...A Universal Definition of Small Enterprise: A Procrustean bed for SMEs? SUBMITTED BY KHRYSTYNA KUSHNIR ON WED, 2010-08-11 11:43 Editor's Note: Khrystyna Kushnir is a consultant on micro, small and medium-sized enterprises with the Enterprise Analysis Unit of the World Bank Group. At the G-20 summit in Pittsburgh last year, the assembled authorities agreed to "scale up successful models of small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) financing." The G-20 assigned the IFC and other international organizations to launch a G-20 Financial Inclusion Experts Group and asked the private sector to come up with ideas through G-20 SME Finance Challenge. This increased attention to micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) begs the question -- what, exactly, should be considered an MSME? With the issue of MSMEs playing out on an international level, it is tempting to try to find a universal MSME definition. A universal MSME definition would ease the design of loans, investments, grants and statistical research. One such effort is IFC’s SME Definition Deep-dive Analysis and Recommendations, although it's currently on hold because of internal restructuring. As part of the G-20 follow-up work, IFC is currently working on a 2010 update of the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises: A Collection of Published Data. While recording the various definitions of MSME used in 120+ of the most populous world economies, I was struck by the wide range of approaches governments take to define what...
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...strategy of producing low cost and high quality products. It started on a program of acquisitions to meets its aggressive goals of growing sales 15% annually. It had acquired only financially successful companies. But in 1979, it acquired Skil Corporation, a financially mediocre and low performing company for $58 million. Skil was a leading manufacturer of portable power tools serving the professional and consumer markets, the circular saw being the strongest and best seller amongst those tools, which it also invented, and was amongst the top three in power tools market share holdings in U.S. Other power tools that Skil manufactured included mid-priced drills and roto hammers. Skil manufactured multiple different models for different countries, depending upon the local needs of the market. Under increasing competitive pressure, Skil’s financial results had not been high and attractive, although reported profitability had improved in recent years. It sold through all distribution channels but was well established in hardware stores and had a strong position in circular saws in contractor supply channels. Its sales force serviced all distributors except the mass merchandisers. Skil seldom advertised and relied more on product publicity. It sold tools on a worldwide basis, with its greatest international strength in Europe. Emerson has a task at hand to improve the market share of Skil Corporation given that the industry is saturated and has competitors like Black and Decker and Sears. Here...
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...“Out,Out-“ is a miniature dramatic narrative by Robert Frost. Frost depicts the abrupt death of a young boy whose hand has been severed by a buzz-saw. “The poem was apparently based on a true story of a boy's death whilst working in New England.”(Wikpedia) The account though heart-rending is described in an objective manner by the poet. The fact that no personal comments are made on part of the poet, exemplify that he does not intend to emotionally drain the readers. Rather he intends on intellectually stimulating the readers into the inevitability of death and the futility of life. The title has been taken from Macbeth’s soliloquy in which he ruminates over the death of his wife. The hollowness and insignificance of life is hinted at in this soliloquy, by the eloquent image of the candle that mirrors the transitory nature of life: "Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing." Analysis: At the outset, the buzz-saw is shown to be snarling and rattling. The twin-sided aspects of life are echoed here .The buzz-saw at once transforms itself into the metaphor of the Giver of Life:it gives ,yet it takes. The verb ‘snarled’ echoes how it is animate, yet machine-like; human, yet devoid of emotions. The verb ‘rattled” sounds the rattle of the child and the rattle of the snake: innocence and iniquity...
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...How a Magician saws a woman in half Everyone has seen it, whether it was on T.V. or on stage, a magician introduces a beautiful assistant and then proceeds to shove her into a box, pull out a saw, and cut her in half in front of the entire audience. Some people call it magic, I will tell you the secret behind this mystifying stunt. The first thing the magician does is introduce the set, there is a large box sitting on a platform and his assistant. The magician opens the box, his assistant climbs in and all that is showing is her head, her feet and maybe even her legs. The magician then continues to close the box and turn to the audience. Now what you don’t know is that in the platform under the box there is another assistant that the audience doesn't know about. So when the magician turns to the audience he will then preform some mumbo jumbo magic stuff like saying some words or waving a wand. Then he will casually block the first assistants feet from view by either blocking it with another miscellaneous prop for a moment or by rotating the box, this gives his first assistant enough time to pull her feet in and the second assistant to poke her feet out, wearing the same shoes of course, the magician then grabs the saw blade and makes a cutting motion through a pre cut line in the box. Then the magician will split the box in half revealing the middle and amazing the audience even more. Then he closes the box does whatever he does to cover the legs and then opens up the box...
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..."Out, Out" Robert Frost THE BUZZ-SAW snarled and rattled in the yard And made dust and dropped stove-length sticks of wood, Sweet-scented stuff when the breeze drew across it. And from there those that lifted eyes could count Five mountain ranges one behind the other Under the sunset far into Vermont. And the saw snarled and rattled, snarled and rattled, As it ran light, or had to bear a load. And nothing happened: day was all but done. Call it a day, I wish they might have said To please the boy by giving him the half hour That a boy counts so much when saved from work. His sister stood beside them in her apron To tell them “Supper.” At the word, the saw, As if to prove saws knew what supper meant, Leaped out at the boy’s hand, or seemed to leap— He must have given the hand. However it was, Neither refused the meeting. But the hand! The boy’s first outcry was a rueful laugh, As he swung toward them holding up the hand Half in appeal, but half as if to keep The life from spilling. Then the boy saw all— Since he was old enough to know, big boy Doing a man’s work, though a child at heart— He saw all spoiled. “Don’t let him cut my hand off— The doctor, when he comes. Don’t let him, sister!” So. But the hand was gone already. The doctor put him in the dark of ether. He lay and puffed his lips out with his breath. And then—the watcher at his pulse took fright. No one believed. They listened at his heart. Little—less—nothing!—and that ended it. No...
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...Chapter 10. Uniform Circular Motion A PowerPoint Presentation by A PowerPoint Presentation by Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics Paul E. Tippens, Professor of Physics Southern Polytechnic State University Southern Polytechnic State University © 2007 Centripetal forces keep these children moving in a circular path. Objectives: After completing this module, you should be able to: • Apply your knowledge of centripetal acceleration and centripetal force to the solution of problems in circular motion. • Define and apply concepts of frequency and period, and relate them to linear speed. • Solve problems involving banking angles, the conical pendulum, and the vertical circle. Uniform Circular Motion Uniform circular motion is motion along a circular path in which there is no change in speed, only a change in direction. Fc v Constant velocity tangent to path. Constant force toward center. Question: Is there an outward force on the ball? Uniform Circular Motion (Cont.) The question of an outward force can be resolved by asking what happens when the string breaks! Ball moves tangent to v path, NOT outward as might be expected. When central force is removed, ball continues in straight line. Centripetal force is needed to change direction. Examples of Centripetal Force You are sitting on the seat next to You are sitting on the seat next to the outside door. What is the the outside door. What is the direction of...
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...in November of 1832, and decided to draw out the money from the Bank (252). Unfortunately for Jackson, Nicholas Biddle, the Bank’s president, decided to call in loans, which “induced a massive recession [:]” businesses closed down, factories stood idle, retail districts had no buyers, and “interest rates offered to the brokers who flocked to New Orleans every fall to buy cotton harvest rose 25 percent” (253). Many citizens blamed Jackson for this catastrophe; yet, there were still more economic woes related to Jackson and the banks to come. The speculation of public lands added to this crisis, and Jackson’s subsequent issuing of what was known as the “Specie Circular”. As stated, banks issued paper money; yet, there existed high rates of speculation in these banks, particularly on federal lands. Thus, the Specie Circular issued by Jackson “declared that from August onward, only gold and silver would be accepted as payment for most government-owned lands” (272). This caused land sales to drop substantially, and banks had to begin charging “a premium for gold and silver, making everything else more expensive” (272). This caused many chain reactions, such as falling cotton prices and businesses going bankrupt. Demand for cotton also began to decrease, and “British-buying firms in Liverpool began to get nervous […] in the late 1836, it began denying credit to those firms” (273). Cotton began to free fall, and creditors from overseas began calling in the huge amounts of “debt owed...
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...strategy of producing low cost and high quality products. It started on a program of acquisitions to meets its aggressive goals of growing sales 15% annually. It had acquired only financially successful companies. But in 1979, it acquired Skil Corporation, a financially mediocre and low performing company for $58 million. Skil was a leading manufacturer of portable power tools serving the professional and consumer markets, the circular saw being the strongest and best seller amongst those tools, which it also invented, and was amongst the top three in power tools market share holdings in U.S. Other power tools that Skil manufactured included mid-priced drills and roto hammers. Skil manufactured multiple different models for different countries, depending upon the local needs of the market. Under increasing competitive pressure, Skil’s financial results had not been high and attractive, although reported profitability had improved in recent years. It sold through all distribution channels but was well established in hardware stores and had a strong position in circular saws in contractor supply channels. Its sales force serviced all distributors except the mass merchandisers. Skil seldom advertised and relied more on product publicity. It sold tools on a worldwide basis, with its greatest international strength in Europe. Emerson has a task at hand to improve the market share of Skil Corporation given that the industry is saturated and has competitors like Black and Decker and Sears. Here...
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...Lab Investigation Purpose: This lab will verify how the centripetal force on a rotating body is affected by the following variables: frequency, speed, mass, and radius of a rotating object. Available Materials: ● 2 rubber stoppers ● 28 steel washers ● reinforced ceramic tube ● 1.5 m of thread or string ● metre stick ● stop watch [pic] Lab Procedure: Remember that a proper scientific method requires identifying the following for each case of the investigation: → Independent Variable → Dependent Variable → Controlled Variables PART A - Centripetal Force vs Frequency 1. Set up apparatus as illustrated above. Measure 1.0 meter of string from the rubber stopper to the tube (held vertically) using the metre stick. Attach a piece of tape on the string about 1 cm below the bottom of the tube (see diagram pg. 152). This will act as a reference mark. 2. Place 12 washers on the end of the string (using the paper clip). 3. While holding the bottom stack of washers, whirl the rubber stopper in a horizontal circle above your head. Carefully adjust the speed of rotation until you feel very little tension on the string suspending the washers. Let go of the stack of washers and maintain the rotation rate so that the reference tape on the string remains stationary about 1 cm below the tube. Have a lab partner determine the time for 20 complete rotations. 4. Set...
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...Section 8.1 gives us a good background by defining several important terms. The center of a circular path defines a line called the axis of rotation. The angle that an object rotates about a fixed axis is called the angular displacement (). Counterclockwise displacement is considered positive, and clockwise negative. Angular displacement can be expressed in degrees, revolutions, or radians. A radian is the measure of the angle subtended by an arc that is the length of the given radius. 2 rad is equal to 360. Therefore, 1 rad is equal to 57.3. Section 8.2 discusses angular velocity . Average angular velocity is derived in a similar way to the average linear velocity we have already discussed. It is simply the angular displacement divided by the elapsed time, and it is usually measured in radians per second. This section also deals with the difference between instantaneous and average angular velocity. This is also analogous to what has already been discussed with linear velocity. Also similar to the concepts we have already dealt with in linear motion is the concept of angular acceleration (), which is simply a change in the angular velocity. Section 8.3 clarifies the equations (similar to those used in linear motion study) that are necessary to work problems dealing with angular motion. These are the equations of rotational kinematics for constant angular acceleration: = 0 + t = ½ (0 + )t = 0t + ½ t2 2 = 02 + 2 Also in this section...
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...EFFICIENCY & EFFECTIVENESS I am trying to figure out how I missed this very important point in my business life. What is the difference between efficiency and effectiveness? I am thinking that maybe I didn’t miss it but perhaps it’s buried somewhere in the back of my brain. However, the required reading in Section 1.3 brought it back to the forefront in my mind, and made the distinguishing features of the two terms very clear, or did they? With efficiency being defined loosely as “doing things right” and effectiveness being defined as “doing the right things”, the question is being begged, “Is there really a difference and how do we measure it?” (Robbins & Coulter, 2012) The more I review the subtle play on words, the more apparent it seemed that there may a difference. However, one needs to add more verbiage to the definition to keep it clear. Efficiency involves getting the most output from the least amount of inputs. Effectiveness involves completing activities so that organizational goals are met. Although efficient activities help to meet the organizational goals, they are not effective until they are done in such a way until they become the standard. They are more or less measured in how well they are done so as to not expend valuable organizational resources unnecessarily. Effectiveness includes the repetitive nature of efficiency that so that the organization is constantly moving forward due to efficient activities. An analogy can be made between...
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...The People vs. Martin Shkreli The People vs. Martin Shkreli In August of 2015, Martin Shkreli, the CEO of Turing Pharmaceuticals, purchased the rights of a 62 year old drug , called Daraprim, that has been used for treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS, among other diseases. The Daraprim pill, which costs approximately $1.00 to make, was being sold for $13.50; however, soon after Shkreli purchased the rights to the drug, the pill went from $13.50 to $750.00 per pill, a 5,500% increase (Mclaughlin,2015). Martin Shkreli's explanations did not satisfy the public, hurting the credibility of not only himself but also of Turing Pharmaceuticals. People were outraged worldwide and the media had a feast , so much that it is safe to say that Shkreli was one of the most hated persons in 2015. Shkreli's explanations to the community and media for raising the price of Daraprim so high included, but were not limited to, the following statements: * We are not greedy, we are just trying to stay in business * The raise will go towards the improvement of Daraprim and the development of new drugs * The proceeds will go towards research and awareness (Mclaughlin, 2015). On an interesting note, John Carroll, the Fierce Biotech editor, was one of the firsts to be able to ask Shkreli about the raise on Daraprim. Shkreli's first answer was that it was a great business decision that also benefited all the stakeholders....
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...Centripetal Acceleration Lab Purpose: To understand and verify the relationship of Centripetal Force, where m is mass, v is velocity and r is radius. Procedure: Part 1: Set up apparatus, which consists of a rotor mechanism containing a mass m attached to a spring. Tape on a piece of cardboard vertically onto one end of the rotor to trigger the photogate timer. Start the rotor and gradually increase speed until the metal pointer just flips up. Record the time (up). And then gradually decrease until the metal pointer just flips down. Record the time (down). Calculate the force on the rotating mass m. Part 2: Rotate rotor from Part 1 so that mass m hangs straight down. Attach a short loop of fishing line at the bottom of the mass. Add weight (mass) onto loop and keep adding weight until the metal pointer just flips up. Record the mass (up). Then little by little, remove the weights until the metal pointer just flips down. Record the mass (down). Calculate Force=mg. Data/Results: The data and sample calculations are attached below. The typical relative uncertainty for Fc was 16%, while the typical relative uncertainty for Fg was 2%. Thus Fg is a more precise measurement than Fc. Both parts gave the similar Newton answers (about 21-22N). Some error in this lab may have been caused by air resistance/friction, slowing down mass and increasing period. Another error can be caused by time measurement/calibration, which can be reduced by timing a number of rev and finding...
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...disappear. 2) Which color vector (arrow) represents velocity and which one represents acceleration? How can you tell? Acceleration is the green vector and velocity is the blue vector. For example, when you drag the ball slowly the blue vector is hardly seen because there is very little velocity when moving at a slow pace. The green vector is seen because this is acceleration which is a change in speed, which is happening at even a slow pace. 3) Try dragging the ball around and around in a circular path. What do you notice about the lengths and directions of the blue and green vectors? Describe their behavior in detail below. The lengths of the vectors seem to be close to the same length but the object is constantly changing its direction. The ball is moving tangent to the circle and the velocity vector is tangent to the circle as well. The ball is moving in the same direction as the velocity vector. The ball is undergoing a constant acceleration in this uniform circular motion. It is acceleration because it is changing direction, and the direction is...
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...Small sector coopetitive potential and big corporate coopetitive potential contribute to the conditions generating unstable relations with cooperation elements dominating (square 4). Small sector coopetitive potential indicates a minor significance of coopetitive relations for the corporate growth strategies. Companies are not directly threatened by the situation in the sector and may admit that the self-reliant management is beneficial to them. That is why their coopetition inclination is not big. While a large compatibility of competitors may appear to be an insufficient condition to develop competitive cooperation. The presented coopetition matrix and structure of its variables provide us with a basis for research into coopetitive relation characteristics in the sector and the corporate context. The matrix shows the essence of complexity of coopetition as well as its dynamic character. The model may become an important instrument to examine coopetitive relations serving a thorough analysis of the factors influencing the creation and development of corporate competitive cooperation. At the same time, it may support the process of planning and control of corporate coopetition effects. The original coopetition model is dynamic. It enables a coopetitive relations analysis on account of time changes in sector coopetitive potential and coopetitive potential of the involved parties. The research on corporate coopetition enables its evaluation from the dynamic perspective, the indication...
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