...experimentally apply the concepts of the law of reflection and Snell’s law to reflected and transmitted light using a beam of light, a mirror, a plexiglass prism, and a small container of water. The law of reflection states that Θi = Θr (the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection). Transmitted light is subject to Snell’s law, which holds that n1sinΘ1 = n2sinΘ2, where n is the medium’s distinct index of refraction. Using a tabletop setting, a beam of light was first directed towards a mirror at three distinct angles (small, medium, and large). Diagrams were drawn and the angles of incidence and reflection were calculated from measured αi and αr (the angles between the rays of light and the mirror surface). To investigate Snell’s law, a beam of light was directed at a plexiglass prism at three distinct angles (small, medium, and large). Diagrams were constructed and the measured angles α1, α2, α3, and α4 were used to calculate Θ1, Θ2, Θ3, and Θ4. Using these values and the accepted index of refraction for air (n = 1.00), experimental indices for plexiglass were calculated from Snell’s law (n1sinΘ1 = n2sinΘ2). To further investigate Snell’s law using another medium, a beam of light was passed through a container of water. A diagram was drawn and Θ1, Θ2, Θ3, and Θ4 were calculated from measured angles α1, α2, α3, and α4. Using these Θ values and the accepted index of refraction for air, an experimental index of refraction for water was calculated from Snell’s law...
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...researchers because these media can support negative reflection and refraction. That is; when a perfect electric conductor (PEC) interface is placed in a chiral nihility medium, only a backward wave can be seen as a reflected wave, whereas in chiral media two reflected forward waves can exist [7,22-25]. is the modal effective refractive index. For guided modes to occur within the core and evanescent tails within the cladding we require: 0 and 0 2 2 2 2 c f k k . For surface modes to evolve along an interface between two media, opposite permittivity and permeability (such as DNM and chiral material as in our study) must be realized [26] along that interface. Since these waves decay exponentially far away from the interface in both...
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...On this assignment, I will explain reflection, refraction, and Optics. Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its transmission medium. This is most commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another at any angle other than 90° or 0°. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon, but any type of wave can refract when it interacts with a medium, for example when sound waves pass from one medium into another or when water waves move into water of a different depth. One real example is when you stick your hand in a pond or a lake, and it looks as if your forearm has been bent. Reflection is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated. In computer science, reflection is the ability of a computer program to examine and modify the structure and behavior of the program at runtime. Reflection also occurs at the surface of transparent media, such as water or glass. An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of extruded glass or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. The degragation of signal strength can be caused by light scattering, molecular level irregularities in the glass structure, and UV-Vis-IR absorption. References: Optical fiber - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved August 3, 2014, from...
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...Pamela Perez Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to observe and measure the reflection, refraction, and dispersion of light through mirrors, lenses, and prisms. The experiment involved the interactive use of light to measure quantities that could be used to find properties of the given materials. The results of our experiment yielded focal lengths of 56mm for a concave mirror and 76mm for a convex mirror as well as an index of refraction of acrylic plastic equal to 1.46, and 1.39 with a θ_Critical, =46 Introduction The experiment allowed for an illustration of the different behaviors that light rays undergoing reflection, refractions, and dispersion display when used with different light reflection mediums. Throughout this experiment, observing how the physical properties of light govern the way light behaves when shone upon these mediums, provided a way to link its relationships and apply equations that measured the relationship between the radius of curvature and the focal length. EQ 1: f=1/2 R Where f is the focal length, and R is the radius of curvature. Another equation used to observe and measure...
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...Experiment 9: Reflection, Refraction, and Total Internal Reflection Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to study the laws of reflection, refraction and total internal reflection, to measure the focal length of mirrors with convex and concave mirrors, and to measure the index of refraction of water. Theory: In this experiment, we learned that the angle of incidence θi is the angle that the incident ray makes in regards to the normal one. Also, the angle of reflection θr is the angle that the reflected ray produces from the normal one. Also, we discussed how the law of reflection is used to explain the behavior of the incident and reflected rays. According to Snell’s law, we observed that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal line to the surface, all lie in the same plane and θi=θr. During the experiment we analyzed, the light striking the interface between two transparent materials and part of the light was reflected. The angle of the reflection equaled to the angle of incidence. The rest was passed along the interface and the ray entered that entered the second material was refracted. When light travels from medium #1, with a refractive index being n1, into the medium #2, with refractive index n2, the equation sinθ1= n2sinθ2. Lastly, we did a test that shows that when a light passes from a medium of large refractive index into one of small refractive index, the refracted ray it produces bends away from the normal because of...
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...Chapter 1 Refraction of Light 1. Reflection always occurs when a ray hits any surface such that: a. The incident [SI] ray and the reflected ray [IR) lie on the same side with respect to the surface. b. The incident ray [SI] and the reflected ray [IR) lie on opposite sides with respect to the Normal (NI). c. The angle of incidence (i) is always equal to the angle of reflection (r). R R N N Reflected ray Reflected ray Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) i i r r S S I I Surface Surface Incident ray Incident ray Source of light Source of light 2. Refraction occurs when light traverses from one transparent medium into another transparent medium hence the surface separating the two media should also be transparent. d. When refraction occurs: i. The incident ray [SI] and the refracted ray [IS’) lie on opposite sides with respect to the surface. ii. The incident ray [SI] and the refracted ray [IS’) lie on opposite sides with respect to the Normal (NI). iii. The angle of incidence (i) is either greater or smaller than the angle of refraction (i’) except when the incident ray is perpendicular to the surface where i = i’. Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Normal (Perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence I) Transparent Medium 1: Where the incident...
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...Experiement 9 Melodi Hay Tuesday 2-3:50pm October 27, 2014 Purpose: The purpose of the experiment is to study the laws of reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection; to measure the focal lengths of the mirrors with convex and concave surfaces; and to measure the index of refraction of water. Theory: If a ray of light is incident on a flat surface: the angle of incidence a is the angle that the incident ray makes with respect to the normal, which is a line drawn perpendicular to the surface at the point of incidence. The angle of reflection r is the angle that the reflected ray makes with the normal. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the normal to the surface all lie in the same plane, called the place of incidence, and the angle of reflection r equals the angle of incidence a – the Law of Reflection describes the behavior of the incident and reflected rays: a = r When light strikes the interface between two transparent materials, such as air and water, the light generally divides into two parts. Part of the light is reflected, with the angle of reflection equaling the angle of incidence. The remainder is transmitted across the interface. If the incident ray does not strike the interface at normal incidence, the transmitted ray has a different direction than the incident ray. The ray that enters the second material is said to be refracted. When light travels from a material with refractive index a into a material with refractive index b,...
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...* Lab Report: Reflection and Refraction Name: Sample Data and Answers DATA PROCEDURE A: Bouncing Light off a Flat Mirror FLAT MIRROR Angle of Incidence | Angle of Reflection | 24° | 23° | 45° | 45° | 63° | 63° | DATA PROCEDURE B: Bouncing Light off a Concave Mirror CONCAVE MIRROR Angle of Incidence | Angle of Reflection | 18° | 18.5° | 45° | 45° | 64° | 66° | DATA PROCEDURE C: Bouncing Light off a Convex Mirror CONVEX MIRROR Angle of Incidence | Angle of Reflection | 33° | 32° | 45° | 44° | 62° | 60° | DATA PROCEDURE D: The Bending of Light by Refraction REFRACTION: Calculated Index of Refraction, 1.33 INTERFACE 1 — From air into acrylic | INTERFACE 2 — From acrylic into air | Incident angle(in air) | Refracted angle(in acrylic) | Incident angle(in acrylic) | Refracted angle(in air) | 21° | 14° | 16° | 21° | 45° | 32° | 32° | 41° | 63° | 40° | 41° | 63° | PROCEDURE D: REFRACTION – Plot of versus from DataStudio, with the Linear Fit. DATA PROCEDURE E: Observing Dispersion DISPERSION At the Dispersion Interface(Light traveling from acrylic into air.) | Index of Refraction of Acrylic | Incident angle | Refracted angle(in air) | | | RED light | BLUE light | For RED light | For BLUE light | 20° | 26.3° | 27.9° | 1.30 | 1.37 | QUESTIONS PROCEDURES A, B, C: Bouncing Light off Mirrors * 1. According to the Law of Reflection, the incident angle and the reflection angle must be...
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...Module 3 The Nature and Properties of Light What this module is about Most of the things that you know you have learned about through your eyes. You can only see if there is light. Light makes you see shapes and colors. Light also helps you identify objects both near and far. But what is light? In this module you will learn about the nature and properties of light in the following lessons: Lesson 1 – Lesson 2 – Lesson 3 – Lesson 4 – The Nature of Light Reflection and Mirrors Refraction and Lenses Colors, Interference and Polarization What you are expected to learn After studying the lessons in this module, you are expected to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. state the different theories about the nature of light; demonstrate reflection properties of light using mirrors; describe the image formed by mirrors; show the refraction properties of light using lenses; give applications of total internal reflection; describe the image formed by lenses; enumerate the colors that make up white light; explain what causes colors of object; and cite applications of diffractions, interference and polarization of light. How to learn from this module Here is a simple guide for you in going about the module. 1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully. 2. Take the pretest (20-item multiple-choice test) to determine how much you know about the lessons in the module. 3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page of the module. 4. Be very honest in taking the test...
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...Magdurulang, Emmanuel Lim. June 12, 2013 PHY11-2/B2 Prof. Kristine Gecain Homework # 4: Refraction of Light Magdurulang, Emmanuel Lim. June 12, 2013 PHY11-2/B2 Prof. Kristine Gecain Homework # 4: Refraction of Light Diffuse reflection Light rays that are reflected from a surface and broken up and scattered into different directions. Specular reflection Reflection (as of light by a mirror) at a surface having irregularities small as compared with the wavelength of the incident radiation Index of refraction The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a medium under consideration Snell’s Law It gives the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction for a wave impinging on an interface between two media with different indices of refraction. The law follows from the boundary condition that a wave be continuous across a boundary, which requires that the phase of the wave be constant on any given plane. Refracted wave During refraction velocity and wavelength of waves change however, frequency of waves stay constant. Dispersion Visible light is actually made up of different colors. Each color bends by a different amount when refracted by glass. Optics Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Lens A lens is an optical device...
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...Refraction, Reflection and Optics ITT Technical Institute Physical Networking – NT1310 11/10/2014 Refraction, Reflection and Optics Refraction The most common real life example used when discussing refraction is a straw in water. When a straw is placed in a glass of water and viewed from the side, it appears to be broken or bent. This is due to the difference in the refractive indices of air and water. Since water is denser than air, the straw appears to bend as the light it reflects is slowed by the density of the water. This phenomenon also makes submerged objects, such as fish look closer to the surface than they actually are. Another common example is a rainbow, where sunlight is refracted by raindrops. Sunlight consists of a mixture of different wavelengths, or colors, of light, with blue, for example, having a shorter wavelength than red. When this light passes through raindrops, the shorter wavelengths are bent more than the longer ones, splitting the light into its different colors. Reflection Pretty much everything you see could be considered reflection. The fact we can see is due to light reflecting off of objects and into our eyes. A good example, I guess, is the moon. When it glows at night that is just light from the sun reflecting onto the Moon's surface, and bouncing back, giving it that glow. Degradation of signal strength in fiber-optic transmission Some of the main factors that cause degradation are electromagnetic fields, heat, quality of fiber...
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...Lenses Reflection We describe the path of light as straight-line rays Reflection off a flat surface follows a simple rule: angle in (incidence) equals angle out (reflection) angles measured from surface “normal” (perpendicular) Reflection Vocabulary Real Image – Image is made from “real” light rays that converge at a real focal point so the image is REAL Can be projected onto a screen because light actually passes through the point where the image appears Always inverted Reflection Vocabulary Virtual Image– “Not Real” because it cannot be projected Image only seems to be there! Virtual Images in Plane Mirrors Hall Mirror Useful to think in terms of images LEFT- RIGHT REVERSAL Curved mirrors What if the mirror isn’t flat? light still follows the same rules, with local surface normal Parabolic mirrors have exact focus used in telescopes, backyard satellite dishes, etc. also forms virtual image Concave Mirrors Curves inward May be real or virtual image For a real object between f and the mirror, a virtual image is formed behind the mirror. The image is upright and larger than the object. Convex Mirrors Curves outward Reduces images Virtual images Use: Rear view mirrors, store security… Refraction Light also goes through some things glass, water, eyeball, air The presence of material slows light’s progress interactions with electrical properties of atoms The “light slowing factor” is called the index of refraction glass...
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...../ Refraction is the bending of a wave front as the wave front passes between two substances in which the speed of the wave differs ../ The angle of refraction 8r is the angle between the refracted ray and normal line ../ Refraction occurs when light's velocity changes ../ When light moves from one medium to another, part of it is reflected and part is refracted; the frequency of the light does not change during refraction ../ When the light ray moves from air into glass, the refracted ray is bent toward the normal; when the light ray moves from glass to air is bent away from the normal ../ The index of refraction is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given transparent medium; indices of refraction are in the reference table ../ If the light moves from medium 1 to medium 2., Snell's law determines the angle of refraction 82: nlsin81 = n2sin82 ../ A lens is a transparent object that refracts light rays such that they converge or diverge to create and image ../ When rays of light pass through a converging lens (thicker at the middle), they are bent inward; when they pass through a diverging lens (thicker at the edge), they are bent outward ../ Farsightedness can be corrected with converging lenses; nearsightedness can be corrected with diverging lenses ../ The total internal reflection is the complete reflection that takes place within a substance when the angle of incidence of light striking the surface boundary is greater than the critical...
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...Unit 7. Assignment 1. Refraction, Reflection and Optics Refraction: The most common real life example used when discussing refraction is a straw in water. When a straw is placed in a glass of water and viewed from the side, it appears to be broken or bent. This is due to the difference in the refractive indices of air and water. Since water is denser than air, the straw appears to bend as the light it reflects is slowed by the density of the water. This phenomenon also makes submerged objects, such as fish look closer to the surface than they actually are. Another common example is a rainbow, where sunlight is refracted by raindrops. Sunlight consists of a mixture of different wavelengths, or colors, of light, with blue, for example, having a shorter wavelength than red. When this light passes through raindrops, the shorter wavelengths are bent more than the longer ones, splitting the light into its different colors. Reflection: Pretty much everything you see could be considered reflection. The fact we can see is due to light reflecting off of objects and into our eyes. A good example, I guess, is the moon. When it glows at night that is just light from the sun reflecting onto the Moon's surface, and bouncing back, giving it that glow. Degradation of signal strength in fiber-optic transmission. The main factors that affect this is number of connectors, splicing, Quality of Fiber / connectors, also not using an Attenuator according to the distance, or using dirty attenuators...
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...the end of a medium they do not stop. In reference to light waves, when light moves through one medium to another three things can happen: reflection, absorption and transmission. Some waves will reflect off the boundary, while others will transfer into the new medium, the transmitted wave may refract if the waves hit the boundary at an angle. Reflection: Reflection is when light hits a surface and bounces back. When a ray reaches a surface, it is called the incident ray and the the ray that reflects of the surface is called the reflected ray. The reflection of light waves obey the law of reflection; the normal (a line perpendicular to the plane/surface) is the point where the incident ray and reflected ray meet, the angle of incidence (the angle at which the incident ray hits the surface) will be equal to the angle of reflection (the angle that the reflected ray reflects from the surface). Absorption: Absorption is when energy from light is transferred to a surface material, the energy typically creates heat in small amounts. A surface that absorbs light stops light from reflecting. We see colour because different objects absorb different wavelengths and reflect others. Refraction: A medium is an object or substance where light passes through. Refraction refers to the bending of light when it travels from one medium to another. Refraction occurs due to the change in optical density, when light passes through a medium which is less optically dense, it will travel fast, but as...
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