...Macroeconomic Data Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Consumer Price Index (CPI) Unemployment rate Gross Domestic Product: Expenditure and Income Two definitions: Total expenditure in goods and services produced in a country Total income earned by productive factors in a country Expenditure equals income, since each dollar/euro spent by a consumer, is also the income of a producer Circular flow in the Economy Income Labor Households Firms Goods/Services Expenditure Value Added Value added of a firm is - The value of its good/service Minus - The value of the intermediate goods used to produce that good/service Exercise: A farmer grows a bushel of wheat and sells it to a miller for $1.00. The miller turns the wheat into flour and then sells the flour to a baker for $3.00. The baker uses the flour to make bread and sells the bread to an engineer for $6.00. The engineer eats the bread. What is the value added by each person? What is GDP? Solution 1. Farmer’s value added: 1,00 € 2. Miller’s VA: 2,00 € 3. Baker’s VA: 3,00 €. 4. GDP = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 (sum of incomes) 5. GDP = Price of Bread! Final Goods, Value Added and GDP GDP = the total value of final goods and services produced. GDP = the total value added of all firms in the economy. The value of intermediate goods is already included as part of the market price of the final goods in which they are used. To add the intermediate goods to the final goods would be double counting. The Components of Expenditure Consumption...
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...Lecture 2: Basic Definitions • • • • GDP Inflation Rate Unemployment Rate Trade and Budget Deficits Gross Domestic Product • First thing we look at (its rate of growth) • Aggregate output: Not easy! – Sum of apples and oranges – Double-counting • Example A Simple Economy • Steel Company – Revenue from sales – Expenses (wages) – Profit $100 80 20 $210 $70 100 • Car Company – Revenue from sales – Expenses • Wages • Steel purchases – Profit 40 • What is this economy’s GDP? Calculating GDP • Method 1: GDP is the value of the final goods and services produced by the economy during a given period • Method 2: GDP is the sum of valued added produced…. • Method 3: GDP is the sum of incomes in the economy... Nominal vs Real GDP • Nominal GDP: sum of final goods produced times their current price – Growth due to quantity (production) – Growth due to prices • Real GDP: … times their base year price • Example (next trp.) • GDP Growth: (Y(t)-Y(t-1))/Y(t-1) Nominal vs Real GDP Year 0 Q Potatoes 100,000 Cars 10 Nominal GDP P $1 $10,000 Value 100,000 100,000 200,000 Year 1 Q Potatoes 100,000 Cars 11 Nominal GDP P $1.2 $10,000 Value 120,000 110,000 230,000 The Inflation Rate • More than one…. (P(t)-P(t-1))/P(t-1) • GDP deflator and CPI • GDP deflator = Nominal GDP / GDP – P0 = 1 – P1 = 230,000/210,000 = 1.1 (approx.) • NGDP growth = GDPg + Inflation (defl) • 15 5 10 • Why do we care? ...
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...Exercise 1 Chapter 7 GDP: Measuring Total Production and Income 7.1 Gross Domestic Product Measures Total Production 1) In May 2009, Ford Motor Company's sales were down 20 percent from a year earlier. These events were caused by A) an economic recession. B) an economic expansion. C) a reduction in advertising. D) declining quality of service. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 613/209 Topic: The Business Cycle Objective: LO1: Explain how total production is measured. Special Feature: Chapter Opener: Ford Motor Company Feels the Effects of the Recession 2) During a business cycle expansion, total production ________ and total employment ________. A) increases; increases B) increases; decreases C) decreases; increases D) decreases; decreases Answer: A Comment: Recurring Diff: 1 Page Ref: 617/213 Topic: The Business Cycle Objective: LO1: Explain how total production is measured. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Special Feature: None 3) Macroeconomics, as opposed to microeconomics, includes the study of what determines the A) average price levels of goods and services in the economy. B) price charged for laptop computers by Dell. C) wages paid to employees by Dell. D) quantity of Dell employees. Answer: A Comment: Recurring Diff: 1 Page Ref: 614/210 Topic: Macroeconomics vs. Microeconomics Objective: LO1: Explain how total production is measured. AACSB: Reflective...
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...Exercise 1 Chapter 7 GDP: Measuring Total Production and Income 7.1 Gross Domestic Product Measures Total Production 1) In May 2009, Ford Motor Company's sales were down 20 percent from a year earlier. These events were caused by A) an economic recession. B) an economic expansion. C) a reduction in advertising. D) declining quality of service. Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 613/209 Topic: The Business Cycle Objective: LO1: Explain how total production is measured. Special Feature: Chapter Opener: Ford Motor Company Feels the Effects of the Recession 2) During a business cycle expansion, total production ________ and total employment ________. A) increases; increases B) increases; decreases C) decreases; increases D) decreases; decreases Answer: A Comment: Recurring Diff: 1 Page Ref: 617/213 Topic: The Business Cycle Objective: LO1: Explain how total production is measured. AACSB: Reflective Thinking Special Feature: None 3) Macroeconomics, as opposed to microeconomics, includes the study of what determines the A) average price levels of goods and services in the economy. B) price charged for laptop computers by Dell. C) wages paid to employees by Dell. D) quantity of Dell employees. Answer: A Comment: Recurring Diff: 1 Page Ref: 614/210 Topic: Macroeconomics vs. Microeconomics Objective: LO1: Explain how total production is measured. AACSB: Reflective...
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...GDP, Unemployment and Inflation (Chap 23, 24, and 28) 1. GDP measures two things at once: the total income of everyone in the economy and the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services. 2. For the economy as a whole, Income=Expenditure (Every transaction has two parties: Buyer and Seller) 3. Definition of GDP (Gross Domestic Product): GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. 4. Components of GDP (Y) : Consumption (C), Investment (I), Government purchases (G), Net exports (NX) Y = C + I + G + NX 5. Consumption refers to spending by households on goods and services. E.g. of goods are cars and appliances, E.g. of services are haircuts, medical care and education. [Some argue that education is under investment.] 6. Investment refers to the purchase of goods that will be used in the future to produce more goods and services. Sum purchase of capital equipment, inventories and structures. E.g. New housing. 7. Government purchase refers to spending on goods and services by the governments, e.g. salaries of government workers and spending on public works. 8. Net exports refer to purchases of domestically produced goods by the foreigners (Exports X) minus domestic purchase of foreign goods (Imports M). NX = X - M 9. Real GDP vs Nominal GDP a. Real GDP: Production of goods and services at constant prices i. Not affected by changes in prices [Changes...
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...com/terms/g/gdp.asp | |Product (GDP) |(GDP) is a way to measure| | | |how well a nation’s |Goss Domestic Product - GDP | | |economy is doing. This is| | | |the value of money after | | | |the goods and services | | | |are calculated during a | | | |certain time. | | |Real GDP |Real GDP is the whole |http://www.diffen.com/difference/Nominal_GDP_vs_Real_GDP | | |economical way to | | | |determine the value of |Nominal GDP vs. Real GDP | |...
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...Assignment On Relationship between GDP & HDI Submitted ToCourse Instructor Of B-University of DhakaDepartment of Banking | Submitted ByMd. Yasir ArafatId No. 62B.B.A 13th BatchDepartment of BankingUniversity of Dhaka | Date of Submission08.o7.09 | Introduction to GDP A region's gross domestic product, or GDP, is one of the ways of measuring the size of its economy. The GDP of a country is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time (usually a calendar year). It is also considered the sum of value added at every stage of production (the intermediate stages) of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. Components of GDP Each of the variables C (Consumption), I (Investment), G (Government spending) and X − M (Net Exports) (where GDP = C + I + G + (X − M) as above) C (Consumption) is private consumption in the economy. This includes most personal expenditures of households such as food, rent, medical expenses and so on but does not include new housing. I (Investment) is defined as investments by business or households in capital. Examples of investment by a business include construction of a new mine, purchase of software, or purchase of machinery and equipment for a factory. Spending by households (not government) on new houses is also included in Investment. In contrast to its colloquial meaning, 'Investment' in GDP does not mean purchases of financial...
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...Income Economics PRINCIPLES OF N. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich © 2009 South-Western, a part of Cengage Learning, all rights reserved In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions: What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? How is GDP related to a nation’s total income and spending? What are the components of GDP? How is GDP corrected for inflation? Does GDP measure society’s well-being? 1 Micro vs. Macro Microeconomics: The study of how individual households and firms make decisions, interact with one another in markets. Macroeconomics: The study of the economy as a whole. We begin our study of macroeconomics with the country’s total income and expenditure. MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 2 Income and Expenditure Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures total income of everyone in the economy. GDP also measures total expenditure on the economy’s output of g&s. For the economy as a whole, income equals expenditure because every dollar a buyer spends is a dollar of income for the seller. MEASURING A NATION’S INCOME 3 The Circular-Flow Diagram a simple depiction of the macroeconomy illustrates GDP as spending, revenue, factor payments, and income Preliminaries: Factors of production are inputs like labor, land, capital, and natural resources. Factor payments are payments to the factors of production (e.g., wages, rent). MEASURING A NATION’S...
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...trend or potential output Avoiding extremes of short-run macroeconomic performance * An economy that is growing excessively may be prone to inflation | 3. Relatively stable price level | * Maintaining the real value of the currency * Low (positive) rate of inflation | 4. Sustainable levels of public and national debt | * Public debt: during a budget deficit, the government must borrow from the private sector to meet its spending * Foreign debt: borrowing by domestic residents from foreign countries, influenced by economy’s current account deficits | 5. Balancing current and future consumption | * The relationship between investments and saving in an economy | 6. Full Employment | * Providing employment for all individuals seeking work * Does not mean zero unemployment | Measuring national or aggregate output/Production: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) * The market value of final G&S (G&S at its last stage of production and ready to be consumed) produced in a country during a given period of time. * The most important and most commonly used measure of output * Is a flow variable measured in quarters * Annual GDP: * Calendar- Mar 11, June 11, Sep 11, Dec 11 * Financial- Sept 11, Dec 11,...
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...exams and homework. Late homework will not be accepted so make plans ahead of time. Please show your work. Good luck! You may use a calculator to do all of the calculations. Round all decimals to the nearest hundredth if necessary. GDP Measurement 1. The expenditure approach tells us that GDP = Consumption + Investment + Government spending + Net exports Following is a link of the national income accounts released by the US Bureau of Economic Analysis. Various statistics of GDP are provided in around 10 tables. Find the corresponding numbers of nominal GDP, consumption, investment, government spending and net exports for 2010. Verify whether the above identity holds true or not. http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/2011/pdf/gdp4q10_adv.pdf or you can go to http://www.bea.gov/national/index.htm#gdp and open the link named “PDF version of the Gross Domestic Products release”. Take a look at the tables even if they do not contain the information you are required to find. For example, table 9 shows the differences and connections among GDP, GNP, national income and the distribution of national income among various payments. Ans.: Table 3 gives us all of the necessary information. All numbers are in billions of dollars. Nominal: GDP=14660.2, consumption=10351.9, investment=1821.4, net export=-515.5, government spending=3002.3. It’s easy to verify that the identity holds. 2. PengLai is a small island...
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...Note 1: For best reading quality, read in the print preview mode. This is necessary to read some embedded objects like formulas and some graphs as well as showing the best foramatting. Note 2: for non-honors students. The material and the order of the material may vary somewhat from that presented in the regular sequence. CHAPTER 1: CIRCULAR FLOW AND GDP The Circular Flow Model Our next economic model represents the main participants in the economy and how they interact. The two main sectors of an economy are the households and the producers. Producers make the goods and services and sell them to households, but in order to make the goods and services they first need inputs or the factors of production. There are four factors of production and each receives payment for its participation in production: labor is paid wages, capital is paid interest, land is paid rent and entrepreneurship is paid profit. There are always two directions to the flows in the economy – the money to purchase something is moving in one direction, the good or service being purchased is moving in the opposite direction. Households sell the four inputs to the production sector and receive payment back. Households then spend most of their income buying the goods and services produced by the production sector; what the households don’t spend they save. The production sector and government access those savings by borrowing in order to finance purchases. In addition both...
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...(12DM098) Piyush Chib (12DM102) CONTENTS 1. INDIAN ECONOMY:Overview 2. INTEREST RATES 3.1. MEANING 3.2. REAL vs NOMINAL INTERST RATES 3.3. TYPES OF INTEREST RATES 3.4. EFFECT OF INTEREST RATE RISE 3. MONETARY POLICY 4.5. MEANING 4.6. OBJECTIVE 4.7. TOOLS 4.8. IMPORTANCE 4. 2009-10 5.9. OBJECTIVE OF MONETARY POLICY 5.10. POLICY STANCE 5.11. ANALYSIS 5.12. OBSERVATION 5. 2010-11 6.13. OBJECTIVE OF MONETARY POLICY 6.14. POLICY STANCE 6.15. ANALYSIS 6.16. OBSERVATION 6. 2011-12 7.17. OBJECTIVE OF MONETARY POLICY 7.18. POLICY STANCE 7.19. ANALYSIS 7.20. OBSERVATION 7. CONCLUSION 8. RECOMMENDATION 9. BIBLIOGRAPH INDIAN ECONOMY: AN OVERVIEW India is a South Asian country that is the seventh largest in area and has the second largest population in the world. India covers an area of 3,287,240 square km and its population stands at 1.215 billion people in 2010. Understanding the Indian Economy Large, dynamic and steadily expanding, the Indian economy is characterized by a huge workforce operating in many new sectors of opportunity. The Indian economy is one of the fastest growing economies and is the 12th largest in terms of the market exchange rate at $1,430.02 billion (2010 India GDP). In terms of purchasing power parity, the Indian economy ranks the fourth largest in the world. However, poverty still remains...
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...Macro Class Notes Chapter 1 Scarcity- when wants exceed our means (productive capacity) Marginal- Extra or additional Marginal Analysis- Additional cost vs. Additional benefit. Capital- (not money) Equipment, Machinery, Factories Economics- the study of how we deal with scarcity Utility- pleasure or satisfaction you get from something Inverse- variables move oppositely Direct- variables move together 4 Resource Categories Land (natural resources) Labor Capital Entrepreneurial Ability (takes initiatives, makes decisions, innovates, and takes risks) Chapter 2 Factors of production = resources Characteristics of Market Economies Private property Freedom of enterprise and choice Self Interest Competition Markets and Prices Market- Institution that brings together buyer and sellers *Money is not a resource. It is a means of exchange. “green" products/companies get their start from government subsidies Demand: buyers inverse relationship btw price and quantity Demand Shifters 1. Change in consumer taste/preferences 2. Change in # of buyers 3. Change in income 1. Normal goods (income ^ demand ^) 2. Inferior goods (income ^ demand goes down) 4. Changes in prices of related goods 3. complements (computers & monitors) as one goes down so does the other 4. Substitutes (chicken & beef) 5. Independent goods 5. Change in consumers’ expectations ...
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...Macro Class Notes Chapter 1 Scarcity- when wants exceed our means (productive capacity) Marginal- Extra or additional Marginal Analysis- Additional cost vs. Additional benefit. Capital- (not money) Equipment, Machinery, Factories Economics- the study of how we deal with scarcity Utility- pleasure or satisfaction you get from something Inverse- variables move oppositely Direct- variables move together 4 Resource Categories Land (natural resources) Labor Capital Entrepreneurial Ability (takes initiatives, makes decisions, innovates, and takes risks) Chapter 2 Factors of production = resources Characteristics of Market Economies Private property Freedom of enterprise and choice Self Interest Competition Markets and Prices Market- Institution that brings together buyer and sellers *Money is not a resource. It is a means of exchange. “green" products/companies get their start from government subsidies Demand: buyers inverse relationship btw price and quantity Demand Shifters 1. Change in consumer taste/preferences 2. Change in # of buyers 3. Change in income 1. Normal goods (income ^ demand ^) 2. Inferior goods (income ^ demand goes down) 4. Changes in prices of related goods 3. complements (computers & monitors) as one goes down so does the other 4. Substitutes (chicken & beef) 5. Independent goods 5. Change in consumers’ expectations ...
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...Chapter 2 3 Macroeconomic goals Price stability * Inflation rate: 1. GDP deflator Pt=$Yt/Yt 2. CPI: cost of living * Full employment * Growth rate Ways to measure GDP * Final goods * Value added * Income e.g., New tier replace old tier of a used car – final goods GDF count or not? Not count in GDP: Happiness, government transfer, black market transaction, 2nd hand transaction etc. Nominal VS Real GDP (calculation) $Yt=sum PtQt ; Yt=sum P(exogenous)Qt Inflation calculation Pt-Pt-1/Pt-1 CPI VS GDP deflator Y=C+I+G+NX all terms would affect GDP, but only C would affect CPI Unemployment rate U/U+N, where U+N=Labour force Participation rate: L/POP Discouraged labour=out of labour force Chapter3 Two big concept in this chapter Y=Z I=savings Y=Z=C+I+G * C=C0+C1 (Y-T), where C0 is autonomous consumption (>0), C1 is propensity to consume (between 1 and 0) * G and T are exogenous * I has residential and non-residential investments Savings I=savings Private savings + government savings =S + (T-G) S=YD-C=-C0+(1-C1)(Y-T) Chapter 4 Two assets Money Md=$YL(i) Ms (decision of the central bank): a vertical line Bond: affect by interest rate I=(Today price-PB)/PB Thus, PB= today price/(1+i) e.g., Md = Y (0.25-i), Y=100, Ms=20 a. what is i? answer: because Ms =Md, so substitute all the numbers in the eqn, i=15% b. if Y is fixed, whis is Ms? Answer: 10 Graph: LM curve shifts up Chapter 5 IS Curve I vs Y=IS curve (downward sloping curve) I doesn’t depend on (i), IS is...
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