...Reinforcement versus Goal Theory Lorraine Patterson OMM 625 Learning Organizations & Effectiveness Professor Renee Hill January 30, 2012 According to Edwin Locke the goal setting theory is a tool used for motivation. The theory states that goal setting is linked to task performance. The goal states “specifically challenging employees while using feedback will contribute to a higher and better performance while completing a task.”(Pane, S) The idea of working towards an accomplishment of a goal is a primary source of job motivation. Following successful performance, individuals gain confidence and will set higher goals. Research suggest that difficult goals will create a high level of performance than having to work on easy goals that, for which the challenges will allow an employee to feel that they did their best. Goal setting theory is broken down in the following manner. Managers must be specific and clear, as well as realistic yet challenging. Appropriate feedback of results directs employee to behave and contribute to a better performance. Feedback will gain reputation will develop clarification of a goal as well as regulate difficulties. (Sayer, S) Employee participation of setting goals is more acceptable and lead to more involvement. According to Sameed Sayer, the advantages of Goal Setting theory are as follows: * Goal setting theory is a technique used to raise incentives for employees...
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...Motivation is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal. Job performance is measured by motivation, ability, and situational constraints, motivation is necessary in any work environment. People generally will only do work when it benefits something else, whether that be personal or not. It is the supervisors’ responsibility to make sure the job gets done, so motivating their team is crucial. Supervisors can motivate their team in many different ways, but first they need to know what to their employee needs in order to fulfill them properly, a survey for the employees can help determine what they need. There are two different types of needs, lower order needs, providing equipment, training and knowledge to maintain a safe work environment and higher order needs are the opportunities for greater responsibility and giving employees more freedom to choose their work, more intrinsic rewards versus lower being extrinsic rewards. Lower order needs should be met first, as we’ve seen in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, some needs are required to be met first before others are considered. In this case someone who is having trouble finding daycare or paying for it, would not be interested in more work responsibility. The third, and next step to consider is managers should expect people’s needs to change, this means that as they mature in their positions and their lives different needs may present themselves. A young woman...
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...motivation theories and how they can be applied to the situation that is currently taking place within JC Casino. I will examine occupational stressors that are negatively influencing the recruitment procedures and retention. Emphasis will be placed on the research of better hiring techniques along with creating ways to better job satisfaction within the company. Work motivation theories are most typically concerned with the reasons, other than ability, that some people perform their jobs better than others (Spector, 2008). Every individual is different so that means that individuals are motivated by different things as well. What motivates me may not motivate a coworker that sits beside me. Finding out what motivates the employees that are currently employed at JC casino can solve a lot of the issues. Motivation is generally defined as an internal state that induces a person to engage in particular behaviors (Spector, 2008). Solving the issues that plagues a work environment because it can actually determine the success of the organization. On the other hand motivation can be defined as the desire to acquire or achieve some goal [ (Spector, 2008) ]. The driving force behind what makes us do what we do and how we as humans go about doing plays a big part in determining what motivates us. Employee motivation can be measured and applied to different motivational theories such as, need theory, reinforcement theory, self-efficacy theory,and goal setting theory. Comprehending...
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...Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Burrhus Frederic Skinner Behaviorist Theory B. F. Skinner and Abraham Maslow both are well known in the field of Psychology, but not all psychologist believe in the same theories, perspectives or needs. Here we have two brilliant minds with two different theories when it comes to learning. While neither is wrong, they both have a tremendous impact in the classroom. Take a look at the cart below and compare Skinner’s and Maslow’s theories. Chart: Theories and Needs | Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs | Skinner Behaviorist Theory | How Motivation is Defined | Maslow believed that people have basic instincts according to their needs. This shapes their behavior of the person, when one of the five key needs are deprived or missing there is a change in behavior. | Skinner believed that behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement. Good behavior is rewarded and bad behavior is punished or a least favorable outcome occurs.. | How Motivation changes for elementary vs. secondary students. | Maslow believed that the 5 steps in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs must be meet in order for a student to be successful in the learning process. Once these needs are met the students should proceed forward in small steps to more advanced steps of the subject area and adjusted if needed. In secondary students the steps become a little larger. | The tasks should be broken into small steps with reinforcement, modify the activity if the student...
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...Group 12 EXSS 181 Dr. J.D. DeFreese 10 April 2015 Coaching Behavior Lab Paper: The Analysis of Coaching Techniques Through Sports Psychology Theories The UNC club baseball team is a student-led team in which the players elect a head coach and other positions to keep executive control of the team. The head coach this season is twenty years old so the players that he is coaching are the same age and sometimes even older than him. Since the head coach of this sport club is a coaching minor, he already had some experience coaching through his classes here at UNC. During each practice, the head coach hits ground balls and fly balls to each of the participants and leads the team in drills every day. While leading these drills, he comments on almost every single play including both mistakes and successful plays in order to correct mistakes or applaud the players’ performance. The data collected from the coaching session demonstrates that instructor responses to successful participant outcomes (total percentage) were greater than unsuccessful participant outcomes (total percentage). Specifically, “praise only” coaching behaviors were displayed the most with an average observed percentage of 24.49%. An example of a “praise only” coaching behavior that he used was “Good catch, Jordan.” The praise only percentage presents a stark contrast to “praise and instruction” average percentage of 4.119 %. This disparity suggests lack of timely feedback displayed by the young coach, which...
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...1: Two Different Worldviews The Framework of Individual Psychology The Framework of Systemic Family Therapy Basic Concepts of Systems Theory and Cybernetics Family Therapy or Relationship Therapy? Summary Chapter 2: The Historical Perspective Planting the Seeds: The 1940s Cybernetics Development of Interdisciplinary Approaches Gregory Bateson Putting Down Roots: The 1950s Bateson (Continued) The Double-Bind Hypothesis Nathan Ackerman Murray Bowen Carl Whitaker Theodore Lidz Lyman Wynne Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy John Elderkin Bell Christian F. Midelfort Overview of the 1950s The Plant Begins to Bud: The 1960s Paradigm Shift The MRI Salvador Minuchin Other Developments Blossom Time: The 1970s Psychodynamic Approaches Natural Systems Theory Experiential Approaches Structural Approaches Strategic Approaches Communication Approaches Behavioral Approaches Gregory Bateson Connecting and Integrating: The 1980s Other Voices The Limits of History Controversy, Conflict, and Beyond: The 1990s The Feminist Critique Family Therapy and Family Medicine Integration and Metaframeworks Managed Care The Twenty-First Century: Continuing Concerns and Emerging Trends Summary Chapter 3: The Paradigmatic Shift of Systems Theory A Cybernetic Epistemology Recursion Feedback Morphostasis/Morphogenesis Rules and Boundaries Openness/Closedness Entropy/Negentropy ...
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...Organizational Behaviour Book Notes Chapter 1 Learning Objectives: 1. Define organizations and describe their basic characteristics. Organization – social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort. * Social inventions – coordinated presence of people or a group of people * Goal accomplishment * Group effort – organizations depend on interaction and coordination among people to accomplish their goals. * Organizations are social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group efforts. 2. Explain the concept of organizational behaviour and describe the goals of the field. Organizational Behaviour – the attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups in organizations. * The field of organizational behaviour is about understanding people and managing them to work effectively. * The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how organizations can survive and adapt to change. i. Certain behaviours are necessary for survival and adaptation: 1. they have to be motivated to join and remain in the organization; 2. carry out their basic work reliably, in terms of productivity, quality, and service; 3. be flexible to continuously learn and upgrade their knowledge and skills; and 4. be flexible and innovative. * The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how to get people to practice...
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...Purpose of Study The main purpose of my study is to evaluate the outcome of positive reinforcement in young school-aged children. More specifically, I want to determine how early elementary school teachers use successful behavior modification in their classrooms. Research Questions * What behaviors are exhibited when children are given positive, consistent reinforcement versus no positive reinforcement at all? * To what extent does gender play in both students and teachers about the delivery style and how much reinforcement is needed? * To what extent does the classroom environment play in how behaviors are exhibited? * How do cultural backgrounds, home environments, and mental health influence classroom behaviors? Theory and research about academic motivation has historically defined the role of learning processes, although the studies of learning strategies rarely assess motivational outcomes. Specific features of instruction and how it might influence how students interpret the processes are paramount to classroom learning and motivation. Effective teaching and learning can take place only in a harmonious learning environment. Classrooms that are structured and resemble a symphony of learners rehearsing for a show are more consistent than the classrooms that are directed like a three-ring circus. The teacher-as-conductor approach replaces the compulsion and disorder of a circus-like classroom with the management and cooperation of a symphony...
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...it deal with the fulfilment of social needs in a phycological sense of interpretations.it cause different socio phycho conditions and affaire for the modificationof OB. Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities. we also define anthropology as "science of human beings especialy of their environment and social relations and there culture" environment play a pivotal role in the improvement and modification of OB Political science is the study of the behavior of individuals and groups within a political environment. Management Functions (Henry Fayol) Planning: A manager must determine what the organizations goals are and how to achieve those goals. Much of this information will come directly from the vision and mission statement for the company. Setting objectives for the goal and following up on the execution of the plan are two critical components of the planning function. For example, a...
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...Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports The Impact of Positive Reinforcement Sara Nino Dallas Baptist University Abstract I chose to research the Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports approach to positive reinforcement. I wanted to find out if this approach taught temporary or long-term (positive) behavioral changes. I researched this approach and compared it to the Responsive Classroom approach. In order to determine its effectiveness, I looked at referral data at Nimitz High School provided around this time this last year, and compared it to its current numbers. While it showed beneficial changes last year, I found an increase in behavioral problems this year. I also attempted to look at the reasoning behind the increase in referral numbers. Keywords: P.B.I.S., Responsive Classroom, positive, behavior, reinforcement, Skinner’s theory Positive Behavioral Intervention and Supports (P.B.I.S.) is framework utilized within the school system in order to create a positive atmosphere. It is an approach which is implemented through reinforcement of student’s positive behavior. This approach is similar to one known known as the Responsive Classroom approach. The expectation of positive behavior reinforcement is to reduce discipline problems and increase student productivity and learning. These types of reinforcement fall in line with Skinner’s Theory. P.B.I.S. follows a three-tiered framework in order to prevent and correct problem behaviors. ...
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...f Learning |Theories of learning |Capacity |Practice |Motivation |Understanding |Transfer |Forgetting | | | | | | | | | |Operant Conditioning by |Difference in capacity are not|A great deal of attention was |Skinner explained rive |The word “insight” does not |Induction (generalization) is |True forgetting appears to be | |Burrhus F. Skinner |of central importance. Skinner|given schedules of |(motivation) in terms of |occur in the indexes of |the basis of transfer. The |a slow process of decay with | | |argues the usefulness of a |reinforcement (e.g. interval |deprivation and reinforcement |Skinner’s books. Solving a |reinforcement of response |time. Other form of response | | |“trait” description in |versus ratio) and their |schedules. When a particular |problem means only the |increases the probability of |decrement are better subsumed | | |studying individual |effects on establishing and |Stimulus – Response (S - R) |appearance of a solution in |all responses...
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...1. There are different theories of motivation that help people to understand a broader perception of what and how to motivate people. Like the Traditional Theory as proposed by Frederick W. Taylor, is based on the assumption that money is the primary motivator. In this theory, financial rewards are directly related to performance in the belief that if the reward is great enough, employees will produce more. The Need Hierarchy Theory, on the other hand, as postulated by Abraham W. Maslow, stated that human needs in the form of hierarchy should be satisfied in order, from the lowest to the highest needs: physiological, security, love and belongingness, love and belongingness, self- esteem, and self- actualization. David McClelland developed the theory of Achievement- Power- Affiliation which is closely related to the need hierarchy theory. This theory holds that all people have three needs, the need: 1.) to achieve, 2.) for power, and 3.) for affiliation. The need for achievement is a desire to do something better or more efficiently than it has done before. The need for power is basically a concern for influencing people- to be strong and influential. The need for affiliation is a need to be liked- to establish or maintain friendly relation with others. The Motivation- Maintenance Theory as proposed by Herzbeg, Mausner, and Synderman, contends that motivation comes from the individual, not from the manager. Proper attention to the hygiene- factors keeps an individual from being...
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...the employees without the tag, “CEO”. Concluding her two weeks on the television show being an undercover boss and gaining crucial and vital information that will allow her to give aspects to the business that were never approached or thought of. Information was gathered by Frank Schuman, Vice-President of Big Bison, over many years trying to pin point the right and most evident way of motivating the employees and that was with the employee of the month award. The winner would receive a plaque representing their name and month they achieved their goals and the companies goals. It will also give them a special parking pass for work to give an extra reward to make it even more willing to win. Janette goes back over her information gathered will undercover and decides to demolish the employee of the month award and focus on the employees together such as premium parking or a plaque for the whole group of employees who accomplish their goals and the company’s to the best of their ability. Looking at the Big Bison Resorts information and seeing what Janette immediately came up with will be along the terms of “Quality of Work Life Program”. This illustrates the employee working for self satisfaction, that in turn gives the business fulfillment because the...
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...LEARNING: ⇨ “It is a relatively permanent change in behavior caused by experience”. CONSUMER LEARNING: ⇨ “Process by which individuals acquire the purchase and consumption knowledge and experience that they apply to future related behavior”. ⇨ Consumer learning is a process that continuously evolves and changes as a result of newly acquired knowledge (which could be gained from reading, from discussions, from observations, from thinking) or from actual experience. Both newly acquired knowledge and personal experience serve as feedback to the individual and provide the basis for future behavior in similar situation. THE ELEMENTS OF LEARNING THEORIES: • MOTIVATION: “It is the processes that lead people to behave as they do”. It occurs when a need arises that a consumer wishes to satisfy. Motivation is based on needs and goals. It acts as a spur of learning. Uncovering consumer motives is one of the prime tasks of marketers, who then try to teach motivated consumer segments why and how their products will fulfill the consumer’s needs. • CUES: “It is a stimulus that suggests a specific way to satisfy a silent motive”. If motives serve to stimulate learning, cues are the stimuli that give direction to these motives. In the marketplace, price, styling, packaging, advertising and store displays all serve as cues to help consumers fulfill their needs in product-specific ways. Cues serve to direct consumer drives when they are consistent with consumer expectations. Marketers...
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...Learning Personality Theories Learning Team C PSY/405 Theories of Personality January 23, 2012 Professor XXXXX Learning Personality Theories Personalities develop and learn from observing others, society, experiences, and the environment. Different theories have been created to explain how a person learns and develops. Three learning personality theories discussed here are the behavioral analysis theory, the social cognitive theory, and the cognitive social learning theory. The strengths and limitations of the three theories will be analyzed that will provide small, but noticeable edges on the other. A description of how each theory affects personality will be discussed. In closing, an explanation of how each learning theory proposes interpersonal relationships are influenced will be examined. Strengths and Limitations Behavioral Analysis Theory An advantage of the behavioral analysis theory is that it is based on observable evidence. This theory contains important concepts such as reinforcement, used as effective therapies to treat undesirable behaviors. Although proven to be an effective therapeutic theory it has many weaknesses. It does not account for learning that does not involve negative or positive reinforcement, nor does it explain adaptive behavior. Proponents of this theory also argue that this approach is too deterministic and cannot be accurate, as it does not account for free will or emotion (Feist & Feist, 2009). Social Cognitive Theory Much like behavioral...
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