Harvard Referencing System

In your written work, when you are drawing or referring to or quoting from the ideas of another writer you must provide a reference following the guidelines laid out below. Always cite the author(s) of a book. If the book is an edited collection, you should cite the author(s) of the individual chapters you have used and NOT the editors(s) of the book.

1. Harvard method of citation in the text: (author year)
When you are drawing from, paraphrasing or summarising another writer’s work, but NOT quoting directly from them, you must provide a reference as follows:

1.a. Single author of book or chapter:

In a book by Said (1978) Orientalism was investigated as....

Orientalism was investigated (Said 1978) as....

When an author has published more than one cited document in the same year these are distinguished by adding lower case letters after the year within the brackets, which should also be used in the bibliography (see 4.i. below):

Blunt (1994a) has discussed the impact of travel, gender and imperialism. He has also examined the impact of globalization on travel (Blunt 1994b).

1.b. Two or three authors:

In the book by Driver and Rose (1992), .....

1.c. More than three authors:

Benner et al (1996) conclude that ....
If more than one citation is referred to within a sentence, list them all in the following form, by date and then alphabetically: There are indications that passive smoking is potentially threatening to the health............ (Francome and Marks 1996; Bunton 1995; Lupton 1995)

2. Harvard method of quoting in the text: (author year, page)
When you are quoting directly from another writer’s work you must provide a reference as follows.

2.a. Short quotations (less than 40 words) can be included in the body of the text and should be indicated by single quotation marks (‘…’). Double quotation marks (“ …”) should only be used for quotes within quotes.

For example:

Charlotte Brunsdon’s article, ‘What is the “Television” of Television Studies?’ aims to trace ‘the hybrid origins of television studies in answer to the question “where does television studies come from?”’ (1998, p. 95).

Little (2003) argues that America’s contradictory image with the Arab world results from ‘an irresistible impulse to remake the world in America’s image’ (p. 3).

If you need to emphasize a word in italics, you should add ‘my emphasis’ to the citation; if the original text has a grammatical error, you should indicate that by adding [sic] after the error:

For example:

unlike ‘the later systems of radio and television broadcasting, the cinema has not been a tool or [sic] direct expression of the state’ (Armes 1987, p. 35, my emphasis).

If you need to add a word to a quote so it would make a complete sentence, the word (s) you add should be included as [word]. If part of the quotation is omitted then this can be indicated using three dots. For example: As Lehtonen (2000) puts it, ‘Context does not exist before… the text, neither does it exist outside of [it]’ (p. 111).

2.b. Quotations of 40 words or longer should be indented in a separate paragraph and are not surrounded by quotation marks:
For example:

The use of the word imperialism here follows Parry’s (1997) argument:

the connotations of the word are variable, referring not only to the while or part of the West’s programme of overseas conquest, occupation and rule, but also to the institution of dependencies where no military or administrative presence was or is installed, a mode perfected by the United States in its role as the predominant force of a contemporary imperialism (pp. 227-8).

3. Secondary referencing
Secondary referencing is when one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. You should cite the primary source and the source you have read e.g. (Fiedler and Chemers, 1974, cited in Douglass, 1996, p. 19). Secondary referencing should be avoided if at all possible.

4. Bibliographies
You must provide a bibliography at the end of every essay giving details of every written source (including internet sites and newspaper articles) that you have referred to in your essay. Your bibliography must follow the guidelines below.
4.a. A book by a single author: Surname, Name (year). Title. Place: Publisher. Barthes, Roland (1993). Mythologies. London: Vintage. Blunt, Alison (1994b). Travel, Gender, and Imperialism: Mary Kingsley and West Africa. London: The Guilford Press.

4.b. A book by two or more authors: Davies, Jude and Smith, Carol R. (1997). Gender, Ethnicity and Sexuality in Contemporary American Film. Edinburgh: Keele University Press.

4.c. A book by a corporate author (e.g. a government department or other organisation): Health Visitors' Association (1992). Principles into practice: an HVA position statement on health visiting and school nursing. London: Health Visitors' Association.

For some organizations the name may appear as an acronym, in which case use the acronym for the author with the full name for the publisher:

DCMS (2011), Charitable Giving Indicators 2010/11, London: Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

For government papers the name should be the country of origin: Great Britain (1988). Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988 (ch. 48). London: HMSO. Great Britain (1994). Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (ch. 33). London: HMSO.

4.d. An edited book:
Only use this if you are referring to the book as a whole; otherwise, you should cite the individual chapters used. See next point.

Blunt, Alison and Rose, Gillian (Eds.) (1994). Writing Women and Space: Colonial and Postcolonial Geographies. London: The Guilford Press.

4.e. A chapter in a book: Chapter author (year). ‘Chapter title’. In Editor(s) (Ed(s)), Book title, pp. x-y. Place: Publisher. McGrew, Anthony (1995). ‘World Order and Political Space’. In James Anderson, Chris Brook, and Allan Cochrane (Eds.) (1995), A Global World? Re-Ordering Political Space, pp. 11-64. Oxford: The Open University.

4.f. An article in a journal: Surname, Name (year). ‘Title’. Journal. Volume (issue): pp. x-y.

Barber, Benjamin R. (1994). ‘Constitutional Faith’. Boston Review, October, 19(5): pp.14-15.

4.g. An article in a newspaper:

Surname, Name (year). ‘Title’. Newspaper, Day Month date, p.

White, Margaret (1998). ‘£68m to cut NHS waiting lists’. Guardian, Monday May 18, p.8.

4.h. If no author name is given then “anon” should be used instead. Anon (1998). ‘Schemes to boost dental care’. Guardian, Monday May 18, p.8.

4.i. References should be listed in alphabetical order by author's name and then by date (earliest first), and then if more than one item has been published during a specific year by the same author, then by letter (1995a, 1995b etc).

Chomsky, Noam (1982). Towards a New Cold War: Essays on the Current Crisis and How We Got There. New York: Pantheon.

Chomsky, Noam (1989). Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies. London: Pluto Press.

Clifford, James (1997a). ‘Diasporas’. In Montserrat Guibernau and John Rex (Eds.), The Ethnicity Reader: Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration, pp. 283-290. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Clifford, James (1997b). Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

5. Citing Internet Sources

5.a. Individual works

Author/editor surname, Name (Year). Website Title [online]. Available: URL [Accessed date].

Author surname, Name (Year). ‘Article title’. Website Title [online]. Available: URL [Accessed date].

Tash, Abdul Qader (1997, June 22). ‘The West's Clouded View of Arabs and Islam’ [online]. Arab View. Available: http://www.arabnet/arabview/articles/tash27.html [Accessed 4th June 1999].

5.b. If no author name is given then ‘anon’ should be used instead:

Anon (2011). ‘The Brigadier’. BBC Dr Who [online]. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/dw/characters/The_Brigadier [Accessed 3 November 2011]

6. Referencing Film and Television Titles
The titles of any films or television programmes cited in the text must be italicized with full credits according to the following conventions.

6.a. English-language Films
In the case of films, at first mention the title must be followed by key production details of director’s name, year of release, and country(ies) of production origin in brackets.

Cabiria (Giovanni Pastrone, 1914, It) New York Hat (D.W. Griffith, 1912, US) Rescued by Rover (Lewin Fitzhamon and Cecil M. Hepworth, 1905, UK)

For films known by more than one title, use the title appropriate to the context under the discussion. For example, if writing about these particular films shown in Europe, you would use:

The Assassin (John Badham, 1993, US) Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (Christopher Columbus, 2001, UK/US)

but if discussing the same films in the US it would be appropriate to use

Point of No Return (John Badham, 1993, US) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (Christopher Columbus, 2001, UK/US)

6.b. Foreign-language films
Films with non-English language titles must have their original title given first with any English language name by which they are familiarly known following in square brackets.

37°2 le matin ([Betty Blue] Jean-Jacques Beineix, 1986, Fr) Shi mian mai fu ([House of Flying Daggers] Zhang Yimou, 2001, China/HK)

6.c. Television programmes
In the case of television programmes titles should be italicized followed by the year or years of broadcast in brackets. Depending on the context in which the reference is being used, the argument may benefit from crediting either the production company, broadcaster, director(s) or writer(s).

Disneyland (ABC, 1954-90) Lost (Bad Robot, 2004- ) Panorama (BBC, 1953- ) Road (d. Alan Clarke, 1987) Twin Peaks (w. Tricia Brock, Robert Engels, Mark Frost, Scott Frost, David Lynch, Harley Peyton and Barry Pullman, 1990-91) World in Action (Granada, 1963-99)

6.d. Single episodes or installments of television series or serials
If single episodes or installments of a television series or serial have their own individual titles, give the episode title in inverted commas followed by the series/serial title in italics and square brackets.

‘Motherhood’ ([ER] d. Quentin Tarantino, 1995) ‘The One Where Monica Gets a Roommate’ ([Friends] w. David Crane and Marta Kauffman, 1994) ‘Walkabout’ ([Lost] ABC, 2004)

6.e. Foreign-language television programmes, series and serials
With non-English language programmes, series and serials, just give the original language title.

Yo soy Betty, la fea (1999-2001)

6.f. Subsequent references
With both film and television programmes, after the first mention just provide the title in italics, and in the case of non-English language films, give only the familiar English-language title.

7. Tables and figures
Tables, along with graphs or other forms of figures, can be included in the dissertation. Each of these items must be numbered according to the chapter they belong to and the order they appear in. Separate sequences should be kept for tables and figures. For example, tables in chapter 2 would be numbered ‘Table 2.1’, ‘Table 2.2’, ‘Table 2.3’, etc., while any figures would run ‘Figure 2.1’, ‘Figure 2.2’, ‘Figure 2.3’, etc. Tables in the next chapter would then run ‘Table 3.1’, ‘Table 3.2’, ‘Table 3.3’, etc.

Table 2.1 Narrative Film Production in the US, 1915-25

Figure 2.1 Comparison of Narrative and Documentary Film Production, 1900-09

8. Images
Film stills, posters, portraits, and other relevant images etc., can be included in essays. These should be regarded as figures with numbering and titling following the guidelines outlined in 7. Where a sequence of several linked images is used - for example in a shot-by-shot analysis of a specific film sequence - the total group of images should be given a single number and title. Each individual image in the sequence should then be given the same figure number followed by a letter. This enables any written commentary to reference the sequence overall but also pinpoint discussion of a specific image. For example, the use of images to support analysis of acting in a sequence from The New York Hat would have the overall title

Figure 3.2 Acting and Verisimilitude in The New York Hat (1912)

with individual images numbered as 3.2a, 3.2b, 3.2c, etc.

FOOTNOTES/ENDNOTES
You may use either footnotes (at the bottom of the page) or endnotes (at the end of the essay/chapter/entire dissertation, before the bibliography and appendices, if any). For lengthier work, footnotes are usually easier for the reader to follow. Since straightforward references are contained within the main body of the essay, notes should be reserved for longer commentary on secondary materials or other observations that you feel are peripheral or for other reasons best omitted from the essay itself. You may also use footnotes