...Purpose How do we determine the reaction type and write a balanced equation for chemical reactions? Background Discussion There are many kinds of chemical reactions and several ways of classifying them. One popular and useful method is to classify reactions into five major types. These are: (1) synthesis, (2) decomposition, (3) single replacement, (4) double replacement, and (5) combustion. Most reactions can be put into one of these categories. In a synthesis reaction, two or more substances (elements or compounds) combine to form a more complex substance. A decomposition reaction is exactly the opposite of a synthesis reaction. In a decomposition reaction, a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances (elements or simpler compounds.) In a single replacement reaction, one element in a compound is replaced by a more active element. In a double replacement reaction, the positive ions of two different ionic compounds can be thought of as “replacing each other.” Most replacement reactions (both single and double) take place in aqueous solutions containing free ions. In a double replacement reaction, one of the products must be removed from the solution as a precipitate, water, or an insoluble gas. A precipitate is a solid that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction in solution. As the precipitate separates from the solution, the solution appears cloudy. In a combustion reaction a substance combines with oxygen, releasing a large amount...
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...Determination of the Reaction Rate of Mg and HCl Alex Skartvedt Alex Skartvedt, Melanie Ho, Christina Olson, Thor Swerdykiak November 11, 2015 Fall 2015 Semester Abstract: The experimental rate law of the reaction: 2HCl(aq)+Mg(s)→MgCl2(aq)+H2(g) is being determined because kinetics play a large role in the reactions happening in everyday life. The rate law, k value will be obtained in the experiment. To obtain the information a pressure probe was connected to an Erlenmeyer flask in order to record the rate of the reaction of magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid. The order of HCl and Mg were then determined using the information found in from the reaction. The order in HCl and Mg were found to be less than the expected...
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...Introduction: This report will talk about the experiment that was conducted to see what percent of hydrogen peroxide had the greatest reaction with the potato cube. The enzyme in this experiment was catalase, which could be found inside of the potato cube. The substrate was the hydrogen peroxide. The role of the potato cube was to react with the hydrogen peroxide causing it to break down at a quicker rate which released oxygen (O₂). Three factors that could influence the enzyme’s activity is the temperature, the acidity level and the amount of substrate that was present. The goal of this experiment was to determine the effect of varying percentages of hydrogen peroxide on the oxygen production. The hypothesis was, the greater the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, the faster of a reaction it will have with a 1 inch by 1 inch potato cube. This would be due to the greater substrate concentration. Methods:...
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...The different reactions we learn in organic chemistry are not just limited to books. If you delve a little you will get to know these reactions happen in our common day to day life or it may be a part of the processes living organisms undergoes. Similarly, nucleophilic addition reaction helps in the biological synthesis of compounds in metabolic processes of living organisms. The reactions also form part of the pharmaceutical preparation processes in industries and academia. The reaction helps in the formation of new complex organic chemicals. Therefore, nucleophilic addition reactions are central to organic chemistry. Read through this topic to learn more about nucleophilic addition reaction. Nucleophilic addition reactions We will be able to convert multiple bonds into different functional groups with the help of addition reactions. The reaction will help to convert the unsaturated compounds to saturated and more functional species. In this topic,...
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...The SN2 reaction can be evaluated by first observing the chemical mechanisms of the compounds involved. The agents took into account for the mechanism was the naphtholate anion and allyl bromide. First, a pair of lone pairs on the oxygen anion on the naphtholate compound attacks a single-bonded carbon on the allyl bromide compound. Afterwards, the bromide leaving group exits the allyl bromide compound, and creates its own anion cloud. Overall, this synthesizes naphthyl ether. The mechanism cannot be successfully accomplished without the input of the phase transfer catalyst. In the lab, the benzyl tri-n-butylammonium chloride acts as the phase transfer catalyst. As a phase transfer catalyst, it has the ability to transfer a reactant between...
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...In this experiment, a Grignard was performed with 3-pentanone and an unknown alkyl bromide to obtain and identify a 3˚ alcohol. In order to identify the alkyl bromide, the identity of the product was found by spectroscopic analysis. To complete this reaction, first the Grignard reagent was prepared. The reagent was generated by taking Unknown AP and adding it, dropwise, to a mixture of 6.2 mL of THF and 1.0008 g of magnesium. The magnesium had to be crushed to initiate the reaction between magnesium and alkyl bromide. Once the reaction took place, the colorless solution became cloudy and white bubbles formed. Eventually, the solution turned black-brown in color. This solution was stirred for 20 minutes until a solution of 4.0 mL in 5.4 mL of...
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...Figure 3e shows the effect of temperature on the Q values of hydrogels after the pasting reaction. The Q values increased and then decreased with increasing temperature, and reached to the maximum at 50 °C. Less free radicals could be produced at such a low temperature, and thus may decrease the rate of grafting reaction, resulting in low Qs. With increasing temperature, more free radicals could be produced and the monomer reactivity may increase; therefore, the grafting and chain growth rate increased [16], thereby increasing the Q values of the hydrogels. When the temperature was >50 °C, the excessive free radicals generated from the decomposition of initiator increased the reaction rate, thus decreased the grafting molecular weight and were...
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...In this experiment, a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction was performed. This reaction was performed with 1,3-cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride. The 1,3-cyclopentadiene was obtained by cracking dicyclopentadiene. The Diels-Alder reaction resulted in 2.0881 grams of clear white crystals, which were confirmed to be cis-norbornene-5,6-endo-dicarboxylicacid anhydride. This amount determined a percent yield of 83.16 %. The percent yield is only 83.16 % because some product was lost during vacuum filtration. This loss could have been prevented by using colder water to transfer the crystals. The retrieve all of the crystals out of the flask, cool water was used. This caused some of the crystal dissolved and pass through the filter. The use of colder waster would prevent the crystals from dissolving. However, the amount that was lost was minimal, and the identification of the product was still confirmed by melting point, IR, and NMR. The melting point for the product was found to be 164-166 ˚C. This range coincides with the...
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...After it was first discovered in 1886 by Hans Heinrich Landolt, the iodine clock reaction has become one of the most used classroom experiments for demonstrating kinetics (SuperchargedScience, 2018). A clock reaction is a reaction where one of the chemical species (clock chemical) starts off with a low concentration and then has a rapid increase which can then lead to a dramatic colour change (UnitverityNottingham, 1999). The iodine clock works by using iodine as the clock chemical that then reacts with clear starch to produce a deep blue colour. For the Landolt chemical clock in two clear liquids are mixed with one containing KIO3 and the other NaHSO4 they then follow the following chemical reactions. Equation 1 is known as the rate determining...
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...My science fair project is based on a chemical reaction taking place to turn a hot substance into ice. A chemical reaction is a reaction that changes the substances original identity to a different chemical identity. There are many different types chemical reactions in chemistry, but the one we are going to be focusing on are exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions are reactions that transfer energy to the surroundings. The exothermic reaction is a reaction that gives off more energy than it needs to in order to complete its reaction. The exothermic reaction in this project is between baking soda and vinegar. Baking soda is a bicarbonate and vinegar is a acetic acid. Baking soda is made up of 1 sodium, 1 hydrogen, 1carbon, and 3 oxygen atoms. Vinegar is composed of 2 carbon, 4 hydrogen, and 2 oxygen atoms. Baking soda is an alkaline object that is alike to some salt and it reacts to acidic substances. When baking soda reacts it gives off some type of gas, carbon dioxide. Baking soda is usually seen in cooking, cleaning substances around the house, and in may science projects due to its ability to react with acids. Baking soda is usually used to...
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...The polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory process in which a specific sequence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is amplified producing many copies of the specific DNA sequence. However, their must be components such as (DNA template, primers, DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTP’s), buffer solution, and magnesium chloride salt solution) are required to carry out the process which undergoes through three major stages to make the copies of DNA segment. First stage is denaturation, after that annealing, then extension. However, this can be done if and only if the 3’ and 5’ ends are known, this helps in initiating DNA synthesis in which it is ensured that two short oligonucleotides acts as primer will anneal onto DNA strands. Polymerase chain reaction process is used as a diagnostic and research tool due to the fact that it can be done within a few hours which makes it a rapid assay....
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...3.2.4 Investigating Enzyme Action The effect of catalase concentration on reaction rate with Hydrogen Peroxide 3 March 2016 Nazka Nurbyek Abstract The purpose for this reaction was to study the effect of catalase concentration on reaction rate with Hydrogen Peroxide. Baker’s yeast in the amounts of 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.3 g, 0.4 g, and 0.5 g were used as a source of catalase. Yeast was suspended in 1.5% Hydrogen Peroxide solution (H2O2) and reaction rate with catalase was measured using a gas pressure sensor to monitor oxygen gas produced in kPa/sec. Data was collected using Vernier Logger Pro® software. Results showed that a clear correlation between the concentration of catalase and rate of reaction was not demonstrated. Data from experimentation...
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...Its odor was similar to that of ethanol. During the catalase- H2O2 reaction, the mixture initially became a lighter grey and red color. Bubbles started forming the moment that the H2O2 came in contact with the liver catalase. The bubbles formed were the same color as the catalase. Gradually, the quantity of the bubbles increased as the gas pressure built up and the gas syringe moved. The bubbles that formed were soft, light and fluffy. At lower temperatures, the formation of bubbles was not as immediate and was not as large in quantity as higher temperatures. At higher temperatures, larger transparent bubbles formed on the surface of the reaction and would pop instantly as the formation of smaller bubbles...
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...interview and what you say will, of course, be treated in confidence, should you raise during the discussion an adverse event in a specific patient or group of patients, we will need to report this even if it has already been reported by you directly to the company or the regulatory authorities using the MHRA's 'Yellow Card' system. In such a situation you will be asked whether or not you are willing to waive the confidentiality given to you under the Market Research Codes of conduct specifically in relation to that adverse event. Everything else you say during the course of the interview will continue to remain confidential. Are you happy to proceed with the interview on this basis?’ So that this is absolutely clear, I would like you to now sign the following statement: I, the undersigned: 1. Recognise that there is an obligation for the interviewer to collect details of any adverse events about individual patients or groups of patients that are mentioned during the course of these interviews. Although this is a market research interview, so that what is said is treated in confidence, should an adverse event in a specific patient or group of patients be mentioned in the discussion, the interviewer will need to collect this information and report it to their client even if the adverse reaction has already been reported into the national reporting system. 2. Agree that after the above explanation, I was given the option not to take part in this interview, if I had...
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...3802 DWR 25 Jul 15 Talking Paper For use by Motor Transportation Platoon Commander SUBJECT: Guidance for Change in Mission of Motor Transportation Platoon PURPOSE: To provide recommendations in prioritizing and sourcing guidance ggggggggggfor change in MT Platoon’s mission on the upcoming deployment. ISSUES: (1) Issue 1 Background: a. With the change of mission from logistical resupplies to security, patrolling and reaction force preservation, proper training requirements need to be identified IOT for the platoon to be mission capable and prepared for the upcoming deployment. Talking Points a. Make liaison with the Operations officer for the unit we will be supporting. This will give us an understanding on what kind of missions we can train for, along with the mission essential task. Using the Infantry Training and Readiness Manual 3500.44 as a training standard will also help prepare the Marines for the new mission. Also using the above references will provide training techniques in which the platoon will need to be proficient in. (2) Issue 2 Background: a. What kind of maintenance capabilities will we have now that we won’t be part of the MLG? What certifications will the Marines need? What equipment and modifications will be required for the vehicles? Talking...
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