...Prohibition and Harm Reduction Bryon Wilson BEHS 364 August 5th 2014 There have been two different strategies of society dealing with alcohol; harm reduction and zero tolerance. The method of harm reduction is focused primarily on reducing the negative effect of alcohol society and the people who drink. This is usually implemented by our government. They create policies and social programs that can treat those afflicted with alcoholism. There are several ways that this can be accomplished, such as limiting access, and taxing the substance to reduce demand. There are also social programs put in place that can help educate, rehabilitate and help recover. This a strategy compared to zero tolerance carries a unique ability to be tailored to suit individual needs as opposed to a one size fits all blanket policy. The harm reduction policy stands on a principle that alcoholism will not be completely eliminated so it would be more benefit to address the negative harms. For instance as alcoholism can be a major problem at work, some companies provide someone as an advocate and counsel. These counselors can work with them to modify behavior and reduce alcohol related incidents and further harm to their self on the job and in their personal life. That is something prohibition policies cannot do for an individual person. The proponents of zero tolerance see the alcoholic epidemic as a disease and therefore cannot allow continued usage if the person is to be treated and recover. It...
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...Faculty of Philosophy Chair of Political Science Prof. Dr. Winand Gellner The Role of Civil Society Organisations in Poverty Reduction in Uganda Term Paper for Advanced Academic Writing Techniques for PPGG Graduate Students WS 2015/2016 Name: Kwerit Alice Matriculation no: 75842 Programme: MA Governance and Public Policy Course Number: 41764 Email: kwert5@yahoo.com Address: Am dobldobl 2, Passau Lecturer: Judith Schatzl Date: March 2016 Acronyms BAI Budget Advocacy Initiative CBO Community Based Organisations CSO Civil Society Organisations DHSP District Health Support Programme DRT Development Research and Training ESIP Education Strategic Investment Plan FBOs Faith Based Organisations GOU Government of Uganda HIV Human Immune Virus HSSP Health Sector Strategic Plan IMs Individual Members INGO International Non-government Organisations LNGO Local Non-government Organisations MFPED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework NAWOU National Association for Women Organisations in Uganda NECDP ...
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...factors of uncertainty revolve around routinely aspects, Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese (1975) narrowed their focus and devised a theory specifically on uncertainty and interpersonal communication. By studying how human communication is used to gain knowledge and create understanding, Berger and Calabrese unveiled the first generation to reducing uncertainty in interpersonal communication (Griffin, 2011). Known as the Uncertainty Reduction Theory (Berger, 1975), its original form focused on how strangers communicate, noting that the “beginnings of personal relationships are usually fraught with uncertainties” (Griffin, 2011, 130). By means of intensive research and ultimately, complete comprehension, it is evident that the Uncertainty Reduction Theory helps scholars correlate uncertainty with interpersonal communication, thus advancing to significant predictions on how people behave when they are uncertain. Before diving into its specific components, it is important to acknowledge the foundation and premise of the Uncertainty Reduction Theory in order to fully grasp its validity. First, the term ‘uncertainty’ must be acknowledged as a function of the number and likelihood of alternatives that may occur, implying that uncertainty is high when there are several outcomes that are all equally plausible or, uncertainty is low when only one possible outcome is likely (Knobloch, 2008). This type of uncertainty characterizes a subjective experience of feeling...
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...Why do Poverty Reduction Programmes tend not to work out as intended? Discuss in relation to either i) states or ii) civil society organisations (NGOs or social movements or both). Introduction Mass poverty is the single most important economic and social issue on our planet today (Downer, 1997). ‘Poverty’ is a multidimensional concept involving the inability of people to meet their economic, social and other standards of well-being (OECD, 2001). Over the years a number of institutional approaches have been used to ensure the eradication of poverty from the society (Sarker and Rahman, 2006). One of these efforts is through a poverty reduction strategy. According to Barder (2009) ‘Poverty reduction’ is often described as the promotion of economic growth that will permanently lift as many people as possible over the poverty line. This line is defined as ‘the income levels below which people are defined as poor’ (World Banks, 2004). However, making poverty reduction strategies work has proven a much bigger challenge regardless of the fact that many efforts have been made towards alleviating it. Downer (1997) argues that the provision of opportunity for people to meet their basic needs has become the greatest challenge to most countries. Why then do poverty reduction programmes tend not to work out as intended? Pellissery (2005) points out that in developing economies, public authorities who are responsible for designing and implementing anti-poverty interventions are not sufficiently...
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...How effective have harm reduction interventions been in reduction of Hepatitis C incidence among Injecting Drug Users in the UK? 1.0 Introduction The prevalence of Hepatitis C (HCV) internationally is largely unknown mainly due to the fact that most individuals have no symptoms in the early stages of the infection. The WHO estimates the figure at 170 million people infected with HCV and it is estimated that approximately 3-4 million people are newly infected each year . Injecting drug users (IDUs) are at greatest risk from HCV through the sharing of injecting paraphernalia. In the UK estimates from the Health Protection Agency (HPA) data has the number of people chronically infected with HCV at 216000 of which 90% are attributable to IDUs with over 40% of the IDU population being HCV antibody positive . Some estimates of numbers with HCV in the UK suggest about 500000 . In 2010, new HCV infections diagnosed in the UK was 10,381 of which there were 7384, 106, 2129, and 312 in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales respectively . There appears to be higher rate of transmission among IDU now than a decade ago; 23% compared to 12% in 2000 Although UK is classified as a low prevalence country for HCV; The HCV poses numerous challenges for public health in terms of potentially preventable mortality and morbidity. According to NICE guidance, it would cost the NHS about £1.6 billion to treat all Hepatitis C patients. The cost therefore of failing to diagnose and...
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.... The reduction in Australia's manufacturing has resulted in an increase in _________ consumer goods, which has resulted in a considerable imbalance of demand for containers. A. imported B. exported C. valuable D. cheaper Which of the following is not a supply chain and logistics challenge faced by New Zealand? A. Forecasts indicating a doubling in freight demand by 2040 B. Government involvement in commercial operations C. More than 75 per cent of the national population are in the North Island, yet logistics infrastructure must be provided for both the North and South Islands. D. Potential for eastern Australian ports to become hub ports for Oceania . With the odd exception, the geographical difference between the Asia–Pacific and other major regions is that it is not a continuous land mass. True False Distribution patterns should not be different for countries with high urban population to those with a low urban population, although there can also be wide differences between urban and rural development. True False 17. The development of intermodal transport has been generally good in the Asia–Pacific region, with significant recognition of the benefits gained from intermodalism. True False 18. A threat to New Zealand is the potential for concerns about climate change being manipulated and used for the introduction of de facto protectionism in consuming countries. True False 19. The increasing power of large retail chains...
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...Intelligent Cost Reduction Developing & executing a program to reduce cost & create a sustainable operating platform July 2008 Contents Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 Point of view Anatomy of a successful total cost management program Beginning with the business & front office Opportunities in the support units Some lessons learned PwC qualifications to help Page 3 7 11 16 19 21 Point of view Point of view • Cost management is a key issue today and for the foreseeable future – The market is experiencing a severe liquidity crunch and the explosion of a global asset bubble well beyond sub-prime. At the root of this crisis is not only asset values, but the amount of capital in the financial system today versus the size and liquidity of the balance sheets (and off-balance sheet commitments) of financial institutions. This situation is not likely to reverse itself for a number of years. In the environment of de-leveraging and scarcity of capital, we believe fundamental re-thinking regarding business strategies, operating models and cost structures will be necessary. • A pre-securitization baseline may be the appropriate mindset – If one assumes that the securitization markets have significantly contracted in a permanent fashion, then the appropriate way to think about the business may be in a pre-securitization baseline, adjusted for key acquisitions/divestitures, etc. This means that the proper mindset to consider in the business strategy and budgeting area may...
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...bladder calculi, renal inflammation and most frequently CAUTI (Bernard, Hunter, & Moore, 2012, 32(1)). Not only does the urinary catheter cause complications to the patient and put them at a higher risk for morbidity and mortality they also increase the hospital costs. Therefore CAUTIs are considered by the Medicare and Medicaid Services to represent a reasonably preventable complication of hospitalization and as such will not provide any additional payment to hospitals for CAUTI treatment (American Association of Critical Care Nurses, 2012). A great amount of attention has been placed on improving quality of care and minimizing preventable harms that are occurring in the healthcare setting. With the passage of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 and the implementation of the Final Rule in October 2008 the CMS, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, will no longer pay hospitals for the additional cost of care resulting from hospital-acquired conditions such as CAUTI (Palmer, Lee, & Wroe, 2013, 33(1)). Urinary tract infections can lead to bacteremia which can produce fever, chills, confusion, hypotension and leukocytosis, but more seriously...
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...Crime Reduction and Prevention Proposal As long as there has been crime and criminals, there have been theories to explain crime and why people commit them, as well as ideas about how to prevent them. Many different methods have been developed to deter crime, such as the death penalty, the “three strike” rule, and lengthy prison sentences. However, although it seems that the number of methods developed to deter crime is bountiful, far fewer of these programs focus on how to help the victims of those crimes. This proposal will offer different ways of preventing and deterring crime and also suggest ideas to ensure that crime victims are assisted in an effective manner. Assisting Victims When considering the assistance that is currently being provided to victims of crime, current programs in place for financial, emotional, and physical assistance are functional. These programs could use a little tweaking to better serve the victims. There are programs in place to help victims financially. These programs include the Crime Victim Compensation Program and the Married Family Domestic Violence Fund. It is recommended that increased monetary financing for these programs be provided so that they may be expanded to help more victims who are in need of financial assistance but may not meet the current criteria or qualify for the current programs. Financial Assistance The Married Family Domestic Violence Fund that is currently available could benefit from additional changes. This program...
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...International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 IssueISSN: 2278-0181 2, February- 2013 Reduction 0f NOx Emissions with Three - Way Catalytic Converter For IDI Engine Fuelled With Diesel, JSVO and Their Blends P. Suresh Kumar1, Aditya Bhatnagar2, P. K. Sahoo3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India 2 [ M. Tech-Energy Systems ] University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India 1&3 Abstract: Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. IIJJE ER RT T fulfill emission in certain is receiving control catalytic converters in order to future ultra-low exhaust way These are finite reserves which are highly concentrated standards. Three catalytic converter is an effective technique to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines because of Rh being used as catalyst helps to release the oxygen atoms stored in NOx in the reduction reaction. After these studies succeeded in reducing the NOx emissions from biodiesel by regions of the world. Currently Jatropha biodiesel attention as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. The subject of the research presented in this thesis was the development new strategies for automotive three way www.ijert.org 1 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 2 IssueISSN: 2278-0181 2, February- 2013 three way catalytic converter without a significant change of BTE, BSFC...
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...Harm Reduction Harm Reduction Harm reduction refers to policies, programmers and practices that aim to reduce the harms associated with the use of psychoactive drugs in people unable or unwilling to stop. The defining features are the focus on the prevention of harm, rather than on the prevention of drug use itself, and the focus on people who continue to use drugs. Harm reduction began to be discussed frequently after the threat of HIV spreading among and from injecting drug users was first recognized. However, similar approaches have long been used in many other contexts for a wide range of drugs. Harm reduction complements approaches that seek to prevent or reduce the overall level of drug consumption. It is based on the recognition that many people throughout the world continue to use psychoactive drugs despite even the strongest efforts to prevent the initiation or continued use of drugs. Harm reduction accepts that many people who use drugs are unable or unwilling to stop using drugs at any given time. Access to good treatment is important for people with drug problems, but many people with drug problems are unable or unwilling to get treatment. Furthermore, the majority of people who use drugs do not need treatment. There is a need to provide people who use drugs with options that help to minimize risks from continuing to use drugs, and of harming themselves or others...
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...Harm reduction work toward in keeping people safe and minimize death, disease, and injury from high risk behavior, especially psychoactive substance use. Harm reduction has many benefits for people who consumed substances, their families, and communities. Research shows harm reduction activities can,Reduce HIV infection and hepatitis, overdose deaths and other early deaths among people who use substances, injection substance use in public places, and reduce the number of used needles in public, the sharing of needles and other substance use equipment, it can Educate about safer injecting and reduce injecting frequency;As well as, Educate about safer sex and sexual health and increase condom use;It Magnify crime and increase employment among people who use substances;At the end it Increased the referrals to treatment programs and health and social services. Moreover, Harm reduction is giving control back to the person and really hard in getting help to be a different person and be the person he or she was when he or she was happy. But if this is the way in getting our self together and be the person we always dream so be it. The drawbacks of harm reduction is that it does nothing to disrupt the current black-market drug trade; the one that are using it are still forced to deal with criminals to get drugs, placing them at risk of theft, fraud, violence, contaminated, inconsistent drugs while empowering...
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...A GreenPrint Technologies White Paper How to Reduce Printing Costs by 17%: A Guide to Doing Well and Doing Good by Printing Less By Caitlin McCool Director of Business Development Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................ 1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 2 The Real Cost of Printing ................................................................................ 3 The Myth of the Paperless Office.................................................................... 5 Stacks of Wasted Pages at the Printer ........................................................... 7 The GreenPrint Solution.................................................................................. 9 GreenPrint Case Study: Savills ..................................................................... 13 Summary ....................................................................................................... 15 Contact Information ....................................................................................... 16 © September 2008 Version 1.1 -1- GreenPrint Technologies www.printgreener.com Introduction In the past few years there has been a significant shift in corporate America and beyond toward a dual awareness of internal efficiency and environmental impact. “Carbon Neutral” was named word of the year...
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...Reduction of Capital Subject to confirmation of the Court, a company may if so authorised by its Articles by special ii. cancel any paid-up share capital which is lost or is unrepresented by available assets | resolution, reduce its share capital in any of the following manner: i. extinguish or reduce the liability on any of its shares in respect of share capital not paid-up. | iii. pay off any paid-up share capital which is in excess of the needs of the company | Procedure to reduce capital Shares Buy Back * Only a listed corporation is allowed to have scheme of “share buy back” * Where a company proposes to purchase its own shares pursuant to section 67A of the act, the following must be complied with : * declaration by directors * advertisement * adjustment to register of substantial shareholders * lodgement of forms * restriction on purchase * restriction on selling treasury shares Share Certificates * Lost or destruction of share certificates * May request for a duplicate share certificate provided: i) Further search ii) If value of shares >RM500, advertise in the local newspaper iii) Furnish a bond – indemnify the company against any loss if the original certificate is found iv) Statutory declaration that the certificate has been lost or destroyed; has not been pledged v) An undertaking...
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...Poverty Reduction Strategy and Poverty Monitoring: Philippine Case Study By Celia M. Reyes and Lani E. Valencia* I. Introduction The overarching goal of development efforts is the improvement in the quality of life of the people. The Philippines is no exception. Being one of the nations who participated in the Millenium Summit in September 2000, it has committed to achieve 48 targets including eradication of poverty. In addition to international commitments, the Philippines has been working toward poverty reduction for decades. It has even included targets on human development and poverty reduction in its medium-term development plans. The growing consensus is towards a comprehensive approach to poverty reduction. Rapid and sustained economic growth is needed to improve the quality of life of the population; at the same time targeted interventions aimed at reducing poverty are needed to reach the very poor and marginalized sectors of the economy. With poverty reduction as main goal of the government, the demand for poverty statistics has become more important. Several poverty monitoring systems are being conducted both at the national and community level providing income and non-income based measures of poverty. These have become the basis for social and economic development plans and programs of national and local governments. The objectives of this paper are to examine the poverty situation in the Philippines and to assess the country’s poverty reduction strategy and policy...
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