functional groups commonly found in biological molecules. • List the different kinds of biological macromolecules and their monomers. • Summarize how polymers are made and broken down and how water participates in these reactions. • Describe the structure and functions of: o Simple sugars. o Nucleotides o Amino acids • Summarize the different forms and functions of complex carbohydrates. • Describe the possible levels of protein structure. • Summarize the fundamental property of all lipids • Illustrate the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids. Advanced learning objectives After the biomolecules lectures, students should be able to: • Predict what type of bond would be formed using electronegativity information. • Develop the critical thinking skills that allow you to evaluate scientific experiments that seek to explore how life started on earth. • Summarize why and where carbohydrates are commonly combined with other macromolecules. • Describe the relationship between functional groups...
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...were tested through solubility test of alcohols in water, Lucas test, Chromic acid test or the Jones oxidation test, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) test, Fehling’s test, Tollens’ silver mirror test, and Iodoform test. Solubility test of alcohols in water was used to determine the amount of water needed for it to produce a homogenous dispersion and determine whether what kind of alcohol is soluble and insoluble in water. Lucas test was used to differentiate primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Chromic acid test was used to determine if the sample is oxidized and can also be used to differentiate ketones from aldehydes. 2, 4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone test was used to differentiate aldehydes and ketones. Fehling’s test and Tollens’ silver mirror test was used to determine whether the sample is an aldehyde. Lastly, Iodoform test was used for classification of methyl ketones. INTRODUCTION Hydroxyl compounds are those containing the hydroxyl group –OH. They can be classified into primary(1o), secondary(2o), tertiary(3o) alcohols, and phenol. Primary alcohols are those in which the hydroxyl group is attached to the carbon with only one carbon attached. Secondary alcohols are compounds in which the -OH is attached to a carbon which has two other carbons attached to it. Tertiary alcohols are compounds in which a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon with three attached carbons to it [1]. Carbonyl compounds refer to a divalent...
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...and ketones are two of several types of compounds that contain the carbonyl group. Reactions that occur because of the presence of the carbonyl group include nucleophilic addition reactions and base catalysed condensations. Aldehydes are also easily oxidized, which provides a convenient means to distinguish them from ketones. The carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones is highly polarized; the carbonyl carbon bears a substantial partial positive charge and is susceptible to nucleophilic attack. Further, since it is sp2 hybridized it is relatively open to attack. Because the carbonyl contains no good leaving group, addition occurs rather than substitution. Aldehydes and ketones are polar compounds; however, the pure compounds do not undergo hydrogen bonding as the alcohols do. Thus the boiling points of aledehydes and ketones are lower than alcohols, but higher than alkanes or ethers. Low molecular weight carbonyl compounds are water soluble. Tests used to classify aldehydes and ketones Question 1 Identify the tests used to classify aldehydes and ketones. For each test identify the reagent(s) used and tell what observations/ results are expected. Write equations to show reactions (where appropriate). There are various tests that can be used to identify aldehydes and ketones. Some tests can be used to identify the carbonyl group in compounds while others can be used to distinguish between and aldehyde and a ketone. 1)2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone Aldehydes and ketones react...
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...HYDROXYL AND CARBONYL CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Margarita Ysabel S. Mangahas, Cara Camille M. Matute, Emilyn D. Millares, John Acener C. Padua and Kathryn Cheshire P. Pangilinan Group 5 2A Medical Technology Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT Hydroxyl and Carbonyl containing samples were tested in this experiment. The samples were analyzed through tests involving the solubility of alcohols in water, Lucas test, Chromic Acid test, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) test, Fehling’s test, Tollens’ Silver Mirror test, and Iodoform test. Lucas test differentiates primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Chromic test was performed to know if the sample is oxidizable. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone test was performed for aldehydes and ketones. Fehling’s Test and Tollens’ Silver Mirror Test are tests for aldehydes. Iodoform test is a test for methyl carbinol and methylcarbonyl groups. The samples are n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, acetaldehyde, n-butylaldehyde, benzandehyde, acetone, and isopropyl alcohol. INTRODUCTION Hydroxyl group is used to describe the functional group –OH when it is a substituent in an organic compound. [4] Representative organic molecules containing a hydroxyl group are known as alcohols. Hydroxyl groups are especially important in biological chemistry because of their tendency to form hydrogen bonds both as donor and acceptor. This property is also related to their ability to increase hydrophilicity and water solubility...
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...do so), or it won’t be graded. An answer using “T” or “F” for a question/ statement that asks for “True” or “False” will be graded wrong. Do not remove this front page. Score: Page# Score 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total SP15- Chm121 – Quiz # 2 Page 1 of 9 BUNKER HILL COMMUNITY COLLEGE Science & Engineering Department CHM121/ Principles of Organic and Biochem/ Lab Instructor: Hao Quach hquach@bhcc.mass.edu SP15 QUIZ # 2 Covering: Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Benzene and Phenols Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, and Sulfide Aldehydes and Ketones 1- Classify the following compounds as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohol. a) b) c) d) e) SP15- Chm121 – Quiz # 2 Page 2 of 9 2- Write under each structure its classification as alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, or amine. 3- Circle and label the functional groups in the following structure as “carbonyl in aldehyde”, “carbonyl in ketone”, “carboxyl in carboxylic acid”, “hydroxyl in alcohol”,...
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...“The diet is high in fat, supplies adequate protein and is low in carbohydrates. This combination changes the way energy is used in the body. Fat is converted in the liver into fatty acids and ketone bodies. Another effect of the diet is that it lowers glucose levels and improves insulin resistance. An elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood, a state known as ketosis, leads to a reduction in the occurrence of epileptic seizures (“What is the ketogenic diet?,” 2014 ).” It has also been called low carb diet, or low carb high fat. When the body has carbs, it produces insulin and gluecose which gets converted to energy. In the ketogenic diet the body then goes into ketosis and produces ketones from fat in the liver. “The end goal of a properly maintained keto diet is to force your body into this metabolic state. We don’t do this through starvation of calories, but through starvation of carbohydrates. Our bodies are extremely adaptive to what you put into it – when you overload it with fats and take away carbohydrates, it will begin to burn ketones as the main energy source (“A guide to the keto diet, 2015).” A ketogenic diet helps those who have have seizures or are epileptic, and also those who want to lose weight. The diet can also improve energy levels, lower blood sugar and acne, and improves cholesterol. Just like every other diet it has its pros and cons. The diet is also likely to cause fatigue and become macronutrient deficient. Luckily there are vitamins...
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