...Title: Enzyme Introduction The main reason for conducting this experiment is to establish the various factors that affect enzymes and reaction rates. Various experiments have been conducted to help gain a wide range of the factors that affect enzyme controlled reactions. Enzymes are affected by very many factors. It was the main aim of this experiment to establish these factors and the manner in which they affect them. This experiment also seeks to establish the manner in which some enzymes like Catalase affect the rates of reactions (Cohnheim 2009). Methods To establish the factors that affect enzymes, the procedures for the experiments to be carried out had to be almost perfect. For this reason the apparatus to be used had to be cleaned thoroughly just before commencing the experiment. To avoid differentiated results, similar kinds of apparatus were used all through the experiment. In this case glass test tubes were used. Also measuring apparatuses used were of the same size and volume. In this case four experiments were carried out. The first experiment is to establish the manner in which the enzyme Catalase affects reaction rates. The procedure of this experiment is as follows; using a pencil, label tree test tubes as test tube 1, 2 & 3. On these test tubes, label two marks using the pencil. These are at the 1cm mark and at the 5 cm mark. For the first test tube, pour in Catalase enzyme up to the first mark and add Hydrogen Peroxide up to the...
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...effects of enzymes, many crucial chemical reactions would not be able to take place at the rate of which they were meant to perform. We conducted this series of labs in order to discover the effects of different biological and environmental aspects on enzymatic activity. In our first experiment, we looked at the effects that enzyme concentration had on amylase activity. We hypothesized that the higher the concentration of the enzyme, the higher the rate of reaction would take place. We found that a higher concentration of amylase led to a faster rate of reaction, proving our hypothesis to be correct. In our second experiment, we tested the effect the concentration of substrate would have on enzymatic activity. We hypothesized that the lower concentration of the substrate would not change the speed of the reaction. The experiment proved this hypothesis to be wrong because the speed of the reaction slowed down as the concentration lowered. In the third experiment, we tested the effects that different pH levels would have on enzymatic activity. We hypothesized that the more acidic the solution was, the lower the rate of the reaction will be. In Areekijseree’s article, it states that optimal pH levels for amylase are between 4 and 5, and 6 and 8 (Areekisjseree, Engkagul, Kovitvadhi, Thongpan, Mingmuang, Pakkong, Rungruangsak-Torrissen, 2004). This contradicts our hypothesis, and the results prove that Areekijseree’s data was correct. In the fourth experiment, we tested...
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...The Effects of Peroxidase on Enzyme Activity Gianna Crowe Bio Lab 117 October 16th, 2014 Most enzymes are proteins that speed up reactions and are characterized as catalysts. Enzymes work in such a way that when the right chemicals of a molecule are present for the enzyme, it will fully fit the shape. The part of the particular shape is called the active site of the enzyme, since this is where the reaction occurs. The molecule that the enzyme works on is called the substrate. An enzyme reaction includes a substrate (substance) that is converted to another product. The unique shape of the active site of the enzyme allows it to bind with only certain kinds of molecules, which is the substrate of the enzyme (Strobl 2014). A substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme to form a enzyme-substrate complex for a very short time, this then becomes part of a new formation and a new product of a specific reaction is formed then released freeing the active site, allowing the enzyme to repeatedly bind another substrate. Enzymes are produced by all living things, and are a necessity to life. They are responsible for constructing, synthesizing, carrying, dispensing, delivering, and eliminating the many chemicals associated in living organisms (Colpa 2014). An example for how enzymes work in living organisms would be the process of food digestion, enzymes work to break down food and speed up the digestion process. Factors that affect enzyme activity deal with environmental conditions...
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...Introduction Enzymes are protein molecules that catalyze chemical reactions in all living organisms. Enzymes allow living organisms to carry out complex chemical activities at low temperatures, but can’t cause a reaction that hasn’t occurred in their absence. Also, enzymes are thought to speed up reactions by bringing reacting molecules together to increase the chances that a reaction will occur (Worthington Biomedical Corporation, 2015). Each enzyme has a specific active site where the substrates attach. Many factors can affect enzyme activity such as temperature, pH, and the presence of inhibitors (John W. Kimball, 2014). The purpose of this lab was to examine factors affecting the enzyme function of peroxidase. In the 19th century French chemist Louis Jacques discovered catalysts. Catalysts are substances that enable a chemical reaction without participating in it, which led to specifically peroxidases. The structure of peroxidase is a very large enzymatic protein, and has complex molecules with complicated shapes involving multiple folding’s. The activity of peroxidase is dependent on pH. It exhibits maximum activity at a pH between 6.5 and 7.0. The activity of the enzyme is reduced when pH levels are increased. Peroxidase promotes the oxidation of various compounds naturally of peroxides, where hydrogen peroxide is reduced to form water (Wikimedia Foundation, 2015). Also peroxidases break compounds down into harmless substances by adding donor molecules. During this lab...
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...What is the effect of enzyme concentration, pH level, and temperature on the rate of reaction? Theresa Lashinski Annandale High School In partial fulfillment of the requirements for College Biology Mrs. Kraemer November 27, 2012, 2012 Abstract What is the effect of enzyme concentration, temperature, and pH levels on the rate of reaction for the enzyme tyrosinase? An experiment was conducted, manipulating the pH levels, temperature and concentration of the enzyme tyrosinase. The materials used in this experiment were: cuvettes, a spectrophotometer, three different concentrations of tyrosinase, buffered substrate, temperature water baths, distilled water, a computer equipped with the LoggerPro program, microtubules, and syringes. The College Biology class from Annandale High School, made of approximately half male and half female conducted the experiment. All of the students tested for enzyme concentration, but one half of the class also tested for temperature while the other half examined pH levels. The results showed that as enzyme concentration goes up, the rate of reaction increases. It was also found that as you move farther away from the optimal pH of the enzyme, reaction rate decreases. The results also showed that the greater the temperature, the higher the reaction rate, until it reached 60 degrees Celsius, which denatured the enzymes’ hydrogen bonds. Literature Review Enzymes are a vital part of the workings of...
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...UMUC Biology 102/103 Lab 4: Enzymes INSTRUCTIONS: * On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 4 Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus). * To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions. * Save your Lab 4 Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab4 (e.g., Smith_Lab4). * You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file for best compatibility. Pre-Lab Questions 1. How could you test to see if an enzyme was completely saturated during an experiment? - Add more substrate and record the rate. If the rate of the reaction is constant, all the enzymes are saturated. 2. List three conditions that would alter the activity of an enzyme. Be specific with your explanation. * Temperature – Cold temperature will cause the enzyme to work slow, hot temperature will cause the enzyme to increase the movement making it less stable. * PH – Difference in range in the PH scale can alter the shape of the enzyme’s active site * Concentration Of Substrate – Less or more of enzymes to substrates ratio will affect the rate of collisions between the two affecting the number of reactions. 3. Take a look around...
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...Rate of Reaction of Catalase Abstract Properties of Enzymes focused on the variations of reaction rates amongst enzymes subjected to various circumstances such as temperature, pH levels, different concentrations of substrate, salt concentrations, Metal Copper Sulfate and lastly, the presence of an Enzyme Inhibitor. The assigned section of this laboratory for our efforts was the effect of temperature variations on enzyme reactions. To perform the experiment, we used a spectrophotometer to monitor the baseline catalase activity when they are placed in these two temperatures. In this way, absorbance can be measured over time to monitor catalase activity of the main baseline reaction. Our results showed that temperatures at higher degrees led to being inactive, whereas those at lower degrees lowered the reaction time. This comes to show that each enzyme can have a different optimal temperature and this experiment helped us to understand how reaction rate can be affected by temperature change. Introduction Thousands of complex biological processes are constantly taking place within our bodies. We require material transport, energy synthesis, and the manufacturing of various proteins, hormones, and other molecules (Source 1). Almost all of these everyday processes rely on the function of enzymes to take place. Enzymes are specifically grouped according to their function, and this information can often provide us with clues regarding what type of reaction that enzyme will catalyze...
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...Effects of Temperature, pH, Enzyme Concentration , and Substrate Concentration on Catecholase Introduction Enzymes are biological proteins that speed up the reaction rate of a chemical reaction. They work in the human body by lowering activation energy making certain that reactions will initiate. For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. In this case, factors that influence the activity of an enzyme are called modulators. If modulators activate enzymes the reaction rate catalyzed will significantly increase, but if the modulator inactivates enzymes the reaction rate catalyzed will significantly decreased (Silverthorn, 2004). The potentially disastrous influence of temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration on enzymes and other proteins is one reason why these modulators are very strictly regulated by the body (Silverthorn, 2004). Temperature, a measure of the intensity of heat, is an important factor in the activity of enzymes. The velocity of an enzymatic reaction is influenced by temperature. This is because substrates collide with active sites frequently in the presence of rapidly moving molecules. In addition, although these molecules do move rapidly the speed of the reaction drops sharply. In short, thermal agitation causes protein molecules (enzymes) to denature ( breakdown of protein structures). All enzymes have an optimal temperature at which reaction rates go fastest without denaturing the enzyme (Campbell and Reece, 2002) pH...
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...An experiment to show effect of the temperature on the action of an enzyme Abstract The experiment was to analyse what reaction temperature would have on Amylase enzyme. We heated alpha amylase solution to set temperatures then tested for the presents starch with iodine solution. Any starch would turn the iodine black. Once the starch had broken down the iodine would remain brown to suggest the presents of maltose. Usually I would expect to find that the reactions would increase as the temperature increased. After it reached its optimum temperature then the reaction would slow down rapidly or stop all together. However throughout the experiment we uncovered a number of flaws, the flaws would have contributed to the failure of this experiment and the rejection of my hypothesis. Introduction Enzymes are proteins that were made during protein synthesis. They are globular in shape and of a tertiary structure that has an active site. The protein molecules act as a catalyse biochemical reaction in living organisms. (Indge, B (1993), A-Z Biology. London. Wearset. 90). A catalyse is something that makes a chemical reaction happen more quickly without itself being changed. This means that enzymes can be re-used. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy necessary to start a reaction. As less energy is necessary, biochemical reactions can take place at the temperatures and pressures found in living cells. (Indge, B (1993), A-Z Biology. London. Wearset. 90). ...
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...Temperature on the Enzymatic Activity of Amylase Enzymes are biological molecules or proteins that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. The enzyme and the substrate are in the same area, closely together. The enzyme grabs on to the substrate at a special area called the active site. The combination is called the enzyme/ substrate complex. After this, the substrate is changed. It can either be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new. When this is complete, you will have the enzyme, still unchanged, and the product. The enzyme then releases the product. When the enzyme lets go, it returns to its original shape. It is then ready to work on another molecular substrate. In...
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...the ways enzymes work. It also will give information on the role of substrates and how it affects enzymes. In the first experiment, we examined whether or not the speed of the reaction will be influenced positively by an increase of heat to a point where it will not be denatured, but negatively by a decrease of heat. In the second experiment we looked to see if the speed is influenced positively by an increase of enzymes to a point, but negatively affected by a decrease of enzymes. For the third experiment the hypothesis was to see if the speed of the reaction is influenced by the amount of substrate in the environment. There is another test conducted to see if the enzyme will not be able...
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...Enzyme Kinetics: Inversion of Sucrose Abstract Enzymes are a class of proteins that catalyze practically all biochemical reactions. The enzymatic reactions were looked at by the use of two comparable reactions of enzyme invertase and a acidic form of the reaction. The order of the nonacidic enzymatic reaction was zero order due to substrate concentration and due to the fact that the reaction was time dependent. It is also due to having large R2 value at 0.9932 for D run and a smaller R2 value at 0.9902 for C run. The acidic runs had a first order reaction, which had a lower R2 values at 0.9028 for run D and 0.9028 for run C. Also, the percent error in run C at 33.31% was found to be much lower than the percent error in run D at 55.77%, which mean the concentration of run C is more effective than run D. I. Introduction In this experiment the chemical kinetics of the enzyme catalyzed inversion of sucrose was studied. The reaction that we will study in this experiment is the inversion of sucrose, catalyzed by the enzyme invertase that is derived from yeast: The rate of reaction of this reaction was compared to the same reaction that is to be catalyzed by hydrogen ions. Enzymes make up an important class of proteins that are used to catalyze a wide array of biochemical reactions. The enzyme that was used to catalyze the reactions in this lab experiment was the enzyme...
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...Running head: LAB 5: INVESTIGATING AN ENZYME-CATALYZED REACTION Lab 5: Investigating an Enzyme-Catalyzed Reaction September 24, 2014 Principles of Biology 120.601 Mrs. Annemarie Duncan Abstract: (Burmania) This experiment was performed in order to examine ways in which a potato catalase enzyme reacts to various assays with differing variables. To do so a baseline assay (undiluted extract and room temperature H2O2) was used within the experiment with only one other variable changed in the other assays. These variables included a boiled, frozen and then thawed, and frozen potato extract and dH2O instead of the potato extract. It was noted that the temperature and or way the potato extract was prepared effects how the enzyme with the potato will react. Therefore the results of each assay varied, suggesting there is more than one way that a catalyzed reaction can occur. Introduction: (Burmania) The main purpose for this experiment was to explore how an enzyme catalase caused a reaction to catalyze through doing various assays using potato extracts. Enzymes are catalysts that are crucial in helping to speed up reactions, and catalase is a common enzyme found in almost every living organism that is exposed to oxygen. For this experiment, potatoes were used because they were previously known to have significant catalase activity. The potato catalase was mixed with hydrogen peroxide because the catalase helps to breakdown the hydrogen peroxide which helps determine...
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...Enzymatic Reaction of Sucrose and Sucrase: Analysis Under Different Conditions and Concentrations Abstract: Sucrase is the enzyme that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose. The purpose of this lab experiment was to determine under what environment the enzymatic reaction between sucrose and sucrase would produce the most products and the rate of production. To determine the rate of reaction, Benedicts Reagent was used to identify the amount of glucose produced from the enzymatic reaction. Benedicts Reagent is used to detect the presence of glucose and indicates the results with varying degrees of color. We were successful in our endeavors to measure this rate of reaction with Benedicts Reagent and conclude that the higher the substrate or enzyme concentration, the faster the rate. The process of using Benedicts Reagent to measure glucose levels is also used in urine analysis for people with diabetes. Introduction: All living organisms need to supply themselves with nutrients and as humans, we use the process of digestion to break down and extrapolate the nutrients from our food to maintain and fuel our bodies. In order to perform digestion our bodies use enzymes, which are biological catalysts. They are made of proteins that responsible for the chemical reactions essential to sustaining life. Enzymes have three major characteristics: increase the rate of reaction, are substrate specific and lower the energy barrier it takes to for reactants to occur...
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...Experiment 5 Enzyme Kinetics: The Effect of Yeast Alcohol Dehydrogenase and Coenzyme on the Rate of Oxidation of Ethanol. Results Raw data: Effect of Enzyme Concentration | Reagent | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Buffer B | 2.5 ml | 2.4 ml | 2.3 ml | 2.2 ml | NAD+ | 200 μl | 200 μl | 200 μl | 200 μl | Dilute ADH | 200 μl | 300 μl | 400 μl | 500 μl | 6 M Ethanol | 100 μl | 100 μl | 100 μl | 100 μl | Time 0 sec. | 0.022 | 0.026 | 0.069 | 0.073 | Time 5 sec. | 0.028 | 0.038 | 0.110 | 0.114 | Time 10 sec. | 0.038 | 0.051 | 0.141 | 0.150 | Time 15 sec. | 0.048 | 0.064 | 0.176 | 0.187 | Time 20 sec. | 0.058 | 0.078 | 0.206 | 0.222 | Time 25 sec. | 0.068 | 0.091 | 0.239 | 0.259 | Time 30 sec. | 0.078 | 0.104 | 0.270 | 0.291 | Time 35 sec. | 0.088 | 0.115 | 0.301 | 0.325 | Time 40 sec. | 0.099 | 0.131 | 0.331 | 0.358 | Time 45 sec. | 0.109 | 0.145 | 0.362 | 0.391 | Time 50 sec. | 0.119 | 0.158 | 0.392 | 0.424 | Time 55 sec. | 0.130 | 0.167 | 0.420 | 0.455 | Time 60 sec. | 0.140 | 0.179 | | | Effect of Coenzyme(NAD) Concentration | Reagent | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Buffer B | 2.4 ml | 2.35 ml | 2.3 ml | 2.25 ml | NAD+ | 10 μl | 50 μl | 100 μl | 150 μl | Dilute ADH | 500 μl | 500 μl | 500 μl | 500 μl | 6 M Ethanol | 100 μl | 100 μl | 100 μl | 100 μl | Time 0 sec. | 0.009 | 0.020 | 0.032 | 0.102 | Time 5 sec. | 0.015 | 0.038 | 0.049 | 0.152 | Time 10 sec. | 0.023 | 0.056 | 0.068 | 0.190 | Time 15 sec. | 0.029 | 0.072 | 0.088 | 0.229 | Time...
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