Despite the previous historiographical debate of Reginald Oshkosh as a inauthentic or authentic indigenous leader, Frederick Hoxie’s 1997 journal article begins to hint at the understanding of Reginald Oshkosh as an economic intermediary figure- which marks a distinct shift away from previous conceptions. While Hoxie’s article focuses on tribes other than the Menominees and their interactions with the American government and press, it briefly makes mention to the dedication of the National American Indian Memorial in 1913 (a monument that was never completed and does not exist today). The dedication consisted of the “breaking of the first spade” in the ground where the memorial was to stand, and Hoxie comments how “the event's white organizers