... Variations of the social contract theories In the social contract theory, there were three important theorists, which portrayed an essential part in developing the idea for it. The whole idea of the theory was to assist how people would exist; within society that controlled by the government also, it laws. All of these theorists have a various form of concepts of the state of nature one, of the theorist's name Thomas Hobbies. He believed that people were egotistical. They were frightened Hobbies felt that people wanted a feeling of protection also control. That if individuals desired a sense of self-protection also security, they should have required coming into a social contract also give up their free will also their civil liberties. To sum it all up, the government made to control people, in society lives Thomas also felt that people were free to obtain any item or property they want. If...
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...Chapter 4 Civil liberties; the protections of citizens from improper governmental action. what government cannot do. Civil Rights; the legal or moral claims that citizens are entitled to make on the government. obligations. what government must do. The federal constitution provided such rights as representation in Congress (article 1 section 2) established who can serve in congress and become president and guaranted the privilege of habeas corpus for all people (article 1 section2). The Contstitution banned the importation of slaves after 1808, but permitted the practice of slavery to continue. Dred Scott v. Sandford, supreme court ruled that a former slave was not a citized under Missouri law, could not bring suit in cort, and was his master's personal property. slavery could not be excluded from the territories. helped provoke Civil War. Equal protection clause; aa quest for civil rights in turn inspired other groups to seek new laws and constitutional guarantees of their civil rights. aided by the simplicity of the clause, guarantees to any person. Amendment 1; limits on congress Amendments 2,3,4; Amendments 5,6,7,8; limits on judiciary. Amendments 9,10; limits on the national government. The bill of rights did not become a vital instrument for the extension of civil liberties for anyone until after a civil war and 14the amendment intervened. Strict scrutiny; the most stringent standard of judicial review of a government's actions in which the government must show...
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...formed where people undertook to respect each other and live in peace and harmony. By the second pact of subjectionis, people united together and pledged to obey an authority and surrendered the whole or part of their freedom and rights to an authority. The authority guaranteed everyone protection of life, property and to a certain extent liberty. Thus, they must agree to establish society by collectively and reciprocally renouncing the rights they had against one another in the State of Nature and they must imbue some one person or assembly of persons with the authority and power to enforce the initial contract. In other words, to ensure their escape from the State of Nature, they must both agree to live together under common laws, and create an enforcement mechanism for the social contract and the laws that constitute it. Thus, the authority or the government or the sovereign or the state came into being because of the two agreements. Analysis of the theory of Social Contract by Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes theory of Social Contract appeared for the first time in Leviathan published in the year 1651 during the Civil War in Britain. Thomas Hobbes’ legal theory is based on “Social contract”. According to him, prior to Social Contract, man lived in the State of Nature. Man’s life in the State of NATURE was one of fear and...
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...Steven Pou Professor Malloy American Civilization 2 Term Paper 4/21/15 The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society Arthur M. Schlesinger, whose original name is Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger was born on October 17th in Columbus, Ohio, and died February 28th, 2007, in New York. He had graduated from Harvard University in 1938, and in 1940, Schlesinger was appointed a three fellowship at Harvard. This is derived from the society of fellows at Harvard University which gave Schlesinger the opportunity in the early stages of his scholarly career to pursue studies in any department, free from any formal requirement. This opportunity was only given to individuals who display exceptional ability, originality, resourcefulness, and academic achievement of the highest caliber. Unfortunately for Arthur, this opportunity was interrupted once the United States had made its entry into World War 2. When he failed his physical military examination he was appointed to the Office of War Information department, in which he served as an intelligence analyst from 1943 to 1945. In 1952 and 1956 he became a presidential speech writer to democratic presidential nominee Adlai Stevenson the second. He had also served as an assistant and Court historian to President Kennedy from 1961 to 1963. He had also supported the presidential campaign for Kennedy which had ended when he was assassinated in Los Angeles. Arthur eventually returned to his teaching career in 1996 as a professor...
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...LEVIATHAN, or The Matter, Form, & Power of a COMMON-WEALTH ECCLESIASTICAL AND CIVIL By THOMAS HOBBES London,1651 AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT THE INTRODUCTION PART I 1 OF MAN Ch. I Of SENSE 2 Ch. 2 Of IMAGINATION 2 Ch. 5 Of REASON, and SCIENCE 3 Ch. 6 Of [...] the PASSIONS 7 Ch. 8 Of the VIRTUES Commonly Called INTELLECTUAL […] 9 Ch. 10 Of POWER, WORTH, DIGNITY, HONOUR and WORTHINESS 10 Ch. 11 Of the Difference of MANNERS 11 Ch. 13 Of the NATURAL CONDITION of MANKIND 13 Ch. 14 Of the First and Second NATURAL LAWS and of CONTRACTS 15 Ch. 15 Of Other Laws of Nature 18 Ch. 16 Of PERSONS, AUTHORS, and Things Personated 21 PART II OF COMMONWEALTH Ch. 17 Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a COMMONWEALTH 22 Ch. 18 Of the RIGHTS of Sovereigns by Institution 24 Ch. 20 Of Dominion PATERNAL and DESPOTICAL 27 Ch. 21 Of the LIBERTY of Subjects 30 Ch. 26 Of CIVIL LAWS 33 Ch. 30 Of the OFFICE of the Sovereign Representative 34 [ PART III OF A CHRISTIAN COMMONWEALTH [ PART IV OF THE KINGDOM 0F DARKNESS [ A REVIEW and CONCLUSION ] Chapters 32-43 ] Chapters 44-47 ] THE INTRODUCTION Nature (the art whereby God hath made and governs the world) is by the art of man, as in many other things, so in this also imitated, that it can make an artificial animal. For seeing life is but a motion of limbs, the beginning whereof is in some principal...
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...and he established foundational reasons for the country to not become over involved in foreign affairs. These three principles set forth an understanding that was monumental for American society. Their level of importance serves as a near perfect reflection to both the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution as the building blocks to a great nation. Each of these three principles, even though they were not written as laws, went on as a tradition for this nation; each being clung to with the same level of importance and integrity as the Founders sought in the aforestated documents of freedom. George Washington’s belief in singular national unity was not just an abstract ideal built without fundamental understanding. It was a pragmatic understanding erected on a clear unifying belief, that in order to maintain a nation to build a singular belief in country; it needed a singular belief in purpose. In his Address, Washington stated: The unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you. It is justly so, for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquility at home, your peace abroad; of your safety; of your prosperity; of that very liberty which you so highly prize. These words expressed just how Washington envisioned his...
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...MADALINA SA I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………… p.3 2. THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA……….. p.4 3. THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION ……………………………………..p.7 "From a genuine abolition point of view, Mr. Lincoln seemed tardy, cold, dull and indifferent, but measuring him by the sentiment of his country - a sentiment he was bound as a statesman to discuss - he was swift, zealous, radical, and determined." Frederick Douglass, 1876 source? 1. INTRODUCTION He survived the tragedy and depression to become America's Greatest President. He had the courage to destroy slavery, but he took a Civil War and the loss of 600,000 lives; his beliefs cost him his life, but without him the United States of America would not exist today. Abraham Lincoln, America's model hero, was a man whose courage saved the nation from destruction. His early life was poor and brutal; he was born on the 12th of February 1809 in a one room cabin in rural Kentucky, a frontier state of America. His family were farmers, he was the first of his family to read; Abraham Lincoln was different to from his friends. The young Lincoln was a child of induce curiosity, he loved to hear people, gave well crafted, well delivered speeches. He would often go to places where such speeches were being made; he memorized parts of them and he would come back and give those speeches...
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...Introduction to Neoliberalism/Neoliberal Institutionalism The theory/theoretical framework that is used to examine cooperation between nation-states, which emphasizes the possibility of mutual gains Related terminology 1. Absolute gain: a theoretical option open to political actors based on the belief that decisions will benefit all organisations within a state and/or all member states within an intergovernmental organisation (IGO) Includes all aspects of cooperative behaviour between states; especially power ratios, economic activity and socio-cultural effects 2. Relative gain: a theoretical option open to political actors based on the belief that decisions are only intended to balance power relations between states or increase the power of one state over its rivals Generally disregards economic and socio-cultural considerations, and only allows limited cooperation between states (especially in relations where information about other states’ interests and inclinations is limited) 3. Zero-sum: a relational state wherein a participant's gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other participants (assuming that total gains of the participants are added, and the total losses are subtracted, the numerical result will sum to zero) Particularly useful in competitive relations, and explains economic behaviour such as opportunity cost and absolute advantage Non-zero sum: a relational state wherein all participants act based upon their respective efficient capabilities...
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...some equality in the sense that if you do not commit any violent acts, other people will not be violent towards you. However this can be said not to be true as so many innocent civilian become victims of violent assault, such as in our real life situation of the attacks at the Ariana Grand concert where over many innocent children, teenagersand adults were injured and killed. This leads us to the next topic of equality. Hannah Arendt engaged in forming an equal society. In fact she was so determined, she even considered the right to vote “secondary” and the “right to home and marriage” more important. This can be also be seen through some of her statements such as “"right to marry whoever one wishes" or "inalienable human rights to 'life, liberty and pursuit of happiness proclaimed in the Declaration of Independence.'”, which both suggest that she was for a free society where everyone...
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...Constitution | Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2000, 1997, 1994 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course is an introduction to the historical, political, philosophical, and economic roots of the U.S. Constitution. It first reviews the philosophical arguments of the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, those that supported and opposed ratification of the Constitution. The course then examines milestone Supreme Court decisions and the Court’s evolving interpretations of the Constitution. This course focuses on the first ten amendments of the Constitution, known as the Bill of Rights, and the issues of slavery and civil rights as seen through major court decisions. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: • University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. • Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed...
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...Bradbury's novel, Fahrenheit 451, was written at the onset of the fifties as a call to the American people to reflect on how the dominant social values of their times were effecting both the lives of individual Americans and their government. Fahrenheit 451 attacks utopian government and focuses on society's foolishness of always being politically correct. (Mogen 113). According to Mogen, Fahrenheit 451 depicts a world in which the American Dream has turned into a nightmare because it has been superficially understood. (Mogen 107) In order to understand Bradley's social critique, it is essential to realize that he wrote Fahrenheit 451 in the wake of World War II and the early days of the Cold War, in a political climate that was increasingly favoring security over the civil liberties of individuals (Mogen 124, 114). Due to the Cold War, Americans continuously felt threatened by the idea of communism and the idea of hostility from communist countries (Mogen 115). Any association with communism would immediately ostracize an American politician (Mogen 115). In Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury displays a futuristic utopian society where "the people did not read books, enjoy nature, spend time by themselves, think independently, or have meaningful conversations." (Mogen 111). About sixty years later, some would argue that our society has been guilty of similar downfalls. (Book Rags) The government in Fahrenheit 451 bans books because they do not appreciate the thoughts books created peoples minds...
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...A TEACHER’S GUIDE TO THE SIGNET CLASSIC EDITION OF BOOKER T. WASHINGTON’S UP FROM SLAVERY By VIRGINIA L. SHEPHARD, Ph.D., Florida State University S E R I E S E D I T O R S : W. GEIGER ELLIS, ED.D., ARTHEA J. S. REED, PH.D., UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA, EMERITUS and UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, RETIRED A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of Booker T. Washington’s Up from Slavery 2 INTRODUCTION Booker T. Washington’s commanding presence and oratory deeply moved his contemporaries. His writings continue to influence readers today. Although Washington claimed his autobiography was “a simple, straightforward story, with no attempt at embellishment,” readers for nearly a century have found it richly rewarding. Today, Up From Slavery appeals to a wide audience from early adolescence through adulthood. More important, however, is the inspiration his story of hard work and positive goals gives to all readers. His life is an example providing hope to all. The complexity and contradictions of his life make his autobiography intellectually intriguing for advanced readers. To some he was known as the Sage of Tuskegee or the Black Moses. One of his prominent biographers, Louis R. Harlan, called him the “Wizard of the Tuskegee Machine.” Others acknowledged him to be a complicated person and public figure. Students of American social and political history have come to see that Washington lived a double life. Publicly he appeased the white establishment...
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...The Oxford English Dictionary defines freedom as "The state of being able to act without hindrance or restraint, liberty of action". More often than not, people do not take the time to realize all of the freedoms in existence around the world today. Take a moment and realize the importance of freedom based upon the many struggles today and in the past for this ideal. Many major campaigns, wars, and conflicts have been driven by the conquest for freedom. The definition of freedom can be explained best using the literary concepts of description, exemplification, and negation. Freedom is a very complicated word to define in any one way. It presents many challenges in our direction. It can be interpreted various ways because there are so many freedoms that are available to discuss and consult. If people were not allowed basic freedoms, such as freedom of speech, the world would be a drastically different place to live in. Freedom has never come easily and most likely never will for anyone or any place. People with great freedom in their lives are always proud and delighted at the achievement. Malinowski wrote, "Freedom is a symbol which stands for a sublime and powerful ideal. The same symbol, however, may become a dangerous weapon in the hands of the enemies of freedom". Indeed, freedom is quite powerful and when the wrong person possesses the power, it can become very limiting upon society's basic freedoms. Bronislaw Malinowski wrote, "Freedom can be defined as...
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...improved through b. human reason, science, and religious toleration. 5. Ch01-005-p007 The House of Burgesses was c. the first representative assembly in North America. 6. Ch01-006-p008 A social contract theory of government was proposed by d. Locke and Hobbes. 7. Ch01-007-p009 Locke's Second Treatise on Civil Government sets out a theory of e. natural rights. 8. Ch01-008-p010 Congress's authority to check the president's judicial appointment power is a concept that can be attributed largely to the ideas of d. Charles-Louis, the Second Baron of Montesquieu. 9. Ch01-009-p010 Why was indirect democracy a necessary alternative to direct democracy? b. It became increasingly difficult to bring all the colonists together in the decision-making process. 10. Ch01-010-p010 Aristotle attempted to devise a way to classify governments. Critical to his analyses was knowledge of d. whom citizens were ruled by and in whose interest. 11. Ch01-011-p011 In an oligarchy, rule is by b. the few. 12. Ch01-012-p011 American political culture embodies many key concepts including I. absolute personal liberty. II. political equality. III. majority rule. IV. individualism. e. II, III, and IV 13. Ch01-013-p012 The ________ expanded Americans' conceptions of personal...
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...A Comparative Study of Metaphor in British and United States of America (US) Political Discourse Student’s Name University Affiliation Comparative Study of Metaphor in British and United States of America (US) Political Discourse Abstract This study offers a research on the application of metaphor in the discourse of cultural and political aspects between these two countries; The United States of America and Great Britain. As a result, this is an analysis of the various factors related to the perspective in terms of the cultural and socio-political phenomenon, in which a lot of attention is placed on the elements ascertaining the pragmatic, variable, and cognitive details of the British and US's political discourses: The inaugural speeches of four US presidents and party political manifestos of two British political parties during the period between 1974 and 1997 are analysed. The main purpose of undertaking this kind of comparative study of the British and the American political discourses is quite evident, these discourses symbolize intriguing and complex methods of cultural values and political differences as depicted in the respective linguistic contexts. The key findings are that metaphors from the domains of conflict, journey and buildings are general across the divide. However, the British corpus contain metaphors that draw on the source domain of plants whereas the American corpus hugely draws on source domains like fire and light and the physical environments that are...
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