...and long term effects of psychedelic drugs on the brain, citing research from fifteen peer-reviewed sources. Within the paper are biological explanations of how psychedelics trigger various effects by interacting with serotonin and dopamine receptors. Following this are case studies in psilocybin mushrooms, salvinorum A, and dextromethorphan. Medical studies administering these psychoactive substances to participants illustrate classic hallucinogenic symptoms in the short term, as well as a heightened state of well-being in the long term. Given no pre-existing disorders and a controlled environment, one dosage of each drug generally made a positive impact in the subjects’ lives, even months later. Further research into the subject reveals the potential of psychedelic therapy in fields such as addiction rehabilitation, depression, and anxiety management. However, with these benefits comes a risk of temporary intense fear and substance addiction. Knowing this, patients should weigh the pros and cons before deciding to try any drug....
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...Case Study: Sara Goldfarb Case Study: Sara Goldfarb 2 Sara Goldfarb is an elderly widow who lived alone in a one-bedroom apartment in Brooklyn New York. She was slightly overweight, but otherwise she was relatively healthy. Sara had a few friends in her complex, but expressed feeling useless and lonely. She had one son named Harry who was the only family she had, but he rarely visited her. Sara loved Harry, but at the same time he frightened her. His struggle with drug addiction caused him to bully her and resulted in him frequently taking her television to get money for drugs. She attempted to prevent this by padlocking her television to the radiator, but she always gave in to him due to her fear. She suffered with the humiliation of having to retrieve her television from the hock shop regularly and also dealt with financial strain that this causes her. She refused to report her son to the police, because he was all she has left in the world. Most of her free time was spent alone in her apartment watching television and eating. Sara would refer to her deceased husband Seymore periodically, but up until recently she was in touch with reality. Sara received a phone call advising her that she was selected as a possible contestant on a television show, which seemed to have given her a renewed purpose for her life. She reminisced about the past and happier times; and became...
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...With both parents struggling with drug abuse, Savannah was a victim and started using drugs at the age of ten. Consistently, she was taking pills, smoking marijuana, and drinking. Struggling with depression, bulimia, anorexia, and her parents’ physical and verbal abuse was demanding. In 2009, she ran away from home. At 15 years old, when the cops found her, her eyes were sunken in, her skin was black and blue and littered with cuts; she did not recognize herself. When Savannah entered the juvenile hall, sobriety began. At 18, she now works as a project coordinator for a drug recovery center (“True Story: Savannah”). Though Savannah's story ends well, this is not common for kids living with addicted parents. Ordinarily, kids from drug addicted parents do not end up in recovery, and often struggle with physical and psychological problems. Studies reveal, “25 percent of American kids grow up in households where substance abuse is present” (“Guide for Children of Addicted Parents”). Therefore, substance abuse affects children in numerous ways, including impacts of drug addiction, abusive parents, and involvement in rehabilitation programs. Similarly, substance abuse affects...
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...Cognitive Behavior Therapy Developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, Cognitive Therapy (CT), or Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), is a form of psychotherapy in which the therapist and the client work together as a team to identify and solve problems. Therapists help clients to overcome their difficulties by changing their thinking, behavior, and emotional responses. A System of Psychotherapy Cognitive therapy is a comprehensive system of psychotherapy, and treatment is based on an elaborated and empirically supported theory of psychopathology and personality. It has been found to be effective in more than 400 outcome studies for a myriad of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and substance abuse, among others, and it is currently being tested for personality disorders. It has also been demonstrated to be effective as an adjunctive treatment to medication for serious mental disorders such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Cognitive therapy has been extended to and studied for adolescents and children, couples, and families. Its efficacy has also been established in the treatment of certain medical disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, chronic fatigue syndrome, hypertension, fibromyalgia, post-myocardial infarction depression, noncardiac chest pain, cancer, diabetes, migraine, and other chronic pain disorders. In the mid-1960s, Dr. Aaron T. Beck developed cognitive therapy as a time-sensitive, structured therapy that uses an information-processing...
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...Subject: Caribbean Studies Territory: Jamaica Year: 2011-2012 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the CAPE Caribbean Studies Syllabus Problem Statement An investigation into the effects of substance abuse as a cultural habit on the health of students at Manchester High School within the age group 14- 20. Research Questions * What are the types of substances mainly abused? * How has substance abuse become a cultural habit? * What are the most devastating health effects of substance abuse? * What are the possible solutions to reduce the number of students who indulge in substance abuse? Rationale Substance abuse is a growing trend amongst teenagers including those at Manchester High and being within that age group, the researcher’s interest was generated to uncover how substance abuse as a cultural habit affects one’s health. The researcher’s aim is to educate the readers about these habits and highlight the reasons youths are involved thus identifying ways to solve the problems. The researcher also aims to fulfill the outlined requirements of the CAPE Caribbean Studies course. Delimitations The research is delimited to the effects of substances abuse from the perspectives of fourth to sixth form students at Manchester High School, located at 4 Perth Road, Mandeville Manchester. The sample size chosen was twenty (20) participants between the ages of 14-20 of both genders, which are essentially fourth to sixth form students...
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...Living Beyond Oneself: The Reality of Dissociation Disorder Rebecca Lynn England General Psychology; Valley College Abstract An exploration of Dissociative Disorder including an overview of debates, disorder description, causes, and treatment. Hundreds of studies have been performed concerning this subject. There are countless theories and allegations concerning multiple personalities, even dating back to the days of the witch hunts. Initial symptoms generally begin in childhood. By adulthood, a person has usually forgotten the actual abuse or trauma that caused the psychological disorder, but are left with a myriad of manifestations of abnormal behaviors throughout life. Memories that begin to reemerge later in life are caused by what is called triggers. In depth testing must be undergone to determine if a person actually has this condition. Once diagnosed, treatment is extensive, lasting over many years. Realistically, the person may never completely function normally. Keywords: Dissociative Disorder, multiple personalities, alter personalities, psychological conditions, treatment, abuse, trauma, switching, post-traumatic stress disorder Living Beyond Oneself: The Reality of Dissociation Disorder The Creation of an Alter Person Dissociative Disorder is part of a series of conditions called Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, “a condition of reoccurring persistent mental and emotional stress as a result of injury or severe psychological shock.” (NLM) Originally...
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...What new information did you learn? I really learned a lot about substance abuse in this course and also during my readings. I always looked at substance abuse as someone who just uses drugs to get high. I never really thought about it being a brain disease. According to NIDA, “Addiction is similar to chronic diseases” while observing the brain and the heart addiction and heart diseases produce observational changes in the function of human organs. While all this information wasn’t too new to me I just really never gave it any thought. I learned how people become addicted to drugs due to the drugs altering their Dopamine which is a brain chemical which also affects the neurons in the brain. I understand what Neurons are and how they communicate...
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...Personality Disorders Overview In order to understand disorders of personality is it necessary to have a clear understanding of what personality actually means. Every single person in the world has a unique personality different than everyone else. Our personalities are thought of as the way we act, think, believe, and feel that makes us different from each other (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011). Personalities vary from person to person, and we all exhibit an intense, life long, pattern of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings known as traits. Personality traits are said to be stable throughout our life’s and the situations we are faced with in life. Personality traits can range from happy and outgoing to miserable, lonely, unstable, and unreliable. When personality becomes disruptive, and interferes with life in areas of social and occupational functions they are said to be a personality disorder (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2011). Persons with personality disorders have difficulty in their identities, pursuits in life, and relationships. Important to add at this point is the most common theories of personality disorders. One theory of personality is known as the five factor model (the Big 5). This theory uses five dimensions or factors with negative and positive opposites on a continuum to explain personality disorders from functional to dysfunctional. The Big 5 factors are negative emotionally, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Nolen-Hoeksema...
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...Mental Illness and Substance Abuse Problems MENTAL ILLNESS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE PROBLEMS Anyone who has any sort of addiction can often say they have tried to quit whatever their addiction might be, hence the word addiction. Most of the time we don’t understand why they become addicted. Some people’s addiction or addictions can often progress to lead to other addictions, or even some sort of health issue, including mental illness. In this paper you will continue to read how drugs in general can cause people to become mentally challenged, and how some who suffer from a mental illness turn to drugs to self-medicate and how the cycle is hard to stop. You will read how drugs can worsen the effect of a mental illness, and how it can also cause a temporary mental effect such as hallucination or panic attacks. Often times we don’t understand why a person is addicted to drugs. Since we don’t have an understanding we can be very judgmental towards the person and think they don’t care or have any morals. We fail to understand that drug addiction is a disease. In all reality, drug addiction can be a very complex disease. Drug addiction relapse’s the brain which then can make the individual seek more drugs and become more and more of a frequent user. They are aware of what the drugs do to them and realize the consequences. As you can see drug addiction is a demon that becomes harder to resist the more the person uses the drugs. Drug addiction or addictions can be some form...
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...“Describe and evaluate two approaches to the treatment of self-defeating behaviour. 2671 For those who study behaviour it is seen as the process or adapting responses to environmental stimuli, this process becomes conditioned through reinforcement until it becomes ‘learned’. This is stored within the subconscious and revisited or attached to a situation as a means of trying to deal – or not deal – with it. This is the case with self-defeating behaviours where the pattern of behaviour is one that is preventing them from reaching their potential or sense of well-being. A therapist trying to help someone deal with this type of behaviour would be able to explain how it is also learned and through therapy try and investigate where set behaviour stemmed, its causes, and ways of dealing with recurrence as some way to gaining understanding and closure for the client. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy or CBT is one approach to the treatment of self-defeating where a regressive or limiting pattern of behaviour is identified and change of that pattern or cycle is sought through therapy by changing the person’s thinking, which in turn changes actions, and ultimately the regressive or self-defeating patterns of behaviour. For a CBT practitioner or behaviourist the problem is in the behaviour and not in the person arguing that the reinforcing and conditioning effects of a person’s environment hugely influence their behaviour. Behaviour being linked to thoughts means that all behaviour...
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...birth defects that were not mentioned. Juan is expressing social problems which are causing concern to his parents. Dr. Williams felt that he could “alter Juan’s angry behaviors with a Standard Behavioral Intervention” (case study video) Dr. Williams felt that a standard behavioral intervention was the next step for Juan without even explaining what that was to Juan’s parents. Juan’s parents were a no-show for the next appointment and Dr. Williams was not bothered by this. Dr. Williams failed to implement the Five General Principals: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence , Fidelity and Responsibility, Integrity, Justice, Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity. Treatment Plan: Evaluation/ Symptoms/Treatment/Diagnosis/Application of Therapy Clinical Interview with Parents of Juan: Juan male age 15 from the Dominic Republic. Parents are expressing concern of social problems and disabilities with their son. Juan has Cystic Fibrosis and other birth defects. Evaluation will need to take place with Juan and his parents as well as alone with Juan, so that Juan can feel comfortable to be able to have a rapport. Forms: Parents have been given medical release, medical consent to treat, Hippaa, and informed consent forms. Before beginning therapy all forms must be processed, also must connect and consult with Juan’s primary doctors. Consent to speak with any school officials regarding Juan and his needs. 1....
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...fulfilment on the requirement for English 104 Submitted by: Daniel Banares Jilian Carlo Caraan Joaquim Dyogi Raven Mendoza Ron Jason Arcena Chriss John Valenzuela CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This chapter discusses the related literature and studies, conceptual model and the definition of terms. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Computer Addiction or Internet Addiction The concept of Computer Addiction is broadly divided in two types, namely offline and online Computer Addiction. The term offline Computer Addiction is normally used when speaking about excessive gaming behaviour, which can both be practiced offline and online. Online computer Addiction is also known as Internet addiction and gets in general more attention from scientific research than Offline Computer Addiction, mainly because most cases of Computer Addiction are related to the excessive use of the internet. Some researchers and mental health practitioners see excessive Internet use as a symptom of another disorder such as anxiety or depression rather than a separate entity. Internet addiction could be considered as an Impulse control disorder. Although addiction is usually used to describe substances, addiction can also be used to describe pathological Internet use. Experts on Internet addiction have described this syndrome as an individual being intensely working on the Internet, prolonged use of the Internet, uncontrollable use of the Internet, unable to use the Internet with...
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...Catanduanes State University Laboratory Schools Virac, Catanduanes SY 2014-2015 Drug Addiction/Drug Usage Lyri Kirsten Anicken T. Gianan Grade 9 – Platinum Mr. Eddie Cabrera February 11, 2015 Report on the Enforcement of the Prohibition Laws of the United States by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement (Wickersham Commission Report on Alcohol Prohibition) I have signed the report of the Commission, although as is probably inevitable when eleven people of different antecedents and temperaments endeavor to agree upon a contentious subject, it is more or less of a compromise of varying opinions. In so far as it states facts, I believe it to be generally accurate. Every effort has been made to make it so. I should have preferred to have it state more facts and fewer broad generalizations from unstated facts. But the difficulties in securing accurate statistics, owing to the unsystematic and unscientific manner in which they are commonly kept in this country, often makes it impossible to get reliable statements of fact, although there may be sufficient available information to afford a fairly reliable basis of generalization. I am in entire accord with the conclusions "that enforcement of the National Prohibition Act made a bad start which has affected enforcement ever since"; that "it was not until after the Senatorial investigation of 1926 had opened people's eyes to the extent of law breaking and corruption that serious efforts were made" to coordinate "the...
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... 5. I acknowledge that copying someone else’s assignment, or part of it, is wrong, and declare that this assignment is my own work. NAME: Lauren Otto DATE: 17/06/2015 MODULE CODE: PYC4802 ASSIGNMENT: Assignment 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE: LIVING POSITIVELY WITH A SCHIZOPHRENIA DIAGNOSIS PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA 5 3 POSITIVE SYMPTOMS 5 3.1 Delusions 5 3.2 Hallucinations 6 3.3 Disorganised Speech 6 3.4 Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour 6 3 NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS 7 4.5 Flat affect 7 4.6 Avolition 7 4.7 Alogia 7 4 AETIOLOGY 8 5 SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND SELF HARM 13 6 COMORBIDITY 15 7 EFFECTIVE TREATMENT AND ACCESS TO TREATMENT 15 8 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 1. INTRODUCTION Burke (2012) defines Schizophrenia as “a severe psychotic illness characterised by an array of diverse symptoms including extreme oddities in perception, thinking, action, sense of self and the manner in which the self relates to others.” The term “Schizophrenia” or...
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...Case Study: “Anna” Internship in Clinical Community Counseling Johns Hopkins University Fall 2008 2 Identifying Information Anna1 is a seven year old Caucasian female of low socioeconomic status. She lives in Pasadena with her paternal aunt and her aunt’s husband, who are Anna’s legal guardians. Also living with them are Anna’s five year old brother, their seven year old female cousin, and Anna’s paternal grandparents. Nature of Referral Anna was brought to counseling by her aunt, who was recommended to bring Anna to therapy by her pediatrician. Anna and her brother were removed from their biological parents’ home in 2004 due to severe neglect. Anna’s aunt also suspects that Anna was a victim of physical abuse by her biological parents. Since being removed from her biological parents’ home, Anna has expressed confusion about her living situation. Her main presenting issue, however, is her low self-esteem, which is focused mostly on her hearing aids and weight. Relevant History Psychiatric. This is Anna’s first time in therapy and she has no prior psychiatric history or substance abuse. Family. Anna has a family history significant for depression, anxiety, ADHD, alcoholism, substance abuse, domestic violence, and suicide. Anna’s biological mother has an 11 year old son from a previous marriage who lived with Anna until she was removed from the home. Anna’s biological parents also have another daughter living with them who is one year old. When Anna lived with her biological...
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