...1.0 introduction A small business is a business that is privately owned and operated, with a small number of employees and relatively low volume of sales. Small businesses are normally privately owned corporations, partnerships, or sole proprietorships. The legal definition of "small" varies by country and by industry, ranging from fewer than 15 employees under the Australian Fair Work Act 2009, 50 employees in the European Union, and fewer than 500 employees to qualify for many U.S. Small Business Administration programs. Small businesses can also be classified according to other methods such as sales, assets, or net profits. 1.1characteristics of a small business Not every small business eventually grows to the size of large corporation. Some businesses are ideally suited to operate on a small scale for years, often serving a local community and generating just enough profit to take care of company owners. Small-scale businesses display a distinct set of identifying characteristics that set them apart from their larger competitors. Revenue and Profitability Small-scale business revenue is generally lower than companies that operate on a larger scale. The Small Business Administration classifies small businesses as companies that bring in less than a specific amount of revenue, depending on the business type. Employees Small-scale businesses employ smaller teams of employees than companies that operate on larger scales. The smallest businesses are run entirely by single...
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...THE CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION FOR SMES IN TANZANIA Prepared by Tanzania Chamber of Commerce Industry and Agriculture 1 1. Introduction: Definitions Globalization: Every one of 2,822 academic papers written on globalization and 589 new books published on the subject in 1998 had different definitions of globalization. An economic phenomenon, involving the increasing interaction, or integration, of national economic systems through the growth in international trade, investment and capital flows. It also includes a rapid increase in cross-border social, cultural and technological exchange as part of the phenomenon of globalization. 2 Definitions: Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): There is no consensus of SME definition as various countries had different definition depending on the phase of economic development and their prevailing social conditions. In this, various indexes are used by member economies to define the term such as number of employees, invested capital, total amount of assets, sales volume (turnover) and production capability. 3 2. SMEs in Tanzania In the context of Tanzania, micro enterprises are those engaging up to 4 people, in most cases family members or employing capital amounting up to Tshs.5.0 million. The majority of micro enterprises fall under the informal sector. Small enterprises are mostly formalized undertakings engaging between 5 and 49 employees or with capital investment from Tshs.5 million to Tshs.200 million...
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...SMEs and the Networks Governance Structure in Tanzania: Literature Review and Research Issues Lettice Rutashobya Issack Allan Faculty of Commerce and Management, University of Dar es salaam P.O Box. 35046 Dar es salaam, Tanzania Tel: 255 741 323661, 255 22 2410221 Fax: 255 22 2410510 Email: Lettice@fcm.udsm.ac.tz Jan-Erik Jaensson Umea University school of Business Administration and Economics, Sweden Jan-Erik.Jaensson@fek.umu.se Abstract This paper reviews the networks and the IMP literature to inform research on the network phenomenon in small and medium enterprises in Tanzania. It is noted that while a lot of work in this area has been done in Western Industrialized countries, little by way of serious research has been undertaken in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The role of networks in enterprise development and growth in these countries remains unexplored and therefore unclear. It is argued here that research on networks needs to be contextualized if it is to gain currency. Integrating the networks and the IMP perspectives this paper identifies three crucial areas relevant for future research in Tanzania: viz, the network-performance nexus, female versus male networks and social networks. Introduction The main purpose of this paper is to provoke research on networks in Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Tanzania. We integrate the networks, IMP and entrepreneurship literature to justify research in this area. In the entrepreneurship literature networks have been...
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...THE SOCIAL FORCES BEHIND TRADE UNION FAILURE TO PROTECT WORKERS INTERESTS IN TANZANIA: A specific look at the Tanzania Teachers Union (TTU) Eric Michael Mattaba B.A (Sociology) Dissertation University of Dar es Salaam August 2015 THE SOCIAL FORCES BEHIND TRADE UNION FAILURE TO PROTECT WORKERS INTERESTS IN TANZANIA: A specific look at the Tanzania Teachers Union (TTU) By Eric Michael Mattaba A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Sociology) of the University of Dar es Salaam University of Dar es Salaam August 2015 CERTIFICATION The undersigned certify that they have read and hear by recommend for acceptance by the University of Dar es Salaam a dissertation entitled: The social forces behind trade union failure in protecting workers interest in Tanzania: A specific look at the Tanzania Teachers Union (TTU), in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Sociology) of the University of Dar es Salaam Mr. Armstrong Matogwa (Supervisor) DECLARATION AND COPYRIGHT I, Eric Michael Mattaba, hereby declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or any other degree award. Signature………………………………….. This dissertation is a copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the copyright Act 1999 and other international and national enactments in that behalf, on intellectual property...
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...Microfinance Bank NMFP - National Microfinance policy PFSs - Private Financial Sectors PRIDE - Promotion of Rural Initiatives and Development Enterprise SACCOS - Saving and Credit Cooperative Society SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Science URT - United Republic of Tanzania ABSTRACT The Ojective of the research was to assess the eeffectiveness/contribution of PFSs in reduction of poverty in Kinondoni District Dar es Salaam Tanzania. The research was conducted at NBC branches. The Branches to which the Reseacrh was conducted were Kinondoni Branch, Ubungo Branch, Mlimani City Branch, UDSM Branch and Tegeta Branche. Data were collected through interview and research questionnaires and were analyzed by using quantitative approach. The research study revealed that Tanzania there is a number of Private Financial Institutions providing financial services among Tanzanians. These Financial institutions are categorized either being in the form of banks i.e NMB, NBC, Akiba Commercial Bank and Women Bank of Tanzania or non Banks Financial institutions like PRIDE, FINCA and Tujijenge. All these financial institutions provide loans to need of Tanzanians. However, the...
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...lack empirical support and several limitations and obstacles continue to haunt the potential outcomes of microfinance, such as selection bias (Tedeschi, 2007) and lack of integration with the commercial banking sector (Copestake, 2007). In my thesis, I will focus on yet another limitation, that of lack of entrepreneurial knowledge amongst lenders in microcredit. I will develop on the marginal impact of entrepreneurial training on microcredit and suggest an empirical framework. The paper will start by presenting the topics of entrepreneurship and microfinance and the current situation in Tanzania. In Part II a review of an important study by Karlan and Valdivia will be discussed and in the following section a suggestion for a framework for an empirical study will be made. Conclusions and limitations will be presented in the final sections. Student: Eva Teekens ID: 5704871 Study: Master Business Studies Specialization: Entrepreneurship Supervisor: Prof. Sautner Handed in: 16-06-2009 Pages: 82 Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Scope of the Paper .................................................................................................... 4 PART I...
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...Working Paper Series No. 16 Agricultural Marketing and Supply Chain Management in Tanzania: A Case Study Elina Eskola 2005 __________________________________________ ______________________________ 2 Success under Duress: a Comparison of the Indigenous African and East African Asian Entrepreneurs ESRF Study on Globalisation and East Africa Economies ARGICULTURAL MARKETING AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN TANZANIA: A CASE STUDY Elina Eskola12 ABSTRACT This study describes the prevailing marketing arrangements in Tanzania at local, regional, national and export markets using Dar es Salaam, Ifakara, and Mtwara as case study examples. The major impediments for trade in Tanzania has been categorised into three groups: 1) Physical infrastructure, 2) know-how and capital, and 3) institutional framework. Insufficient physical infrastructure in terms of roads increases the cost of transportation, works as an informal market barrier, forms a wedge between the supplier price and consumer price, and increases the loss of perishable products. Lack of know-how shows in poor market orientation and business skills, and leads to difficulties in managing and obtaining loans. Furthermore, the current institutional framework is unable to support the formation of strong traders and producers’ associations and other representative bodies to enhance capacity building and to bargain for fairer terms of trade. In addition, the lack of market information and the weak legal framework...
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...MZUMBE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF BUSINESS PROGRAM: SUBJECT: SUBJECT CODE: NATURE OF WORK: DATE: SCHOLAR: MBA/CM – MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION/CORPORATE MANAGEMENT OPERATION MANAGEMENT POM 5011 TERM PAPER 05TH DECEMBER, 2012 LOISILIGAKI GABRIEL LOIBANGUTI REGISTRATION NUMBER: MBA/CM/MZC/043/T.12 QUESTION: “An Examination on the Strategic use of Information Technology in Tanzania Service Industries in Achieving and Sustaining Competitive Advantage and Suggestions for improving their effectiveness” You are required to search the relevant research materials on the topic in hand and compose a report. Your report should critically discuss the issues of technological adoption on the use of IT practices by the consumers and business enterprises; In addition, your report should explore areas of strategic applications of IT by business enterprises, the challenges involved and suggestions for their improvements. Support your report with reference to case studies and /or examples of companies. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... iii 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................1 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................................................................2 3.0 IT adoption concept on entreprise...
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...organizational and managerial practices to developing countries, which may, in the long run, lead to higher technological capabilities, and innovation, resulting in economic growth in these countries. For Tanzania specifically, FDI is a type of investment which is relatively infant as the government had opted for a socialist path of economic development from 1967 to around mid 1980s, following the Arusha Declaration. In mid 1980s, the government initiated and implemented deliberate economic liberalization policies. These resulted into the rise of FDI in Tanzania. For instance, FDI inflows increased from USD 2,418.7 million in 1999 to USD 3,776.6 million in 2001. Such investments were concentrated in the sectors of manufacturing (33.4%), mining and quarrying (28%) as well as agricultural (6.7%) (TIC, BoT and NBS, 2004: 23-24)4. 2.2 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Definition and Characteristics 2.2.1 Defining FDI Several FDI definitions have been given in the literature and these are more or less similar. A more representative definition of FDI is that by Rutherford (1992: 178; 1995: 178-179) who defines FDI as business investment in another country, which often takes the form of setting up local production facilities (through Greenfield) or purchase of an existing business (through merger and acquisitions (M&As). FDIs are normally undertaken by Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) also known as Transnational Corporations (TNCs), which must have at least 10% of the equity shares...
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...African Journal of Business Management Vol. 5(4), pp. 1266-1276, 18 February, 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJBM ISSN 1993-8233 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Challenges and opportunities of Tanzanian SMEs in adapting supply chain management Sama Hamisi Procurement and Supplies Department, College of Business Education, Dodoma Campus, Dodoma, P. O. Box 2077, Tanzania. E-mail: samakicheche@yahoo.com. Tel: +255 755 292 850. Fax: +255 026 232 2121. Accepted 19 November, 2010 Around the globe, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have acquired a significant and pivotal position in the entire economic development process. Over the years, this sector had played a critical role in developing Tanzanian economy through creation of employment opportunities, income generation, equitable distribution of income whence contributing towards poverty alleviation. However, this sector suffers a number of challenges in domestic and global market competition, though, varieties of opportunities in adapting supply chain management exists. In today’s context of fast changing and dynamic economy and dominance of global supply chain systems, the SMEs in Tanzania, besides facing traditional hardships in finance, they misalliance the phenomenon of supply chain management thus fails to find proper place in the domestic and global supply chain leaving TNCs and MNCs to have a greater dominance. As Tanzania’s economic policy is about-turn...
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...study is conducted due to the presence of one important economic instrument which has different system of management hence to show the similarities and differences between these instruments. Islamic and conventional banks are all banks but having different system of managements, aspects, history, products and even acceptance according to laws. The research will discuss these aspects and more to make people aware of these instruments so as to remove the confusion on them and make them choose the best with the best reasons. This study will be divided in to three chapters. Chapter one will be all about Islamic and Conventional banks, theirs nature, history, products offered and many more. Chapter two will discuss and show the similarities and differences of these banks. Chapter three as the final chapter will discuss the case study of Islamic banks in Tanzania. I pray to Allah to make this study be the sources of awareness about these banks especially in Tanzania where by people haven’t got exactly meaning and differences of these banks. 2) JUSTIFICATION OF THE RESEARCH: i. The research will define, show and explain the short history of Islamic and Conventional banks. ii. This research will show the comparison of Islamic and Conventional banks. iii. The research will show roles and activities of Islamic and Conventional banks in the community. iv. In this research products offered by these banks will be...
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...FACES OF INDEBTNESS 1) KENYA Kenyan borrowers promptly repay their loans despite the stiff interest rates and high inflation, presenting a lower default risk investment environment for banks compared to other parts of the world. The low default risk for banks has however not translated to lower interest rates for customers despite the credit referencing system taking effect. The credit risk is measured in terms of gross non-performing advances as a percentage of the total gross advances. A survey by audit firm RSM Ashvir, based on banks 2012 financial reports showed only 4.6 per cent of loans by banks in 2011 ended up as non-performing advances. The banking industry disbursed Sh1, 335 billion, out of which only Sh61.4 million was defaulted. The risk has consistently decreased from 7.9 per cent in 2009 to 6.3 per cent in 2010. With the increase in interest rates and inflation rate, non-performing advances were expected to go higher, but it is not the case. This shows that the risk in the Kenyan market is low Interest rates spiked in December 2011 after the Central bank increased its key lending rate to a high of 18 per cent to curb the inflation rate which had peaked at 19.72 per cent in November that year. Though both the Central Bank Rate and inflation rate have dropped to 9.5 per cent and 4.11 per cent, banks are still lending at an average of 17.84 per cent. Microfinance institutions in Kenya have suffered significant loan repayment default resulting into subsequently...
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...AUDIT REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC INSPECTIONS AND SPEED LIMITS THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA NATIONAL AUDIT OFFICE A PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC INSPECTIONS AND SPEED LIMITS IN TANZANIA THE MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS – TANZANIA POLICE FORCE AND THE MINISTRY OF WORKS A REPORT OF THE CONTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL OF THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA i PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC INSPECTIONS AND SPEED LIMITS THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA National Audit Office of Tanzania Vision To be a centre of excellence in public sector auditing Mission To provide efficient audit services in order to enhance accountablity and value for money in the collection and use public resources Our core values Objectivity Excellence Integrity Peoples Focus Innovation ii PERFORMANCE AUDIT REPORT ON THE MANAGEMENT OF TRAFFIC INSPECTIONS AND SPEED LIMITS Table of Contents Table of Contents........................................................................................iii List of Tables and Figures...........................................................................v Preface.........................................................................................................vii Terminology used in this report.................................................................ix Map of Tanzania showing regions covered in this audit........................x Acronyms and Abbreviations........
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...i FACTORS LIMITING EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF TRAINING PROGRAMMES IN PARASTATAL ORGANIZATIONS IN TANZANIA: A CASE STUDY OF TANZANIA ELECTRIC SUPPLY COMPANY LIMITED, DAR-ES-SALAAM AND COAST ZONE IGNATIUS SHENGENA MNDEME A DISSERTATION SUBMITED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT) OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA 2011 CERTIFICATION I, the undersigned certify that I have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by the Open University of Tanzania a dissertation entitled, “Factors limiting implementation of Training Programmes in Parastatal Organizations in Tanzania: A case study of Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited, Dar-es-salaam and Coastal Zone”. In partial fulfillment for the requirements for the Degree of Master of Business Administration (Human Resource Management). Supervisor…………………………………… Dr. Chacha Matoka Date………………………………………….. iii COPYRIGHT No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the author or the Open University of Tanzania in that behalf. iv DECLARATION I, Ignatius Shengena Mndeme, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and has not been submitted for a similar degree at any other University. Signature ……………………………. Date ………………………… v ...
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...Table of Contents Abstract iii CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Problem Statement 2 Rationale for the choice of topic 2 CHAPTER TWO 3 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 HOUSE FINANCE GLOBAL VIEW 3 HOUSING STRATEGY 4 CONDITIONS TO FACILITATE LENDING 8 DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR HOUSING 8 TANZANIA HOUSING FINANCE THEORY 10 CHAPTER THREE 12 FINDINGS 12 Demand for housing finance 12 Current Condition in Tanzania 12 Access to Housing Finance 13 HOUSING POLICY AND HOUSING MARKET 14 ACCESS TO HOUSING FINANCE MAIN CHALLENGES 18 CHAPTER FOUR 21 CONCLUSIONS 21 References; 22 Abstract We examine the extent to which markets enable the provision of housing finance across a wide range of Regions in Tanzania. Housing is a major purchase requiring long-term financing, and the factors that are associated with well functioning housing finance systems are those that enable the provision of long-term finance. Across all countries, controlling for country size, we find that countries with stronger legal rights for borrowers and lenders (through collateral and bankruptcy laws), deeper credit information systems, and a more stable macroeconomic environment have deeper housing finance systems. These same factors also help explain the variation in housing finance across emerging market economies. Across developed countries, which tend to have low macroeconomic volatility and relatively extensive credit information systems, variation in the strength of legal rights helps explain the extent of housing finance...
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