...Introduction In today’s society we encounter many differences in the people around us. Whether based on culture, gender, ethnicity, or age these factors all have some stereotypes attached to them. In our paper, we will discuss stereotyping, both thoughtful and non-thoughtful. We will also address stereotyping in an organization. Our society can be split up into many various groups by gender, race, or even by traits. The world consists of both men and women, blacks and whites, Democrats and Republicans, all who live their own distinct way of life. “Stereotypes are qualities perceived to be associated with particular groups or categories of people (Schneider, 2005).” We stereotype other people all the time because of gender, race, color, and we usually do not even realize it. Stereotypes are so widespread and used so often that they seem to be a natural behavior for human beings. The purpose of this paper is to give a clear explanation on stereotyping. We will evaluate the cognitive (thoughtful/non-thoughtful) approach that suggest putting people into categories is necessary in the thought process that surely sets the presidents of stereotyping. In the last 20 years our society has experienced in explosion of research and theories in stereotyping. Most information has been learned from using the difference between relatively non-thoughtful and relatively thoughtful thinking processes (Weegner, Clark, & Petty). The present research shows both thoughtful and non-thoughtful thinking...
Words: 2054 - Pages: 9
...Kuo, Sullivan / AGGRESSION AND / July 2001 ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR VIOLENCE AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE IN THE INNER CITY Effects of Environment via Mental Fatigue FRANCES E. KUO is an assistant professor at the University of Illinois, UrbanaChampaign. Her research examines effects of the environment on healthy human functioning in individuals, families, and communities. WILLIAM C. SULLIVAN is an associate professor at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. His research focuses on the psychological and social benefits of urban nature and citizen participation in environmental decision making. ABSTRACT: S. Kaplan suggested that one outcome of mental fatigue may be an increased propensity for outbursts of anger and even violence. If so, contact with nature, which appears to mitigate mental fatigue, may reduce aggression and violence. This study investigated that possibility in a setting and population with relatively high rates of aggression: inner-city urban public housing residents. Levels of aggression were compared for 145 urban public housing residents randomly assigned to buildings with varying levels of nearby nature (trees and grass). Attentional functioning was assessed as an index of mental fatigue. Residents living in relatively barren buildings reported more aggression and violence than did their counterparts in greener buildings. Moreover, levels of mental fatigue were higher in barren buildings, and aggression accompanied mental fatigue. Tests for the...
Words: 11648 - Pages: 47
...LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES l CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 5 Learning Theories - Cognitive Learning Theories LE ARNI NG OUTCOMES After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Explain what is cognitive revolution and the cognitive perspective on learning and how it differs from other theoretical perspective; Discuss the origins of the contemporary cognitive perspective including the Gestalt psychology and the role of perception; Describe the Information processing model to learning and distinguish the features of ‘Multistore model’; Explain what is schema theory; Link schema theory to cognitive structuralism and examine the role of insightful learning and meaningful learning; and Discuss application of cognitive theories in the classroom. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 104 CHAPTER 5 l LEARNING THEORIES - COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORIES INTRODUCTION Sometimes you wonder why the teacher use colourful chalk with some of the words written on the board. Sometimes the teacher write in capital letter with important words. These are useful as guides for the students to differentiate the important and unimportant facts. In other words, accurate perception is important in good learning. It is part of the Gestalt principles. Clearly, these principles are useful as guide for teachers as they organize their materials and learning activities. So in this chapter, we will discuss the origin and features of cognitive theory and relate them to...
Words: 8597 - Pages: 35
...ABSTRACT The aim of the present experiment was to assess attention and executive functioning, using Color-Trail Test and Behavioral Regulation index of Executive Functioning Adult version. For this purpose, two subjects-one young adult (female) and one female elderly (female) were taken of the age 22 years and 77 years respectively. In the first phase BRIEF-A self report form was administered to both subjects followed by CTT. The result showed that the performance of the elderly confirmed results from the BRIEF-A self- report, that there was a significant impairment in executive functions and divided attention in the elderly’s performance on the two tests as compared to the young adult whose abilities seem intact. INTRODUCTION The cerebral cortex can be divided into four sections, which are known as lobes, named for the bones of the skull that cover them. The frontal lobe refers to the anterior portion of the cerebral cortex and includes everything in front of the central sulcus. The frontal lobe contains most of the dopamine-sensitive neurons in the cerebral cortex. The dopamine system is associated with reward, attention, short-term memory tasks, planning, and drive. Dopamine tends to limit and select sensory information arriving from the thalamus to the fore-brain. Recent advances have uncovered important roles for the frontal lobes in a multitude of cognitive processes, such as executive function, attention, memory, and language. The importance of the frontal lobes in...
Words: 7534 - Pages: 31
...Determinants of Mobile Advertising Effectiveness: A Field Experiment _______________ Yakov BART Andrew T. STEPHEN Miklos SARVARY 2012/38/MKT Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2029496 Determinants of Mobile Advertising Effectiveness: A Field Experiment Yakov Bart* Andrew T. Stephen** Miklos Sarvary*** March 21 2012 * Yakov Bart (Yakov.Bart@insead.edu) is an assistant professor of marketing at INSEAD, 1 Ayer Rajah Avenue, Singapore 138676. Andrew T. Stephen (AStephen@katz.pitt.edu) is an assistant professor of business administration and Katz Fellow in marketing at the Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh, 318 Mervis Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. Miklos Sarvary (Miklos.Sarvary@insead.edu) is Professor of Marketing and The GlaxoSmithKline Professor of Corporate Innovation at INSEAD, Boulevard de Constance, Fontainebleau 77305, France. All authors contributed equally to this work and their names are listed in random order. This research was funded by a Google-WPP Marketing Research Award and the INSEAD Alumni Fund. The authors thank George Pappachen, Ali Rana, Kara Manatt, and Aaron Katz for their assistance and support with this research. This paper can be downloaded without charge from the Social Science Research Network electronic library at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2029496 * Assistant Professor of Marketing at INSEAD, 1 Ayer Rajah Avenue 138676 Singapore. Email Yakov.bart@insead.edu Assistant Professor...
Words: 9235 - Pages: 37
...THE IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL ADVERTISING APPEALS ON CONSUMER IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT MEMORY: AN ACCESSIBILITY/DIAGNOSTICITY PERSPECTIVE Patti Williams The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania May 2000 Rough working draft. Please do not quote without author’s permission. Patti Williams is Assistant Professor of Marketing at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1400 Steinberg/Dietrich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Thanks to Carol Scott, Jennifer Aaker, Bob Bjork, Gavan Fitzsimons, Debbie MacInnis and Don Morrison for their generous donations of time and support to my dissertation research, upon which this paper is based. Special thanks to Jennifer for her insight and editing skills in creating this version of the paper. This research was funded in part by the Procter and Gamble Marketing Innovation Fund. Particular thanks to Chris Allen for his efforts in facilitating my relationship with P & G. Abstract Emotional advertisements have a substantial impact on consumer attitudes, as well as upon purchase intentions. However, research on the influence of emotional appeals on memory has been somewhat mixed, with some researchers asserting that they result in poor consumer memory, while others argue that if tested properly, they have a substantial impact. The current research addresses these mixed results by relying on an accessibility/diagnosticity framework to explore the effect of emotions on consumer implicit and explicit memory. Explicit memory performance...
Words: 16702 - Pages: 67
...| Depression | Mood Changes | -An overly long period of feeling sad or hopeless -Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex. | Behavioral Changes | -Feeling tired or "slowed down" -Having problems concentrating, remembering, and making decisions -Being restless or irritable -Changing eating, sleeping, or other habits -Thinking of death or suicide, or attempting suicide. | How does they correlate? Both involves disturbance in length of sleep. Both involves intense emotional changes. Both has a cyclic period to show up the traits of the disorder. (not continuously ) Both will co-occur with PTSD, ADHD,MIGRAIN, HEART DISEASE, DIABETES and etc . What are the effects of insomnia in our daily life? Decreases level of alertness and effectiveness of a person when handling a vehicle or machine,raising the rate of road and occupational...
Words: 6062 - Pages: 25
...possible negative effects but also the benefits of playing these games. Considering these potential benefits is important, in part, because the nature of these games has changed dramatically in the last decade, becoming increasingly complex, diverse, realistic, and social in nature. A small but significant body of research has begun to emerge, mostly in the last five years, documenting these benefits. In this article, we summarize the research on the positive effects of playing video games, focusing on four main domains: cognitive, motivational, emotional, and social. By integrating insights from developmental, positive, and social psychology, as well as media psychology, we propose some candidate mechanisms by which playing video games may foster real-world psychosocial benefits. Our aim is to provide strong enough evidence and a theoretical rationale to inspire new programs of research on the largely unexplored mental health benefits of gaming. Finally, we end with a call to intervention researchers and practitioners to test the positive uses of video games, and we suggest several promising directions for doing so. Keywords: video games, mental health, adolescents, social, motivation The game of Chess is not merely an idle amusement. Several very valuable qualities of the mind, useful in the course of...
Words: 11200 - Pages: 45
...Where Is Utopia in the Brain? DanieL s. Levine Introduction The designer of utopian societies, whether fictional or real, often confronts the limits of what is possible for members of our species. But how severe or flexible are those limits? The explosive growth of behavioral neurobiology and experimental psychology in the last decade has produced many results on the biological bases of social interactions. This growth suggests that we can now look to science for some partial answers to the question of limits. Until recently, the social sciences and the biological sciences have mainly developed separate and disconnected accounts of human behavior. In the “nature/nurture controversy,” for example, anthropology has tended to emphasize cultural influences on human nature whereas behavioral biology has tended to emphasize genetic influences. The journalist Matthew Ridley (Nature via Nurture) provides an accessible account of the intellectual history and rhetoric of these two fields. Yet an increasing number of scholars in both areas are now realizing that behavioral biology and anthropology are studying the same human phenomena from different viewpoints. This overlap means there should be an underlying reality that is consistent across the different disciplines regardless of any disagreements in terminology. The behavioral biologist Edward O. Wilson calls this type of interdisciplinary commonality consilience, a term coined earlier by the nineteenth-century philosopher William Whewell...
Words: 9281 - Pages: 38
...Stress (biology) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about biological stress. For stress in physics and mechanics, see Stress (mechanics). |[pic] |This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page for details. | | |The following WikiProjects or Portals may be able to help recruit one: | | |• WikiProject Biology· Biology Portal • WikiProject Medicine· Medicine Portal •WikiProject | | |Neuroscience· Neuroscience Portal | | |If another appropriate WikiProject or portal exists, please adjust this template accordingly. | Stress is defined as an organism's total response to an environmental condition or stimulus, also known as a stressor. Stress typically describes a negative condition that can have an impact on an organism's mental and physical well-being. |Contents | | [hide] | |1 Ambiguity of the word | |1.1 Biological background | |2 Neuroanatomy | |2.1 Brain ...
Words: 8864 - Pages: 36
...Biases 10. The Law of Small Numbers 11. Anchors 12. The Science of Availability 13. Availability, Emotion, and Risk 14. Tom W’s Specialty 15. Linda: Less is More 16. Causes Trump Statistics 17. Regression to the Mean 18. Taming Intuitive Predictions Part III. Overconfidence 19. The Illusion of Understanding 20. The Illusion of Validity 21. Intuitions Vs. Formulas 22. Expert Intuition: When Can We Trust It? 23. The Outside View 24. The Engine of Capitalism Part IV. Choices 25. Bernoulli’s Errors 26. Prospect Theory 27. The Endowment Effect 28. Bad Events 29. The Fourfold Pattern 30. Rare Events 31. Risk Policies 32. Keeping Score 33. Reversals 34. Frames and Reality Part V. Two Selves 35. Two Selves 36. Life as a Story 37. Experienced Well-Being 38. Thinking About Life Conclusions Appendix Uncertainty A: Judgment Under Appendix B: Choices, Values, and Frames Acknowledgments Notes Index Introduction Every author, I suppose, has in mind a setting in which readers of his or her work could benefit from having read it. Mine is the proverbial office watercooler, where opinions are shared and gossip is exchanged. I hope to enrich the vocabulary that people use when they talk about the judgments and choices of others, the company’s new policies, or a colleague’s investment decisions. Why be concerned with gossip? Because it is much easier, as well as far more enjoyable, to identify and label the mistakes of others than to recognize our own. Questioning what we...
Words: 189666 - Pages: 759
...my sincere thanks to Dr. David Peter (Head of the Department, Computer Science and Engineering), Mr. Sudeep P.Elayidom (Staff incharge) and my seminar guide Miss Revathy R. for their kind co-operation for presenting the seminar. I also extend my sincere thanks to all other members of the faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Department and my friends for their cooperation and encouragement. BINYAMIN M DIVISON OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY ABSTRACT Is it possible to create a computer, which can interact with us as we interact each other? For example imagine in a fine morning you walk on to your computer room and switch on your computer, and then it tells you “Hey friend, good morning you seem to be a bad mood today. And then it opens your mail box and shows you some of the mails and tries to cheer you. It seems to be a fiction, but it will be the life lead by “BLUE...
Words: 8762 - Pages: 36
...Spanish text and also circle one of four targeted forms (10 occurrences each) in the input. To measure comprehension, a 10-item multiple-choice test was administered immediately after the reading. Both qualitative (think-aloud protocols) and quantitative analyses were conducted to address the following research question: Does type of attentional condition have a differential effect on adult second language reading comprehension? The quantitative analysis revealed no significant difference in comprehension among all five groups. To explicate the findings, the quantitative and qualitative data and analyses are discussed with regard to the issues of modality, depth or level of processing, and research methodology. Keywords simultaneous attention; levels of processing; form vs. meaning; hybrid design; input processing; The Primacy of Meaning Principle; think-aloud protocols There are several theoretical models in second language acquisition (SLA) that have posited an important role for attention in adult second/foreign language (L2) development (e.g., Robinson, 1995; Schmidt, 1990, 2001; Tomlin & Villa 1994; VanPatten, 1994, 2004). Empirical support for the beneficial role of attention has been provided by several SLA studies in strands of research directly or indirectly premised on the role...
Words: 12156 - Pages: 49
...Psychological Review 2005, Vol. 112, No. 3, 629 – 649 Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association 0033-295X/05/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.112.3.629 Toward a More Pragmatic Approach to Morality: A Critical Evaluation of Kohlberg’s Model Dennis L. Krebs and Kathy Denton Simon Fraser University In this article, the authors evaluate L. Kohlberg’s (1984) cognitive– developmental approach to morality, find it wanting, and introduce a more pragmatic approach. They review research designed to evaluate Kohlberg’s model, describe how they revised the model to accommodate discrepant findings, and explain why they concluded that it is poorly equipped to account for the ways in which people make moral decisions in their everyday lives. The authors outline in 11 propositions a framework for a new approach that is more attentive to the purposes that people use morality to achieve. People make moral judgments and engage in moral behaviors to induce themselves and others to uphold systems of cooperative exchange that help them achieve their goals and advance their interests. Keywords: moral development, cognitive development, cooperation, moral judgment After two decades of research on Kohlberg’s (1984) cognitive– developmental model of morality, we abandoned it in favor of a more pragmatic approach. In this article, we explain why. We identify problems with Kohlberg’s model, describe revisions aimed at solving them, and offer reasons why a new approach is necessary...
Words: 20773 - Pages: 84
...Observable through * Neural * Verbal * Social * Etc. * What is behavior driven by? * Mind * Body * Environment Basic Research vs. Applied Research * Basic Research is the seeking of more knowledge but not to solve a problem * Applied Research is using knowledge to solve a problem Figuring out what a part of the brain does is an example of? Basic Research Knowing what a part of the brain does and using that information to analyze why a part of a person’s brain isn’t working correctly? Applied research BEGINNINGS OF PSYCHOLOGY Who established the first laboratory devoted to Psychology, when, and where? * William Wundt, 1879, Leipzig, Germany Before 1800, questions of the mind were reserved for what field? * Philosophy From 1800 to 1879, rapid advances took place in what field? * Physiology Early psychology applied what methods to the study of the mind? * Physiological NEURONS 1600: Descartes & the Garden of St. Germain * Statues “came to life” as he walked through the garden * Gave way to thought about reflexes What are reflexes? * Reflexes are simple behaviors. They are FAST, AUTOMATIC, REACTIONS, to STIMULATION What are the three processes in a reflex, in order? * Reception – Stimulation from the senses * Transmission – Neurons * Reaction – Muscles Rene Descartes considered what aspect of reflexes? *...
Words: 10769 - Pages: 44
