...Regionalism Phaedra Rosengarth ENG302 November 29, 2010 Judith Glass Regionalism Literature which highlights a specific geographical setting and the history, manners, and folkways of the area in order to shape the lives of the characters is known as regionalism. The foothills and central coast regions of California are described in detail in the stories, “The Outcasts of Poker Flat,” by Bret Harte and “The Joy Luck Club,” by Amy Tan, and the poem, “The Purse Seine,” by Robinson Jeffers. “The Outcasts of Poker Flat” by Bret Harte is set approximately halfway between the mining camps of Poker Flat and Sandy Bar, located in the foothills of the Sierra Nevadas, during the California Gold Rush in November 1850. The main characters are the Duchess, a prostitute; John Oakhurst, a gambler; Mother Shipton, a madam (who owns the prostitute Duchess); Tom Simson, a very innocent young man; Uncle Billy, a thief and drunk; and Piney Woods, who is Tom Simson’s bride-to-be. The best description of the original camp site is “a wooded amphitheatre, surrounded on three sides by precipitous cliffs of naked granite, sloped gently toward the crest of another precipice that overlooked the valley” (Perkins and Perkins, 2009, p. 1179). This shows how rugged and steep the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California are. The inhabitants of Poker Flat hope to improve the town by banishing a group of undesirables: expert gambler John Oakhurst; a prostitute known as Duchess; her madam, Mother Shipton;...
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...Do contemporary regionalist and micro-nationalist movements threaten democracy in Europe or, conversely, present it with new opportunities? Twenty years ago, the wall that was separating West and East Germany was opened and the Cold War came to an end. The breakdown of the Soviet Union and the collapse of Communism that accompanied it brought about the victory of market economy and democracy in Europe. It also engendered the emergence of new states in the East and the resurgence of nationalism across the continent. Czechoslovakia disappeared in 1992 with the creation of the Czech and Slovak republics, Yugoslavia has been torn apart by ethnic conflict and Kosovo is still fighting for its independence.[1] Indeed, the map of Europe has experienced considerable transformations. Over the last decades, the European Union has grown at a rapid pace and has accelerated its enlargement process gradually eroding frontiers and challenging its citizens with new forms of loyalty. While the integration process consistently expands and deepens, so does the need for more democracy which some perceived of suffering from a deficit in the Union. Since 1989, the revival of regional identity has strongly been felt and regionalist and micro-nationalist movements have gained in political strength, representation and size; they have achieved a certain notoriety. Across the community, those movements question the nature of the nation-state, which they often view as obsolete, and present...
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...Community and the feeling of belong is something many people wish to have in their lives. For many people, their community is a part of their personality, and Appalachia is no different. A common practice in Appalachia, especially in the more rural areas in Appalachia use regionalism to describe their communities. Regionalism is used when someone describes where they live. Rather than saying what city or town a person is from, they talk about their county or even area of the state (Rehder, 2004). An example is saying “I live in Boone County” or “southern West Virginia” rather than saying “I live in Madison.” Regionalism was commonly used at the Davis Child Shelter as well. Even after being displaced, and moved from placement to placement, many...
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...Regionalism versus Multilateralism Taking one step back to take two steps forward One would be hard-pressed to a find a country in the world today which is not a member of a regional agreement. In fact, most countries are members of numerous such agreements. Regionalism, multilateralism, globalization and interdependence are all phrases that are heard and used often. The problem, then, is not the recognition of these issues, but rather reaching some form of consensus on what their implications will be. In recent years, the growth of regional trade agreements has been one of the most significant developments in international relations, and the impact of these agreements on the multilateral trading system as well as on the economic and political relationships between countries, is a topic on which both economists and policymakers are divided. The available literature on this subject is overwhelming, with authors that include Paul Krugman, Alan Winters and Jagdish Bhagwati. This paper will provide a brief overview of the different stages of regional integration, examples of such regional agreements, and the basic elements of each type of regional agreement. Thereafter, I will give my own opinion on the rise of regionalism and the global implications this phenomena holds. Table 1: Stages of economic integration, their basic elements and examples of agreements Stages of Economic Integration Basic elements & examples of agreements Basic elements and examples of agreements ...
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...Regionalism in Twain’s Huck Finn Name Institution Regionalism in Twain’s Huck Finn The novel is a regionalism literature because it depicts the way of characters from diverse geographical locations like the south, Mississippi and the north. Regionalism can be seen in the experiences Huckleberry has with people and nature in the dry land and the Mississippi River. In chapter 1, Huck says that a spider crawled up his shoulder as a negative sign. This is an educated white man from the South. In chapter 2 Jim says how he was bewitched. Jim was a black slave that was uneducated and had not grown up in a free life. But we see both of them having almost similar belief system. Both being from the South, it was a depiction of their superstitions as influenced by culture and region (Twain, 1990). In the Mississippi, we see when Pap is drunk in chapter 5 and in his orgy expresses the attitude of the people from the South about slavery and talks about voting rights of black people. This indicates that those in Free State in the North were more liberal. Later, Jim is found to have stolen a dress and the people want to kill him to scare away black people from attempting to escape. Still we meet people in the same region as Pap but who have the blacks and support slavery. Huck and Jim drift southwards in the Mississippi because at first, the river seemed a happy haven as it gave them freedom. From chapter 16, they get into one problem after another. Solving the problems get them involuntarily...
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...Brazilian Regionalism and Patriarchy in the 20th Century Since early on in its colonial history, Brazilian society has been dominated by explicit hierarchical constructs and staunch regionalism. The patriarchal system that is found in Brazil has its roots in the colonial government set up by the Portuguese in the 1500’s. The rugged terrain and dispersion of resources resulted in only certain areas, mostly along the coast, being developed early on, developing a lack of strong centralization leading to the emergence of deep-rooted regionalism. As Brazil advanced into the 19th century it usurped Portugal as the seat of their colonial empire, effectively gaining its independence. During this time Brazil’s institutions of patriarchy and regionalism further cemented themselves into the culture of the country, becoming part of its identity and can still be seen in Brazil to this day. These institutions were so deeply ingrained into Brazilian society as the country moved into the modern era and came under the rule of a military dictatorship, though they still exerted a lot of influence in terms of political and social decision making, patriarchy and regionalism underwent some alterations to adapt to the changes of the times (i.e. the abolition of slavery). In 1930 Getulio Vargas staged a military coup and seized control of Brazil for himself, beginning the dictatorship that would last until the 1980’s, with the exception of the countries brief experimentation with a democratic...
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...ECE 2980 – Inventing an Information Society Second Essay Assignment Analyze how regionalism and nationalism are related to different modes of listening to the radio in the United States from 1920 to 1980. For long it has been discussed how the radio changed the American people – but this analysis is far too diverse and particular to each individual, since the United States have a wide arrange of ethnicity, religions, races, generations and other remarkable differences between different people. This essay will therefore focus on how the different modes of listening to the radio brought together different nation feelings to society in different timings and places. A Cornell scholar, Benedict Anderson, while reflecting about the emerge of nationalism in one country said one day that it had to be imagined, since all the nation elements and individuals may never meet one another and “yet in the mind of each lives the image of their communion”. The first notable change in general knowledge and feeling about a nation was conceived on the newspaper, that would allow several people to read the same stories about the nation and its people at the same time. The newspaper was the first proof of a country to a regular citizen that through it, would get to know people from distant lands with whom he would share his first sense of non-local community. The importance of the radio wasn’t shadowed by the newspaper’s prior timing. Radio added one more sense to the world...
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...trade arrangements help or hinder multilateral liberalization. It depends on certain circumstances. Since regional trade liberalization is both discrimination and liberalization, its implications are profoundly ambiguous. Liberalizing on a regional basis means liberalizing on a discriminatory basis. Therein lays the two-sided nature of regionalism. The “liberalization” part in “discriminatory liberalization” is generally good since it removes artificial barriers between domestic and some foreign producers. The “discrimination” part, by contrast, is generally bad since it creates new barriers between various foreign producers. Plainly then, one cannot know whether regionalism helps or hinders multilateralism based on pure logic. This brings us to the state of the debate. The key risks of regionalism is that regional liberalization is a substitute for multilateral liberation and regionalism shifts power in worrying directions specifically it fosters greater dominance of small nations by hegemonic powers, and it increases the chances of inter-bloc trade war. The regionalism-is-a stumbling- bloc school focuses on the discrimination. The regionalism-is-a-building bloc school focuses on the liberalization. Reciprocal liberalization of most kinds tends to strengthen pro-trade political economy forces while at the same time weakening the anti-trade political economy forces, and this within each of the participating nations. Fascism is organized around the primacy of the nation and...
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...1. What is regionalism? How many forms of regionalism exist? Please, give explanation to each of them. Generally speaking, the idea if regionalism refers to political ideology that concerned about the interests of a particular region (group of regions). It is a political movement advocating greater control by regions over the political, economic and social subjects of their regions (ex.: by setting up political and administrative institutions with legislative powers). There are various forms of regionalism exist. Traditional (conservative) regionalism: demands the same treatment as the other regions of the state on the basis of equal rights (French Communist and Socialist parties in France in 1950s, they took the lead in regional coalitions demanding on the basis of their citizenship).Modernist (liberalist) regionalism: demands for control over the region’s affairs, usually on the basis of rights of an ethnic (linguistic) group. This form is closely allied to federalism in EU countries. Separatist (irredentist) regionalism: demands to set up an independent state on the basis of the principle of the right to the national self-determination. (ex.: may be found in Spain (Catalonia, Galicia, and Basque) and in UK (Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland)). 2. How can we explain the phenomenon of regionalism in EU? The “phenomenon of regionalism”, in short, is uneven development of the regions of the state. So, it can be explained by many casual factors which are more specifically...
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...Disclosure Authorized Regional Trade Agreements Caroline Freund Emanuel Ornelas Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bank Development Research Group Trade and Integration Team May 2010 Policy Research Working Paper 5314 Abstract This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on regionalism. The formation of regional trade agreements has been, by far, the most popular form of reciprocal trade liberalization in the past 15 years. The discriminatory character of these agreements has raised three main concerns: that trade diversion would be rampant, because special interest groups would induce governments to form the most distortionary agreements; that broader external trade liberalization would stall or reverse; and that multilateralism could be undermined. Theoretically, all of these concerns are legitimate, although there are also several theoretical arguments that oppose them. Empirically, neither widespread trade diversion nor stalled external liberalization has materialized, while the undermining of multilateralism has not been properly tested. There are also several aspects of regionalism that have received too little attention from researchers, but which are central to understanding its causes and consequences. This paper—a product of the Trade and Integration Team, Development Research Group—is part of a larger effort in the department to understand how regional trade agreements are affecting trade patterns and external...
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...Economic integration, process in which two or more states in a broadly defined geographic area reduce a range of trade barriers to advance or protect a set of economic goals. The level of integration involved in an economic regionalist project can vary enormously from loose association to a sophisticated, deeply integrated, transnationalized economic space. It is in its political dimension that economic integration differs from the broader idea of regionalism in general. Although economic decisions go directly to the intrinsically political question of resource allocation, an economic region can be deployed as a technocratic tool by the participating government to advance a clearly defined and limited economic agenda without requiring more than minimal political alignment or erosion of formal state sovereignty. The unifying factor in the different forms of economic regionalism is thus the desire by the participating states to use a wider, transnationalized sense of space to advance national economic interests. Forms of economic integration Although there are many different forms of economic integration, perhaps the most convenient way to order the concept is to think of a continuum that ranges from loose association at one end to an almost complete merging of national economies at the other end. Although it is far from a given that positive experiences in the simpler forms of economic integration will lead to a deepening of the process to increasingly integrated shared economic...
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...REGIONALISM IN AFRICA : A PART OF PROBLEM OR A PART OF SOLUTION Margaret LEE AAPS INTRODUCTION Regionalism, as defined in this paper, encompasses efforts by a group of nations to enhance their economic, political, social, or cultural interaction. Such efforts can take on different forms, including regional cooperation, market integration, development integration, and regional integration. African leaders have long envisaged regionalism as a viable strategy to pursue with a view to uniting the continent both politically and economically. While regionalism in Africa has taken on different forms to accommodate the changing national, regional, and international environment, all organizations that aim to integrate regional economies in Africa have adopted market integration as a component of their strategy, with a view to increasing intra-regional trade. Market integration is the linear progression of degrees of integration beginning with a free trade area (or in some cases a preferential trade area) and ending with total economic integration. The model for such integration is the European Union (EU). Notwithstanding the fact that market integration has failed miserably on the continent,1 it continues to be highly regarded by most African leaders as a solution to Africa’ growing marginalization within the world economy. The creation of NAFTA s (North American Free Trade Agreement) and the movement toward EU monetary integration, only served to reinforce the commitment African...
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...sought to establish a community of peace, stability, and prosperity with the common interest of humanity (De Vasconcelos, 2005). This unification has been achieved through the liberalization of four essential freedoms of movement: goods, service, capital, and labour (Molchanov, 2007). Even reconciliation between former enemies, such as France and Germany, came from the understanding that new world order has dampened the ability of nations to solve their problems on their own. Integration at a regional level can be thought of as integral part of globalization as it has become Europe’s primary defense amidst rising global competition (Murray, 2011). In fact, Peter Schmitt-Egner identified the process undertaken by the EU as transnational regionalism, as it seeks to 1: Utilize European integration as arena for transnational learning to foster internal regional development and; 2: Enhance regional competence to create a ‘Europe of Regions of Citizens’ (Schmitt-Egner, 2002). For Europe, regional integration has presented itself as a window of opportunity that allows for: “outward looking trade policy, internal competitiveness and involvement in cross-border agreements” (Downs, 2002). Traditionally, this European model based on competitiveness and biggest commercial trading powers in the world, rendering Europe to become the most important regional zone with total exports and imports representing upwards of 40% word trade (Sava, 2006). However, the combination of free trade regimes...
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...Report Abstract Environmental design in architecture encompasses factors relating to the natural environment, and can be measured through the various green building council principles and guidelines. However it also needs to be seen holistically as an expression of culture, it defines the human environment. In this way regionalism is important, successful environmental design tempers and is able to manipulate the climate, or human senses, or both, here the thermal experience is introduced and the ecology of heat is important. Today, with the evidence to climate change indisputable, successful tempering, of the climate; this ecology of heat for human comfort range cannot simply be through the air-conditioner, it can turn to GBC's as a first step, but additionally it must look to design for the climate, for regionalism, with specific techniques and strategies. This will be looked at in detail by examining the works of Costa Rican Architect Bruno Stagno, both in his designs for buildings in the tropics, his formation of the Institute of Tropical Architecture (Instituto de Arquitectura Tropical) and his various writings relating to architecture and regionalism. Included in this is his approach to eco principles and how this has, and could benefit a Costa Rican GBC adoption of LEED. Introduction With today's contemporary architectural discourse, and indeed building industry, an outsider looking in can be excused for thinking environmental design is simply the application of...
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...country and not in its development; it encouraged various divisions based on religion, region, caste and language and did not pursue any plan or strategy for a balanced development of the country.These resulted in regional imbalances,and group identities. Subsequently, the independent India saw the rise of regionalism, linguism, separatism, etc. In this chapter we will read about the background, causes and nature of these phenomena and possible ways out to check them. All these are related and interconnected. THE REGION A region is a territory, the inhabitants of which have an emotional attachment to it because of commonality of religion,language, usages and customs, socioeconomic and political stages of development, common historical traditions, a common way of living, etc.Any one or more of these, and above all widely prevalent sentiments of togetherness, strengthen the bond. This territory can coincide with the boundaries of a State, parts of State or even with more than one State. A sense of discrimination or competition on economic, political or cultural grounds, desire for justice or favour gives rise to regionalism. Depending on reasons,and related nature, regionalism can be manifested in many ways like demand for autonomy or powers for State,creation of new State, protection of language or culture of the region or separation from the country. REGIONAL DISPARITIES By regional disparities or imbalances is meant wide differences in per capita income, literacy rates...
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