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读《悲剧的诞生》
黄子懿 14120374 在读研究生之前,不得不承认自己对于尼采这个人,除了知道他是个有名的男性疯子之外,其他的一无所知。在这之前也从未想到过自己竟会在未来的某一天购买他的著作并仔细研读。是老师的要求也罢,是自己的主动更好,在阅读了周国平大师翻译的《悲剧的诞生》两遍后(因时间原因两遍着实读的少,日后定再仔细拜读),终于开始着手写这篇不是论文的论文了。没有严格按照论文格式来写,大部分是自己阅读时的所感所想,把思路理了一遍,估计也没什么深度,希望老师当随笔看看吧! 1. 关于日神与酒神
1. 为什么有此概念诞生? 日神和酒神(或日神因素和酒神因素)是尼采用于解释希腊艺术和希腊悲剧而提出的一对核心概念。对于艺术形而上学的论述也都是建立在该概念的基础上。 在西方传统美学中,美是一个中心范畴,艺术的本质往往借这一范畴得以说明[1]。什么是美?在尼采看来,当我们描述“这朵玫瑰很美”时,仅仅是因为它的外观。我们的意志通过它的外观得到满足,得到快感,让我们感觉到了乐趣。但这里的“美”丝毫没有说明它的本质。而对于“一幅美丽的画”,我们之所以说它美丽是因为它的表象符合了绘画的本质的表象,但是大部分外行却理解成了一幅描绘了美丽对象的画。因此,他提出,当我们欣赏艺术时,不要一味地把它归结描绘为美,而是显得真即可。单凭美的原则,是无法理解音乐、悲剧等艺术的本质,也不能解释人的审美根源。所以,尼采觉得有必要在美的原则之外寻找另一个原则来,由此——提出了日神和酒神二元冲动说。
2.内涵
日神是宙斯和勒托之子阿波罗,也是奥林匹斯山上的太阳神,即光明之神。酒神是宙斯和忒拜国公主赛墨勒之子狄奥尼索斯,他是葡萄的第一个培植者,也是酿制葡萄酒的第一个发明家,人们将他视为葡萄酒业的保护神,每年春季播种和秋季收获葡萄时,民间举行庆祝仪式,祭祀仪式的中心是酒神,人们最初只是假想他在场,后来就用人来扮演酒神。 那在尼采笔下的日神到底是什么意思?他在本书中明确地给日神的含义下了一个界定:“我们用日神的名字统称美的外观的无数幻觉”。(二十五,第一段)除此之外,他反复提出了日神的造型艺术这个概念。所谓造型艺术,在我看来,即为诸如雕塑、绘画、史诗等这类主要通过外观或表象而产生的艺术类型。因此,我们可以这样理解,日神是个体的人借外观或表象的幻觉自我肯定的冲动。(之所以用冲动一词是因为尼采始终把它和酒神统称为“二元冲动”,艺术就是在这两种冲动下产生的) 那酒神又是什么意思?他在本书中也明确地給酒神的本质下了一个定义:“个体化原理崩溃之时从人的最内在基础即天性中升起的充满幸福的狂喜”。(一,第五段)“个体化原理”是叔本华提出的,意指作为世界本体的生命意志,外化为个别存在的事物,而构成“现象”,这就是“个体化”;而生命意志作为“本质”或者“本体”,要超越现象,回归本质,这就是超越“个体化”。以下是我对“个体化原理”自己的理解:
(1)意志作为自在之物,对“自然”二字不感兴趣。“自然”二字,作为表象的世界的俗称,只不过是意志把自身呈现出来的一个场所。就好像我们不进入滑冰场就不会滑到一样,意志不在表象的世界被我们认识或把自身呈现出来,都只不过是自在之物(貌似形而上的东西)。
(2)当意志进入表象的世界会受到时间、空间和因果规律的束缚,就好像我们进入滑冰场一样。我们穿着滑冰鞋就不会滑到,不穿着滑冰鞋就会滑到。任何一种情况都是我们的行为在滑冰场的一种表现,也都是必须遵守摩擦力和重力的物理原则的。
(3)意志在世界里把自己呈现出来的这个过程,由于它必须受到时间、空间和因果规律的束缚,并且以根据律的各种形态表现出来,我们把这个过程叫做“个体化原理”。“个体化”就像是一种拟人的说法,因为意志就好像被我们认识到了一样,以各种表象的形式把自己呈现出来。例如说一个人滑冰不小心滑到正在摔倒。我们单一地观察人本身,我们可以说人摔倒了,而且我们在大脑中是意识到类似人的这个东西,简称意志,失去平衡和受到重力的作用而摔倒。
(4)此后,我们每当提起自然界中的意志,或者表象世界里的意志,或者就直接地提起“意志”二字,我们都已经默认了它早就是完成了上面这个过程,就是已经完成了“个体化原理”的运用了。 酒神世界代表世界意志[2]本身的冲动,在个体身上表现为拜托个体化原理回归世界意志的冲动,日神则代表世界意志显现为现象的冲动。日神艺术境界如梦,酒神艺术境界如醉。日神艺术以美的面纱使人沉湎于外观幻象,忘却生活的痛苦,它的审美心境是适度、和谐、中庸;酒神艺术则破除外观幻象,直视人生的悲剧性,变生命的痛苦为生命的愉悦,它的审美心境是陶醉、激越、悲壮。 对于二者的关系,尼采始终强调这两种冲动不断进行着斗争和和解。日神利用幻想给予人类生活下去的理由,而酒神利用迷狂使得人类贴近于本源的真实,同时日神又可以防止酒神冲动造成的破坏,达到一种互补的效果。日神是梦,酒神是醉。那么,是否存在一个清醒的状态?如果存在,那是一种什么样的表现?如果不存在,那是为什么?……
二、关于悲剧
1. 为什么写的是悲剧? 正如本著作题名般一目了然,作者所讲述的对象即是悲剧。对于没有读过苏格拉底柏拉图的人来说,为什么要把悲剧专门拿出来写是个疑问。而对于读过古典文学的人来说,悲剧的重要性已经被之前很多的哲学家们拿出来反复强调过,那为什么尼采还要把悲剧专门拿出来写也是个疑问。 悲剧历来被看做艺术的最高形式乃至顶峰,因而成为一个重大的美学课题。然而,在尼采看来,这个题目始终是没有说清楚的。主要难题有二:一是希腊悲剧的起源,二是悲剧快感的实质。不说清这两个问题,也就不能说清悲剧的本质。 除此之外,叔本华关于世界的意志哲学,关于音乐的理论也刺激了尼采写出了这部《悲剧的诞生》。
2. 悲剧是如何诞生的? 1. 希腊悲剧艺术起源——痛苦 传说上认为,希腊人处于人类的童年时期,内心和谐,感性与理性未分裂,由此才导致希腊文化的辉煌,而尼采却将之解释为由于希腊人内心的痛苦[3]。“这个民族如此敏感,其欲望如此热烈,如此特别容易痛苦”(三,第四段)希腊人由于生活的过于健康、幸福、充实,他们的生存生活兴趣发生了转移。他们偏爱生活中恐怖、痛苦、悲怆和不幸的事物。他们强烈的渴望这些阴暗的事物,犹如渴望强大的对手一样。他们要在阴森可怖的事物面前检验一下自己的过于充裕的力量和激情。换句话说,希腊人正值年富力壮之时,有一种对于丑的渴求,有一种求悲剧事物的意志。因此,希腊人民需要艺术照进人生,从而诱使他们生存下去,也就促使了奥林匹斯世界的诞生。尼采认为希腊艺术的繁荣不是缘于希腊人内心的和谐,而是缘于他们内心的痛苦和冲突,因为过于看清人生的悲剧性质,所以产生日神和酒神两种艺术冲动,要用艺术拯救人生。艺术拯救他们,生命则通过艺术拯救他们而自救。所以从这一点来看,悲剧是怎样诞生?悲剧诞生于强健的生命,悲剧诞生于健康充裕的生命力量和生命激情。那是生存和生活过于充实的结晶。 2. 悲剧的诞生过程及快感的实质 亚里士多德在《诗学》中写到,悲剧起源于酒神颂歌队领队的即兴口诵,悲剧的前身是萨提儿剧。但仅限于这两点我们对于悲剧起源问题仍然模糊不清。尼采认为,悲剧的诞生过程有三个阶段:第一阶段起源于酒神节庆时,群众的幻觉。在酒神力量的作用下,他们想象自己是酒神随从萨提儿;第二阶段开始对萨提儿进行模仿,产生了萨提儿歌队。歌队在兴奋中看到酒神的幻想,用舞蹈、声音、言词的全部象征手法来谈论该幻想;第三阶段不再是幻想和合唱,他们通过舞台把酒神这位神灵作为真人现象出来,使这一幻想及其灿烂的光环可以有目共睹。于是便开始有狭义的“戏剧”。 悲剧所表演的都是不幸和灾祸,为何还能使我们产生欣赏的快乐?亚里士多德用“悲剧带给人怜悯和恐惧”来描述悲剧对观众的影响,而尼采则用“悲剧的审美快感”来解释影响。他指出,悲剧的审美快感来源于一种形而上的慰藉:“每部真正的悲剧都是用一种形而上的慰藉来解脱我们”(七,第六段)。什么是形而上的慰藉?我认为人本身就是二元冲动的复合体,善与恶共生,天使和魔鬼共存。在我们灵魂深处,就有嗜血杀戮的快感。尽管“人之初,性本善”,那只是恶魔潜伏在灵魂深处在等待合适的时机,没有表现而已。人类的整部历史就是互相残杀的历史。人类的凶残远胜动物,动物只在饥饿时为了生存而杀生。而艺术,悲剧,却美化了这血腥的一切,唤醒了沉睡的另一相,让我们有了审美快感而不用直接去杀戮,所以用尼采的口吻说——让我们有了形而上的慰藉。 尼采所描述的悲剧快感不是日神带给我们的外观的解脱。悲剧快感只能从悲剧的酒神根源中去寻觅。快感的产生在我的理解有三个原因:第一、悲剧引导我们离开、超脱日神的影响,达到酒神冲动的满足。悲剧的个体把毁灭自己的表演展示给我们看,从而引导我们离开了现象而回归世界的本质(即世界意志),陶醉于与世界意志合为一体,体会到了毁灭与重生的过程;第二、悲剧通过表现痛苦和毁灭,而肯定了痛苦和毁灭,肯定了生命。任何人都有缺陷,神都有更何况人。所以肯定了生命即为最高艺术;第三、本是无意义的世界在悲剧的显现下,变成了一种永恒生命变化的过程,尼采赋予了悲剧这一种审美的意义。因为悲剧主角仅是现象,他的毁灭对永恒生命无所增益。他的毁灭只是导向了我们对永恒生命的坚信。我们站在自己的立场上看待这个不断创造又毁灭的个体世界的过程,体会到了一种真正的审美快乐。(有种看到别人不好自我感觉良好的变态心理)
三、关于尼采与其他
1.欧里庇得斯与苏格拉底 尼采认为希腊悲剧经由欧里庇得斯走向衰亡。在埃斯库罗斯和索福克勒斯那里,酒神始终是悲剧的唯一的舞台形象,普罗米修斯、俄狄浦斯只是酒神的面具和化身。而到了欧里庇得斯那里,酒神被驱逐出了悲剧舞台,他把观众带上了舞台。“市民的平庸,乃至欧里庇得斯的全部政治希望所在,现在畅所欲言了”(十一、第三段)。“他把群众带到舞台上,而把两个观众尊为他的全部艺术的仅有的合格判官和大师”(十一、第六段)。这两个观众一个是欧里庇得斯自己,一个就是苏格拉底。尼采说,苏格拉底这位新的神灵依附在欧里庇得斯的身上,借助他的口说话,宣扬自己的理论主张。所以从另一个视角看,欧里庇得斯其实是带着伪装面具的苏格拉底。尼采说希腊悲剧灭亡于欧里庇得斯之手,也就是说希腊悲剧毁灭于苏格拉底的理论。那么,苏格拉底的理论是什么样的理论呢?苏格拉底精神被尼采集中阐释在三个命题中。“知识即美德;罪恶仅仅源于无知;有德者就是幸福之人。”理性和美德之间画上了等号[4]。言外之意,人们要追求幸福,人们就必须倾自身之精力去追求理性知识。这个等式在尼采看来是世上最稀奇古怪的等式,它同希腊人的全部本能背道而驰。悲剧的灭亡己经包含在这三个乐观主义的基本公式中了。“理解然后美”是欧里庇得斯不可动摇的悲剧创作实践原则。这一原则和苏格拉底所奉行的“知识即美德”是相呼应的(十二、第七段)。由于这一原则,欧里庇得斯要求悲剧剧情要清晰。其处理悲剧剧情的常用伎俩是为后世所垢病的机械降神。这一手法确立了悲剧的开头和结尾的格式。具体表现是在一出悲剧的开头,一位神灵先于舞台主角上场,他的任务是向观众介绍剧情,并以神的身份担保自己的言说;在这出悲剧的结尾,这位神灵又登上舞台,介绍悲剧人物的结局。既然剧情已经明了,那么戏的正文靠什么来吸引观众呢?主角的激情与雄辩。欧里庇得斯在尼采看来不是纯粹意义上的艺术家。因为他用苏格拉底式的思考取代了日神的直觉,他用炙热充奋的演员的情感取代了酒神的激情。欧里庇得斯的思想和情感是伪造出来的。二者不能进入艺术领域,二者也不属于艺术冲动的范畴[5]。从表象上看,尼采把悲剧的灭亡原因推到欧里庇得斯身上,但我们更应该看到,尼采所说的实质是悲剧灭亡的根本缘由是以苏格拉底为始祖的科学理性世界观。这一世界观与他的悲剧世界观是不同的。 科学理性世界观即科学精神。尼采对于科学精神定义为:“最早显现于苏格拉底人格之中的那种对于自然界可以追根究底和知识之普遍造福能力的信念”(十七、第四段)。即相信人的理性力量,通过理性、科学、逻辑、知识的认知可以穷究世界的真相和万物的本质,并用之指导造福人生的理性主义。 如果将所有只要逻辑不要艺术的科学家、哲学家称为“理论家”,那在尼采眼中,苏格拉底是理论乐观主义的典型代表(十五、第六段)。因为在苏格拉底式的人看来,人类最高尚的真正的使命不在于道德修养,而是辨别真知和错误,这要深入世界万物的根本。也就是说苏格拉底把人生的意义归结为追求知识,世间的一切包括道德行为、同情、牺牲、英雄主义的冲动等都可以用知识辩证法推导和传授的。因此,他与尼采对于悲剧的创造有着截然不同的观点:尼采认为直觉是创造和肯定的力量,而知觉起这批判和劝阻的作用;在苏格拉底看来却是直觉从事批判,知觉从事创造。因而遭到尼采彻头彻尾的批判。
2.柏拉图
尼采与柏拉图观点歧义最大的地方即是在艺术和真理的关系的处理上。众所周知,柏拉图关于艺术与真理著名的命题是“艺术与真理隔着三层”。真理就是“idea”,一个直接的和无虚伪的外观,决定着物的本质的存在。理念世界才是真实的世界,经验世界不过是它的影子和模仿,艺术则是影子的影子,模仿的模仿。所以,相对于真理而言,艺术只是真理“idea”的影子的影子,因而毫无意义。尼采彻底否定了理念世界的存在,在他看来只存在一个世界,即叔本华所提出的世界意志,指的就是永恒变化的宇宙过程。真理就是对这个过程的认识。当意识到属于这个过程的我们的人生毫无意义时,人们痛苦害怕,无法生活,于是需要艺术来拯救。由此看出,柏拉图崇尚理念,贬低艺术;尼采歌颂艺术,认为它才真正具有价值。
3.亚里士多德
亚里士多德是第一个给悲剧一个明确定义的人。对于希腊悲剧他和尼采都有自己独到的见解。这里主要分析两者关于悲剧的不同观点:
(1)悲剧的功能。亚里士多德认为悲剧的功能是“激发人们的同情与怜悯,从而使人的心灵得到陶冶或净化”。尼采认为悲剧的功能是使人获得“形而上的慰藉 ”。(前面已分析过,不再叙述)
(2)悲剧的人物。亚里士多德认为悲剧人物总是介于好人与坏人之间,只有这样的人物才能以其可怕的遭遇引起观众的“怜悯”、以其和观众的相似而引起观众的“恐惧”。他们之所以遭受苦难是因为他自身的行动或过失。尼采认为其实一切有名的希腊悲剧人物,普罗密修斯,俄狄浦斯等等,不过是原来的英雄狄奥尼索斯的化装而已。这些化装后面藏着一位神,这就是为甚么那些有名人物往往具有惊人的、典型的“理想性”的主要原因。悲剧人物之所以遭受苦难,是因为他因“聪明”而破坏了一切秩序,一切法律,一切自然秩序,甚至这道德世界,都因他的行为而毁灭。其苦难的来源并不是自身的过失,恰恰是“狄奥尼索斯式的聪明”。[6]
四、关于自己 读完《悲剧的诞生》后,给我最大的感受是,原来尼采是一个乐观主义者(至少在他写此著作时是乐观的)!书中让我印象极为深刻的是关于世界意志使得悲剧诞生的部分。虽然尼采是沿用了叔本华的世界意志的概念,但他对该概念的理解却同叔本华有很大的不同。叔本华认为,悲剧把生命的痛苦和毁灭显示给人们看,为的就是让人看穿生命意志的虚幻,从而放弃生命意志;而尼采却认为,悲剧不但没有因为痛苦和毁灭而否定生命,反而肯定了生命肯定了痛苦和毁灭。其意在告诉我们:生命是充满痛苦和毁灭的。现实中所谓的理想、追求、事业等在生命面前是那么的渺小且无意义。认识人的悲剧性命运,然后要抱有战胜悲剧人生的乐观。用一次次非理性的冲动或者是意志,直面生活本身,冲破黑暗,拥抱美丽。这让我感觉到我的人生又多了一种激情。人生注定是部悲剧,在自己的哭声中到来,在别人的哭声中离去。但尽管如此,我们也要有声有色地演好这部悲剧,切莫失去了悲剧的壮丽和快慰才行啊! 而对于他提出的酒神和日神的概念,我和室友探讨了很久。尼采所说的这两者到底是什么意思,我们也希望尽量能从自己的切实感受中寻找答案。室友提出了一个很奇特却也让我思考了很久的想法,酒神的这种感觉是不是只有在人彻底崩溃的时候(用尼采的话来说是个体化原理崩溃,我们理解是精神失常)才能体会到的?!这让我想起了之前听到过的一个真人真事。一个中年妇女,为人忠厚老实,平时很少说话,小学都没有毕业,字也不认识几个。但她的精神状况不是很好,有时候受到刺激容易精神失常。然而,她的失常却和普通的发神经不一样。她嘴里不断的吐出字句,全部是带押韵的,宛如写好的诗歌一般,说的话语也好像诗人在吟诵诗句,意境十分美丽且意义深刻。如果换在平常,一个字都不认识几个的人怎么可能到达如此高的文化境界。为了弄清楚引起这种现象的原因,我在网上搜索了很久,可惜未找到相关资料。既然用科学无法解释,那这会不会是因为酒神的作用?正常的人们受日神和酒神的双重影响,保持着作为人的正常态。一旦酒神力量强于日神力量,人的思维或意志即开始产生变化。当酒神力量冲破日神力量达到顶峰,人即实现了一种超脱状态。这种状态到底是一种怎样的状态谁也无从知晓,包括实现了该状态的人本身。就像这世间到底存不存在灵魂这事,估计只有灵魂自己知道。 除了之前提出的,在梦和醉之外是否存在一种醒的状态的疑问之外,对于尼采提出的“音乐精神”我始终无法理解。酒神是非造型的音乐艺术,这里的“音乐”是什么概念?为什么尼采如此注重音乐?希望在以后的阅读过程中,能够寻找到这些问题的答案。
-----------------------
[1] (德)尼采著,周国平译.《悲剧的诞生》.南京:译林出版社,2014.2.p9译者导言
[2] 世界意志:宇宙间那个永恒的生成变化过程,那个不断产生又不断毁灭个体生命的过程。(引用于周国平)
[3] 林蓉.尼采《悲剧的诞生》札记[J].宜春学院学报.第29卷,2007年12月.
[4] 孟庆坤.悲剧何以诞生——尼采《悲剧的诞生》的批判[C].安徽大学:硕士学位论文.2012.4
[5] 孟庆坤.悲剧何以诞生——尼采《悲剧的诞生》的批判[C].安徽大学:硕士学位论文.2012.4
[6] 朱茜.亚里士多德与尼采的悲剧观比较[M].新闻天地(论文版).2009.4

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