...INTRODUCTION Obesity has already been known for the past several years. Many studies have been made to identify what causes this deficiency. In one of the local TV shows about health, a certain medical doctor said that sleep deprivation can cause obesity. Recently, many researchers and experts have noticed the connection between sleep and weight of a person. Sufficient quantity of sleep is one of the most important factors for a person’s healthy life. Teenagers need more sleep as they grow and develop to maturity. Nowadays, many teenagers especially students have experiencing sleep deprivation due to some factors such as school-related works and net surfing. Recently, evidences have increased affirming that getting insufficient amount of sleep causes a person to gain weight that may be result to obesity. Sleep deprivation causes feelings of fatigue which may lead to reduced physical activities. Sleep deprivation has a hormonal effect that may induce the person’s appetite. Sleep deprivation is very common among adolescents and this has been one of the factors that affect them to gain weight which may sometimes result to obesity. We performed a survey that may show us the proofs that sleep deprivation is linked to weight gain through hormones and physical activities. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Sleep deprivation today is very common among adolescents especially students that affect their activities and health. It might be contributed to weight gain that sometimes results to obesity...
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...PERSPECTIVE SERIES On diabetes: insulin resistance Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance Gerald I. Shulman Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Address correspondence to: Gerald I. Shulman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 254C Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. Phone: (203) 785-5447; Fax: (203) 737-4059; E-mail: gerald.shulman@yale.edu. It is estimated that by the year 2020 there will be approximately 250 million people affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide (1). Although the primary factors causing this disease are unknown, it is clear that insulin resistance plays a major role in its development. Evidence for this comes from (a) the presence of insulin resistance 10–20 years before the onset of the disease (2, 3); (b) cross-sectional studies demonstrating that insulin resistance is a consistent finding in patients with type 2 diabetes (3–6); and (c) prospective studies demonstrating that insulin resistance is the best predictor of whether or not an individual will later become diabetic (2, 3). Here, I focus on some recent advances in our understanding of human insulin resistance that have been made using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This technique takes advantage of the spin properties of the nuclei of certain isotopes...
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...layers in descending order are: * Stratum basale * Stratum Spinosum * Stratum Granulosum * Stratum Licidum * Stratum Corneum Stratum basale-has cells that are shaped like columns. In this layers the cells divide and push already formed cells into higher layers. As the cells move into the higher layers. They flatten and eventually die. The top layer of the epidermis, the Stratum Corneum, is made of dead,flat skin cells that shed about every 2 weeks. 2. Dermis- is a layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues. Its contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles and sweat glands. Components of the Dermis * The dermis is composed of three major types of cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes. Apart from these cells, the dermis is also composed of matrix components such as collagen (which provides strength), elastin (which provides elasticity), and extrafibrillar matrix, an extracellular gel-like substance primarily composed of glycosaminoglycans (most notably hyaluronan), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins. Layers * The upper, Papillary layer, contains a thin arrangement of collagen fibers. * The lower, Reticular layer, is thicker and made of thick collagen fibers that are arranged parallel to...
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...Biochemistry Task 5- Lipids Student ID# Western Governors University 05/21/2015 Biochemistry Task 5- Lipids A. Fat is stored in the body and used as an energy source when not enough energy is available from food. This process involves dismantling the stored fat in fat cells and releasing the components into the bloodstream. The major storage form of fats in our body are triglycerides, which are made up of three fatty acids bound to glycerol. Adipocytes are primary cells that store fat in the triglyceride form. White adipose cells are used to store energy (O’Malley, M. 2014). 1. Triglycerides are the storage molecules that are broken down and used to produce ATP. The triglycerides break down into two different items, glycerol and fatty acids. The triglycerides are formed when glycerol binds to three fatty acid molecules. The fatty acids each break down into 2 carbon parts. Each part of the carbon makes Acetyl CoA. The Acetyl CoA molecule then enters the Citric Acid Cycle before it moves on to the next step, the electron transport chain. The end result of each of these steps is the production of 12 ATP (Hudon-Miller, 2012). B. 1. Saturated fats do not contain a carbon-carbon double bond. Unsaturated fats contain at least on carbon-carbon double bond. The saturated fatty acid chains can stack while the unsaturated fatty acid chains are kinked by the double bond. 2. Saturated fats have a high melting point and are solid at room temperature...
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...NEWER ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS A. Sundaram* , C. R. Anand Moses*, S. Ilango*, V. Seshiah** INTRODUCTION The basic defects in Type 2 diabetes consist of (1) Insulin deficiency (2) Insulin resistance and (3) increased hepatic glucose production (HGP) leading to glucotoxicity, beta cell exhaustion and finally beta cell failure. The treatment strategies to overcome these defects are: 1) Modified meal Plan 2) Exercise 3) Blood glucose lowering drugs and 4) Insulin The current oral blood glucose lowering agents and dietary measures only partially correct the multiple metabolic defects in NIDDM with insulin resistance remaining relatively impervious to treatment Hypoglycaemia and secondary failure are common with presently available sulphonylureas and hence the need for newer blood glucose lowering drugs. In case of NIDDM, a successful new drug should correct atleast one of the major underlying metabolic disturbances. i.e. reduce insulin resistance, enhance insulin production and secretion in response to glucose, suppress exessive hepatic glucose production or improve glucose uptake and utilisation in peripheral tissues particularly, skeletal muscle. Within the last few years three new groups of drugs have been identified and they are: a) Alpha glucosidase inhibitors, eg. Acarbose b) Insulin Sensitizer, eg. Troglitazone. c) Insulin secretoguogues, eg. Glimepiride and Repaglinide The following review will discuss each of these groups of drugs in detail. ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS In human...
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...AP1 Fall 2014 Final Exam Take Home – Due at 5 pm on October 29th. • 1. Homeostasis is an important theme in studying the human body. Discuss homeostatic processes in each of the organ systems we covered this semester. Be sure to include discussion of negative feedback, set points, receptors and effectors. (7 points each) 2. Homeostasis- The tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment. (Saladin, 2015) a. Integumentary System – Homeostasis is critical for our body function, in order to stay in homeostasis the body goes through a process called negative feedback. Negative feedback mechanism in the integumentary system goes through 4 steps in order to maintain homeostasis; 1. There is a stimulus or change in the body. Example. Change in the body temperature. a. If the body is too cold it will trigger shivering to warm your body. b. If your body is too hot it will trigger sweating to release heat. 2. The sensor or receptor (sensory neuron) detects change in your body. 3. The control center (brain) sends out signals and messages to the effector. 4. The effector (muscle or gland) is in charge of restoring the body back to homeostasis. (Saladin, 2015) The body must regulate its own body temperature. Our normal set point is 98.6.When we are overheating our body responds in numerous ways in an effort to cool itself, such as sweating. Alternatively, if our body temperature...
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...Hypothyroid Disease A deficiency of the thyroid hormone leads to hypothyroid disease; a disease that may be characterized both in clinical and pathophysiological manifestations throughout the body system. The most prevalent causes of hypothyroid disease include various autoimmune diseases, medication for hyperthyroid disease, and having had surgery on the thyroid. Other not so common causes of hypothyroidism include certain congenital diseases, pituitary disorder, pregnancy, or a deficiency in iodine. Hypothyroid disease may be divided into primary and secondary hypothyroidism. When there is a deficiency in the synthesis of hormones or damage to thyroid tissue, primary hypothyroidism results. Secondary hypothyroid disease, rather, occurs when there is not enough thyroid-stimulating hormone available. This insufficiency of thyroid-stimulating hormone could be a result of a defect in the anterior pituitary gland. Secondary hypothyroidism may also be caused by an insufficient amount of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, which most likely occurs due to impairment of hypothalamus functioning. Most patients tend to have a diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. Most frequently this disease is found in women over the age of 60. Autoimmune disorders put a patient at an even higher risk for developing hypothyroidism, as does a family history of autoimmune disorders. In order to test for levels of thyroid hormone or thyroid-stimulating hormone within the body a blood test may be done...
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...be split up into two groups depending on their BMI percentage, (30-40) and (41-50). A self-injection of placebo, 1 mg or 3 mg of leptin per kilogram of body weight will be given to each participant. They will have blood levels draw with a combined weigh in and will write in their journals daily. It is predicted that 1 mg and 3 mg per kilogram of body weight, of Leptin will reduce body weight within the smaller BMI percentage group of 30-40 but no significance in the larger BMI group 41-50 due to a higher chance of leptin resistance. Role and Effects of Leptin on Obese Patients Leptin and ghrelin are both hormones that play a crucial role in an individual’s appetite, weight control, and glucose homeostasis. Leptin is formed by mature adipocytes in a quantity which associates positively with the mass of the adipose tissue (Otto-Buczkowska & Chobot, Part II, 2012). It first crosses the blood-brain barriers to the central nervous system (CNS), where it activates the autonomic nervous system and binds to receptors in the brain that ultimately tells the body how much to eat and inhibits ones appetite. Leptin’s position in the CNS is to suppress food intake and stimulate energy outflow. It is “primarily synthesized and secreted by white adipose tissue (WAT) which decreases body weight by both suppressing appetitie and promoting energy expenditure by directly targeting the hypothalamic neurons (Haitao & Zhengquan, 2014). Ghrelin also known as the “the hunger hormone” is also...
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...Two integrated division of study Anatomy: study of the structure of the body; morphology Physiology: study of the function of the body; how does it work Fields of anatomy Gross anatomy: what you can see with the naked eye - Regional anatomy: studying just the head (looking at its muscles, etc) - Systemic anatomy: 11 body systems - Surface anatomy: study superficial anatomy; surface structures, then identify it deeper; surface landmarks Microscopic anatomy: seen with microscope - Cytology: cells - Histology: study of tissues Developmental anatomy: study of changes of the body from conception to full maturation Comparative anatomy Radiographic anatomy: using special tools - CT, NMR, MRI Chapter1 : Page 6- intro to organ systems, different characteristics The Cell Cytology: study of the cell Why study cells? - Cells concentrate needed molecules, expel waste, synthesize larger molecules with complex functions, generate/store/use energy for metabolic processes, move (transport) - Diseases begin at the cellular level (ex: cells dividing uncontrollably.. cancer) - You are made of 75 trillion cells Cells divided into: - Sex cells: sperms/eggs - Somatic cells: cells of the body Looking at the structure of a cell can show the cell’s function Environment of the cell - Cytoplasm (intracellular fluid) - Cytoplasm (intracellular fluid - Extracellular fluid: usually fluid like, consists of resources Acts as a cellular freeway.. allows movement of medium...
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...fat loss, whereas the average Canadian consumes between 0.1-1.5 g CLA/day. Therefore, a supplement may be warranted in the future, once further research has been completed on the efficacy and safety of CLA supplementation. Implications to dietetic practice: Clinical dietitians involved in research should experiment with various doses and isomers, but they should particularly investigate the long-term implications of such supplementation. Community dietitians should teach community members how to select natural health products, avoiding inconclusive products like CLA. Administrative dietitians should continue to plan menus based on Canada’s Food Guide, while ignoring CLA claims. Recommendation: In terms of policy, natural health product regulations should be revised, where products sold in Canada...
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...BSE631 TermPaper Vidur Kumar (Y8560) Obesity and cancer – linked to what level? Abstract – Obesity today is a major health issue in populations across the globe. The lifestyle changes occurring in the 21st century have resulted in ‘abundance’ of all things – including that of visceral fat in all age‐groups across the globe. There are many health‐conditions already linked with obesity – such as diabetes, high‐blood‐pressure, congestive heart‐failure, reproductive complications, etc – but, could being obese make one susceptible to cancer? Or possibly make for a worse cancer prognosis? These issues are addressed in this report, with references to many studies performed at the population level, and at the molecular level – attempting to link cancer progression (prostrate cancer), severity and occurrence, with symptoms of obesity – such as visceral fat, adipokine levels, etc. Focusing primarily on the adipokine levels in obese (cancer/non‐cancer) patients, in vitro tumour culture studies and data from prostrate/breast cancer patients – this report aims to hint at a possible mechanism which underlies cancer progression on the basis of the data from above studies and explain how obesity as a condition, fits in the mechanism of tumor progression. Introduction to obesity – The first aspect regarding obesity is the quantification of the physical condition called ‘obese’. For the purpose of this report (and for most of the studies referred to) – computer tomography generated measurements in the order ...
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...The Female Athlete (2009). The Olympic Textbook of Science and Sport, The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine An IOC Medical Commission Publication. Chapter 23 382 -397 Wiley- Blackwell , Chichester, UK Introduction Since women’s first involvement in the Olympic Games in 1900, great progress has been made in increasing the participation rates of women across most events. In 2000, women represented 44% of the competitors at the Sydney Summer Games, although this was not matched by coverage of women’s sports in the major newspapers of Belgium, Denmark, France and Italy. In these countries, women’s sport at the Sydney Olympics represented only 29.3% of the articles and 38% of photographs (Capranica et al. 2005). The number of published research studies on females to support the increased participation, can be reflected in the number of publications in the Journal of Applied Physiology in the first 5 months of 2006. This data suggests that there is still a short fall in the proportions of female studies when compared to those on male. Of those articles specifically referring to exercise in humans (n=36), 61 % were on males only, 5 % were on females only, 8 % were on males and females with the genders being studied separately and 26 % were on males and females, with no acknowledgment of the mixed gender. Collating these facts, together with the observation that many of the early findings on females and exercise have been found to be invalid because of poorly-controlled studies, it...
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...Hindawi Publishing Corporation Obstetrics and Gynecology International Volume 2013, Article ID 173184, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/173184 Review Article Uterine Fibroids: Pathogenesis and Interactions with Endometrium and Endomyometrial Junction Andrea Ciavattini,1 Jacopo Di Giuseppe,1 Piergiorgio Stortoni,1 Nina Montik,1 Stefano R. Giannubilo,1 Pietro Litta,2 Md. Soriful Islam,3 Andrea L. Tranquilli,1 Fernando M. Reis,4 and Pasquapina Ciarmela3 1 Woman’s Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Corridoni 11, 60123 Ancona, Italy Department of Gynaecological Sciences and Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy 3 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais and National Institute of Hormones and Women’s Health, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 2 Correspondence should be addressed to Andrea Ciavattini; ciavattini.a@libero.it Received 28 February 2013; Revised 10 June 2013; Accepted 13 August 2013 Academic Editor: Hilary Critchley Copyright © 2013 Andrea Ciavattini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids...
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...1 A Critical Evaluation of the Use of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Human Health Jess A. White School of Health, University of Northampton (2015). Insecticides are universally used, not just by farmers, but by household gardener’s as a way to prevent, mitigate or repel pests. Due to outbreaks of infectious disease in honey bees and amphibians, the use of systematic insecticides has significantly increased over the last 20 years (Mason et al., 2012). And is now thought to be the preferred choice; because of their toxicity and mechanistic action. One type, in particular, seen to show a usage increase is – neonicotinoids - a class of agrochemicals derived from nicotine (a substance found in cigarettes). It is thought this derivative form is solely based on the chemical similarity of the two (Calderon-Segura et al., 2012). First introduced within the 1990’s, neonicotinoids were principally used for their systematic nature. While most insecticides are placed on the surfaces of yielding crops, neonicotinoids are taken up by the roots and translocated to separate areas. This, therefore, makes the plant toxic to certain insect species (Pisa et al., 2014). It is this mechanism of action that has now simultaneously been linked to the adverse impacts on several other invertebrate and vertebrate species (Sluijs et al., 2014). There are currently, five authorised neonicotinoid insecticides available for use in the UK, including (1) acetamiprid, (2) clothianidin, (3)...
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...See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236120041 Nanotechnology for tissue engineering: Need, techniques and applications ARTICLE in JOURNAL OF PHARMACY RESEARCH · MARCH 2013 Impact Factor: 2.89 · DOI: 10.1016/j.jopr.2013.02.021 CITATIONS READS 8 485 4 AUTHORS, INCLUDING: J. Danie Kingsley Shivendu Ranjan VIT University VIT University 6 PUBLICATIONS 8 CITATIONS 17 PUBLICATIONS 45 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Nandita Dasgupta VIT University 17 PUBLICATIONS 43 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Available from: Shivendu Ranjan Retrieved on: 14 March 2016 j o u r n a l o f p h a r m a c y r e s e a r c h x x x ( 2 0 1 3 ) 1 e5 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jopr Review Article Nanotechnology for tissue engineering: Need, techniques and applications J. Danie Kingsley, Shivendu Ranjan*, Nandita Dasgupta, Proud Saha School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India article info abstract Article history: Tissue engineering is very fast growing scientific area in this era which is used to create, Received 1 December 2012 repair, and/or replace cells, tissues and organs by using cell and/or combinations of cells Accepted 27 February 2013 with biomaterials and/or biologically active molecules and it helps to produce materials ...
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