...Enzyme Lab INTRODUCTION: What would happen to your cells if they made a poisonous chemical? You might think that they would die. In fact, your cells are always making poisonous chemicals. They do not die because your cells use enzymes to break down these poisonous chemicals into harmless substances. Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of reactions that would otherwise happen more slowly. The enzyme is not altered by the reaction. You have hundreds of different enzymes in each of your cells. Each of these enzymes is responsible for one particular reaction that occurs in the cell. In this lab, you will study an enzyme that is found in the cells of many living tissues. The name of the enzyme is catalase (KAT-uh-LAYSS); it speeds up a reaction which breaks down hydrogen peroxide, a toxic chemical, into 2 harmless substances--water and oxygen. The reaction is: 2 H2O2 ----> 2 H2O + O2 This reaction is important to cells because hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is produced as a byproduct of many normal cellular reactions. If the cells did not break down the hydrogen peroxide, they would be poisoned and die. In this lab, you will study the catalase found in liver cells. You will be using chicken or beef liver. It might seem strange to use dead cells to study the function of enzymes. This is possible because when a cell dies, the enzymes remain intact and active for several weeks, as long as the tissue is kept refrigerated. MATERIALS: 1molar HCl solution 1molar NaOH...
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... Myrjun, Lindsay, Lara Displacement Reactions Lab Report Purpose: To observe and compare single and double displacement reactions. Hypothesis: If a metal element is mixed with an ionic compound, one metal will displace the other to create a new ionic compound. If 2 ionic compounds are mixed together, then the metals will displace each other, creating 2 new ionic compounds. Materials: Goggles, large well plate, steel wool, scoopula, 4 small beakers, dropper, 4 pieces of magnesium ribbon, 4 pieces of zinc metal, 4 pieces of copper wire, copper (II) sulfate solution, zinc nitrate solution, magnesium nitrate solution, sodium carbonate solution and hydrochloric acid. Procedure: Part A: Single Displacement Reactions 1. Clean 4 pieces of magnesium ribbon, zinc metal and copper wire with steel wool until they are shiny. 2. Half-fill one column (three wells) of the well plate with the copper (II) sulfate solution. 3. Half-fill a second column (three wells) with the zinc nitrate solution. 4. Half-fill a third column (three wells) with the hydrochloric acid. 5. In each column, place 1 piece of each metal in different wells (Magnesium in one well, zinc in another and copper in the last). Use a toothpick to keep the metals submerged in the solution. 6. Observe the different reactions in each well. Record your observations in a table. 7. Save the contents of the wells for Part B. Part B: Double Displacement Reactions 1. Add 3 drops of the sodium carbonate...
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...Chemistry “Chemical Reaction and the PH Scale” Chemical reactions are the heart of chemistry. People have always known that they exist. The Ancient Greeks were the firsts to speculate on the composition of matter. They thought that it was possible that individual particles made up matter. As you might imagine, it's useful to be able to measure the acidity of solutions. Scientists have come up with the pH scale for determining the concentration of acid in a solution so we can distinguish between solutions with varying acidity. A Chemical reaction is the outcome of two or more elements together results in the formation of a chemical bond between atoms and compound. Chemicals react together due to participating atoms. The reason why atoms react with each other is to reach a state in which their valence shell is filled. Reactions occur at different speeds, they have different rates of reaction. There are some things that must be considered in a chemical reaction. There are a few things that decide the course and speed of the reaction. One thing about chemical reaction is that, there is now known that there are three types of chemical reactions. They are classified into three types: exoergic (exothermic), endoergic (endothermic), and aergic (athermic). In these cases, energy is supplied, but the different types of reactions initiate the energy differently. First of all, Exoergic, or exothermic, reactions release energy during the reaction. One...
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...Practical 12 : Rate Of Reaction Name : AFNAN BIN ABDUL RAHMAN Class : M11J Research Question : How does the reaction between Zinc metal and 0.1M of Hydrochloric Acid using different sizes of Zinc metal (Powdered Zinc, Shredded Zinc strip and Zinc strips) can affect the volume of Hydrogen gas produced at the end of the experiment (after 10 minutes) under same temperature which is room temperature? Variables : Manipulated : Different sizes of Zinc Metal Responding : Volume of Hydrogen Gas produced after 10 minutes. Constant : Constant | Method to control | Possible Effect(s) | Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid | The concentration of Hydrochloric Acid was kept constant to be used in both experiments which is 0.1 Mole. | The difference in concentration might alter the results as the rate of reaction will also differ since the effective collision will occur more when the concentration increases. | Time taken for the reaction to occur | The period of reaction for each reaction was kept constant which is 10 minutes for each experiments. | Longer period of time will increase the possibilities of effective collision between the molecules and alter the final result. | Temperature of surrounding | Both experiments were conducted in a lab with room temperature. | The difference in temperature might cause the difference in kinetic energy of the molecules and will disturb the result of the rate of reaction between Zinc and Hydrochloric Acid. | Material and Apparatus...
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...Laboratory Report The Rate of Reactions Abqari Afandi Grade 10 October 6th 2014 Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the temperatures of Hydrochloric acid with the duration of Magnesium ribbon to dissolve in the acid. Procedure: 1- Prepare four 400ml beaker: one for the hot bath, one for the room temperature, one for ice water bath and one for super hot bath. Fill all beakers half-full. Put one on a hot plate; the temperature of the water on the hot plate should not exceed 60C. Put another one on a hot plate; the temperature of water should not exceed 80C. Control the temperature of both hot plates to keep the temperature of water stays at 60C and 80C. 2- Using a graduated cylinder, add 20ml of 1M hydrochloric acid to each of the two test tubes, (all tubes should be the same size) 3- Place one test tube in the room temperature water, one test tube in the hot water bath, one in the ice water bath, and one in the super hot bath; allow the tubes to sit for approximately 5 minutes to reach thermal equilibrium. 4- Obtain a strip of magnesium ribbon (~16cm). Using scissors cut the ribbon into 4.0 strips. Be as precise as possible. 5- Wrap a piece of copper wire around a pencil to make a small ‘cage’ into which the magnesium ribbon will be inserted. The other end of the wire should be long enough so that the wire can hang over the side of the test tube with the cage submerged beneath the liquid level in the test tube. 6- Measure and...
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...Rate of Reaction The rate of a reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction happens. If a reaction has a low rate, that means the molecules combine at a slower speed than a reaction with a high rate. Some reactions take hundreds, maybe even thousands, of years while others can happen in less than one second. If you want to think of a very slow reaction, think about how long it takes plants and ancient fish to become fossils (carbonization). The rate of reaction also depends on the type of molecules that are combining. If there are low concentrations of an essential element or compound, the reaction will be slower. There is another big idea for rates of reaction called collision theory. The collision theory says that as more collisions in a system occur, there will be more combinations of molecules bouncing into each other. If you have more possible combinations there is a higher chance that the molecules will complete the reaction. The reaction will happen faster which means the rate of that reaction will increase. Think about how slowly molecules move in honey when compared to your soda even though they are both liquids. There are a lower number of collisions in the honey because of stronger intermolecular forces (forces between molecules). The greater forces mean that honey has a higher viscosity than the soda water. Factors That Affect Rate Reactions happen - no matter what. Chemicals are always combining or breaking down. The reactions happen over and...
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...Chemical Reactions Types of Chemical reactions Lots of reactions take place around us in everyday life. Reactions are quit important in chemistry and in science generally. Chemical reaction is the changing of substances to other substances by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products. There are different types of chemical reaction: 1. Combination reaction 2. Decomposition reaction 3. Single-replacement reaction 4. Double-replacement reaction 5. Combustion reaction Combination reaction is a chemical change in which two or more substances to form a new single substance. The reactants of most common combination reactions are either two elements or two compounds. The product a combination reaction is always a compound. Decomposition reaction is a chemical change in which one substance is broken down into two or more products. These products can be any combination of elements and compounds. It is usually very difficult to predict the products of decomposition reactions. Single-replacement reaction is a chemical change in which the atoms of less active element are replaced with atoms of elements which are more active. Usually the reactants are substance and element. Whenever one metal will replace another metal from a compound can be determined by the relative activities of the two metals. For predicting the products of this type of reaction we have the metal activity table, which is expressed above. Li K Ca Na Mg Al ...
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...This lab report identified different types of reactions in various chemical changes. Through the five experiments completed in class, the creation of bubbles indicating a new gas formed, colour change, and production of light were observed. From reactions A and B, it can be concluded that single displacement reactions are indicated when three elements are present, two of which are of like charges that switch places during the chemical reaction. Both reactions involved an element with a negative charge (Cl) and two elements with positive charges (Cu (II) & Al and H & Mg), which then traded places during the reaction. As well, from reactions C and D, it can be concluded that double displacements occur when four elements (or two compounds) are...
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...LAMP reaction The LAMP reaction was performed by using Loopamp DNA amplification kit, Eiken chemical CO., LTD., JAPAN. The 2X reaction mix composed of 40 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 20 mM MgSO4, 16 mM (NH4)2SO4, 0.2% Tween 20, 1.6 M Betaine and 2.8 mM dNTPs each. The LAMP reaction was optimized by incorporating different concentrations of primers and temperature. The LAMP reaction of total 25µl volume consisted of 2X reaction mixture (12.5µl), 2.0 μM FIP and BIP; 0.8 μM LF and LB; 0.2 μM F3 and B3 each, 1µl (8 units) of Bst DNA polymerase, Template DNA and PCR grade nuclease free water. Primer concentrations were optimized by using 0.8 μM or 1.2 μM or 1.6 μM or 2.0 μM of FIP and BIP primers each, 0.8 μM or 1 μM of LF and LB primers each, 0.2 μM...
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...Electron transfer reactions in coordination metal complexes. Structure-reactivity relationships Sebastitio J. Formosinho Departamento de Qui'mica, Universidade de Coimbra, 3049 Coimbra, Portugal Abstract - The current approach of Marcus theory to interpret electron transfer is questioned. Another approach based on an expansion of configuration of the transition states is presented, and the rates are estimated in terms of the following parameters: reaction energy, force constants, equilibrium bond lengths, transition state bond order and capacity to store energy. The model can interpret several anomalous features of these reactions, namely electron-exchanges where the Marcus theory estimates rates several orders of magnitude slower and faster than experiment, "cross-relations", solvent effects, the inverted region and the asymmetry of the Tafel plots of metal-aquo ions, and can assess the nonadiabatic character of some outer-sphere processes. Electron transfer reactions play an essential role in many physical, chemical and biological processes. The investigation of the mechanisms of these reactions rests essentially on the systematic investigation of structure-reactivity relationships that results from the geometric rearrangements which accompany the change in oxidation states of the coordination compounds. Although many theories have been proposed, it is no surprise that the more simpler ones such as Marcus theory are the most popular.1 In spite of the great success of the theory...
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...The haloform reaction is one of the oldest known reactions, it dates back to 1822 whenever Serullas accidently discovered an iodine and alkali converted alcohol into iodoform. He called this a “hydroiodide of carbon”. The reaction was not purposely discovered until Guthrie in 1831 whenever he bleach powdered an alcohol and for chloroform. In 1834 Duman formed bromoform by hydrobromite on alcohol. Duman is the one who actually gave haloforms their present name, and also determined their composition. Lieben showed the “iodoform test”, this test is one of the most useful tools for identifying alcohols and ketones. Lieben stated that a positive test will be given if a compound has a CH3CO bond present, this bond must be bonded with a carbon...
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...The experiment involved a Diel-Alder reaction and is also known as a [4+2] cycloaddition because the reaction takes place between two different π Systems, one of which is associated with 4 atoms and the other one having two atoms. We synthesized 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10α,β 13-succinic acid anhydride from anthracene (diene) and meleic anhydride (dienophile). The use of maleic anhydride as the dienophile allows for a relatively high yield because the carbonyl substituents remove electron density from the reactive site through resonance and ultimately lowers the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the maleic acid anhydride molecule. By using anthracene as the diene, the conjugated π bonds are able to donate electron density...
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...Analysis of a Chemical Reaction Procedure Questions: What do you observe? We observed a white, chalky precipitate forming in the limewater test tube. What does this result indicate? This result indicates that carbon dioxide gas was formed by heating the test tube of NaHCO3. What did you observe in the test tube that you heated? We observed the condensation of water vapour on the mouth of the heated test tube. What does this indicate? This result indicates that water molecules were formed during the reaction. Based on these two qualitative observations which of the four possible reactions can be rules out? Synthesis can be ruled out due to the formation of multiple products from a single substance. Single displacement can be ruled out because the products were both compounds formed from a single substance. Double displacement can be ruled out because there was only one reactant. Lastly, combustion can be ruled out because the reactant did not require...
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...Makram Youssef Chris Wong Calculations of percent yield: Rf values: (literature values: trans,trans =0.36, cis,trans=0.41) Short-wavelength TLC plate: solvent line =3.9cm filtrate: 1.4cm/3.9cm = 0.36, 1.7/3.9cm =0.44 trans,trans-isomer: 1.5cm/3.9cm = .38 Long-wavelength TLC plate: solvent line = 3.9cm filtrate: same values appear as under short-wavelength in addition to 1.1cm/3.9cm = 0.28 trans,trans-isomer: same value as under short-wavelength Discussion: This experiment was governed by the the Wittig reaction mechanism, which is done properly yields an alkene. The percent yield for the overall experimented, after purification was approximately 4.23%, not a very high yield but enough to carry out subsequent procedures to check for the validity of the product. The first of these tests was involved TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) and was used to assess the presence of the product intended as well as the products of the filtrate, or byproducts. It should be noted that the developing solution used for this test was Hexane and that the plate of product and filtrate was analyzed under both long and short wavelength UV lights. Under these lights, the filtrate showed brighter than the spotted product giving off a pinkish hue. It should also be noted that the filtrate filtrate contained triphenylphosphine oxide, the minor cis, trans-isomer, and some trans,trans product. In order of increasing Rf values, it was expected that triphenylphosphine oxide would be...
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...Purpose The purpose of this procession of experiments is to perform several different types of reactions against several different changes in temperature in order to monitor the progress of the reaction. These reactions will help us gain understanding of the elements that play into a reacting aqueous solution with an ionic bond: the breaking of the intermolecular forces and use of energy define the direction and product of a chemical reaction. This experiment will reveal how temperatures can either enhance or decrease the reactions rates. Introduction Calorimetry is the measurement of the amount heat exchange in any given chemical reaction. This heat exchange can reality be measured by a thermometer placed within a closed system, as this would ensure no heat would escape. The exchange of heat or energy is a very important factor in...
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