...CHAPTER - II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.0. Introduction The review of related studies is an essential part of any investigation. The survey of the related studies is a crucial aspect of the planning of the study. A literature review is an account of previously published material by experts and researchers in a particular area of interest. It gives the author an opportunity to reference previous research publications to provide strengths and weaknesses of the research. A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, does not report...
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...The Review of Related Literature The review of related literature for this study focuses on college romantic relationships of college students. An article written by Allan Reifman discusses about a book that talks about the transition of college relationships way back before 1920’s and from 1920’s onwards. Prior to 1920’s, it was common that the gentleman would ask the lady’s parents for their permission if they would allow him to court her. The gentleman would also ask for their consent if he could take her out on a date. It was also common then that before two people get into a relationship, they would get to know each other first. Couples back then often know each other already or they come from the same school/college before they get into a romantic relationship. Up until around 1920’s, "calling" was the dominant mode of young people establishing romantic relationships. A man would seek to "call upon" a woman in her home, with her mother's permission, and with the family at home during the visit. A variety of factors, such as the increasing availability of the automobile to facilitate two people going out by themselves, then made "dating" the primary form of seeking romance and relationships from the 1920s through the 1960s. “Hooking-up” also became popular especially for college students. Essentially, then, a system has been evolving for roughly the last 40 years, in which unattached college students would begin their weekend evenings going out with a group of buddies to...
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...REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (FOREIGN) I. Introjection in GESTALT THERAPY In Gestalt therapy the concept of "introjection" is not identical with the psychoanalytical concept. Central to Fritz and Laura Perls' modifications was the concept of "dental or oral aggression", when the infant develops teeth and is able to chew. They set "introjection" against "assimilation". In Ego, Hunger and Aggression Fritz and Laura Perls suggested that when the infant develops teeth, he or she has the capacity to chew, to break apart food, and assimilate it, in contrast to swallowing before; and by analogy to experience, to taste, accept, reject or assimilate. Laura Perls explains: "I think Freud said that development takes place through introjection, but if it remains inrojection and goes no further, then it becomes a block; it becomes identification. Introjection is to a great extent unawares.” Thus Fritz and Laura Perls made "assimilation", as opposed to "introjection", a focal theme in Gestalt therapy and in their work, and the prime means by which growth occurs in therapy. In contrast to the psychoanalytic stance, in which the "patient" introjects the (presumably more healthy) interpretations of the analyst, in Gestalt therapy the client must "taste" with awareness his or her experience, and either accept or reject it, but not introject or "swallow whole". Hence, the emphasis is on avoiding interpretation, and instead encouraging discovery. This is the key point in the divergance...
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...REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE FOREIGN Suzanne Rose Created on: September 04, 201 Behavior changes can occur for a variety of reasons. It is important to be aware of the factors at play, because sometimes these can signal a significant underlying event that needs to be addressed. Consider the following issues. Underlying physical issues Sometimes behavior change is precipitated by some sort of physical change. Sometimes it is a sign of a disease, and it is important to recognize these so that you might be able to treat them. Brain tumors, while rare, can influence behaviors and sometimes cause major personality differences. In addition, a disease such as Alzheimer's Disease can change the behavior of a person. Mental disorder Many mental disorders cause minor and significant changes in behavior. When someone is depressed, for instance, they may almost seem like a shadow of their former self, always focusing on the bad, not being motivated, wanting to sleep a lot and displaying other symptoms. Someone with schizophrenia might also act very differently. There are many mental disorders, and they affect behavior in different ways. Alcohol/Medications/drugs People can also display a significant behavior change due to legal and illegal prescription and over-the-counter drugs. Some people seem to behave in a completely different way when they develop an alcohol or drug problem. Someone who is very kind, logical and reasonable might behave in a way that is horrible under...
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...Bulletin of Education and Research December 2012, Vol. 34, No. 2 pp.19-28 Pattern of Facebook usage and its Impact on Academic Performance of University Students: A Gender Based Comparison Ahsan ul Haq & Sohail Chand _______________________________________________________________ Abstract This paper explores the popularity and usage pattern of the Facebook among the University students. A self-administered questionnaire is used for collecting data from a sample of 384 students. The study reveals that 87.5% of the students have account on the Facebook and no gender differences found. Male and female on the average spend equal time on internet. Though female users spend more time on Facebook than their counterparts but male users have more Facebook friends. Facebook use, in general, adversely affecting the academic performance of students but this adverse effect is observed greater for male students. The social interaction with the existing friends is found the most common use of the Facebook among students. Keywords: Facebook; Academic performance; Social networking. * Corresponding Author Pattern of Facebook Usage and its Impact on Academic Performance 20 Introduction Among the vast variety of online tools which are available for communication, social networking sites have become the most modern and attractive tools for connecting people throughout the world (Aghazamani, 2010). The first social networking site was created in 1997 in the name of Sixdegree.com, and now there...
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...OH 1 Essay Questions: Forms They represent a continuum in how much freedom of response is allowed, ranging from restricted-response essays on one end to extended-response essays on the other. Restricted-response essay limits content and response to be given can limit via how narrowly question is phrased (e.g., as specific as a short-answer question) can limit via scope of the problem posed (e.g., with introduction like that of an interpretive exercise) therefore, can approach the objectivity of short-answer and interpretive exercises Extended-response essay great freedom so that allows problem formulation, organization, originality therefore, shares similar scoring difficulties with performance-based tasks OH 2 Essay Questions: Uses Represent a continuum in complexity and breadth of learning outcomes assessed, with interpretive exercises on the left end, restricted-response essays in the middle, and extended-response essays at the right end. Restricted-response essays For learning outcomes not readily assessed objectively Compared to extended-response questions, they target narrower learning outcomes, such as more specific mental processes (e.g., draws valid conclusions) Extended-response essays For learning outcomes not readily assessed objectively or with restricted response essays Compared to restricted-response questions, they assess broader learning outcomes, such as integrating a set of mental processes...
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...Background Study According to a dictionary definition, “A gadget is a small tool or device that has a specific useful purpose and function. Gadgets tend to be more unusual or cleverly designed than normal technology.” Our lives were changed by technology since the 20th century. Many gadgets that were invented back then were now forgotten or disregarded. All gadgets were created differently. In fact most gadgets are built on the newest technology. Devices fall into four categories: mechanical, electronic, programmable, and application. Mechanical gadgets include the wheel, the pulley, the bicycle, the sail boat, and the sort. Followed by electricity, gadgets were improved and taken to a new level as inventors discover a different uses of newly applied electricity. The television, radio and quartz watch are some of the examples of electronic devices. After electricity, inventors toyed around with electronic information via microprocessor where begins the age of programmable devices such as computers, and later, MP3 players and the iPhone. Application gadgets include iTunes, Microsoft Office, and other computer applications that customize our experience in programmable devices. In today’s generation, modern technology has improved people's lives in many fields such as medicine, work, industry, and especially in education. This helps not only the professionals but also the children and students at the very young age. Way back then where technology does not still exists, student...
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...For Sherry (1996), interactivity takes many forms; it is not just limited to audio and video, nor solely to teacher-student interactions. It represents the connectivity the students feel with the distance education lecturer, the facilitators and their peers. Sherry (1996) states that without connectivity, distance learning degenerates into the old correspondence course model of independent study. The student becomes autonomous and isolated, and eventually drops out. She argues that effective distance education should not be independent and isolated from learning, but should approach Keegan's ideal of an authentic learning experience. In a well researched literature review on video conferencing, Amirian (2002) found that interaction is critical to any video conferencing-based learning situation. She argues that video conferencing should be used in ways that make full use of its unique qualities. Specifically, she says, “interaction is the key component of this use of the technology to support a more social learning, negotiating meaning through interaction”. Echoing Amirian's point about interaction, Irele (1999) finds that video conferencing enables remote learners to be part of a social and socialising environment. Irele concludes in his comparative analysis that in a video conferencing-based learning situation, a combination of media “increases the chances of positive learning outcomes by increasing the range of learning styles that can be accommodated”. Also suggesting the...
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...Review of the Related Literature and Studies A researcher needs to review the write-ups, readings, and studies related to the present study in order to determine the similarities and differences of the findings between the past and present studies Related Literature * Literature maybe defined as written works collectively, especially those enduring importance, exhibiting creative imagination and artist skill which are written in a particular period, language, and subject. * In other words, any written matter such as book, journal, magazine, novel, poetry, and encyclopedia are considered as literature. Guidelines on Effective writing of Literature 1. Research paper must be written in a formal style, which is in the third person, not the first person. 2. Avoid highly descriptive writing style, not appropriate for a scholarly research. 3. Language should be neutral gender, no sexy language like his. 4. Make the conclusion and contradictions found in the literature clear in the report. 5. Use proper grammar and proofread the work. 6. Never plagiarized, give credit to the original author of ideas. 7. Pay attention to the structure and form of published articles, which are good examples of how literature reviews can be written. Example 1. Peters (1993) claims that job-related stress can enhance productivity up to a certain point. There is, however, a threshold point beyond which stress becomes a harmful factor in one’s productivity. On...
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...CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the summary of related literature and studies that were gathered by the researchers from different references like the Internet, books and unpublished theses that were really a big help in relating this study. The gathered related information served as a starting point in evaluating and understanding the whole study. The following chapter shall review the current literature on energy related consumer behavior and attitudes to sustainable consumption. This section of the research also reviews the trends of previous research conducted on domestic energy use. The chapter shall finally delve into some of the instruments used to affect energy efficient consumer behavior, as well as the effectiveness of one or a set of instruments. Related Literature Saving energy is one of the most fundamental things we can do as student of Bicol University to save money and help balance our budget. "This is an opportunity to cut expenses without affecting services; I encourage everyone to make energy conservation part of our daily routine", (President Curt Tompkins), [1]. The energy is conserved by the “law of conservation of energy”. It states that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed. Energy is a finite resource. The materials we derive energy from (oil, coal, electricity, etc.) can also harm the environment. By conserving energy you help to save parts of the environment. There are many ways to conserve...
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...Chapter II Review of Related Literatures and Studies This chapter presents the related literature and studies that is relevant and significant to the current studies. This presents a survey of related literature and studies which is reviewed by the researchers to be understood and help the researchers to gather more information. Analysis of Students’ Performance in Junior Secondary School Mathematics Examination in Bayelsa State of Nigeria The finding of this study showed that students’ performance in 2006 JSS Mathematics test was high. Comparing the hypothetical pass mark of 20.00 with the students’ mean score of 28.59 this indicated that the students performed very well. This result is in agreement with Linn (1965), Anderson (1942) and Akpan (1989) who reported that if an examiner has a favourable attitude towards a particular subject, then this will reflect in his performance in that subject. This is to say that since mathematics has been made compulsory and a pre-requisite for admission into the senior secondary, hence the students have developed a favourable attitude towards the subject resulting in their high performance. On whether performance is influenced by sex, the result showed that male students obtained higher mean score than the females with the calculated t-value significant. This result is in line with those of Fememe and Sherman (1977), Grambs (1972), Comber and Keeves (1973), Tyler (1961), Fin et al. (1979) and Maccoby and Jacklin (1975) who all...
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...Review of Related Literature and Studies Foreign Literature Classroom management is defined as a “multi-faceted concept that includes the organization of the psychical environment, the establishment of rules and routines, the development of effective relationships, and prevention of and responsive to misbehavior” (Garrett, 2008) The ideal classroom environment will have “fewer disruptions during instructional time, better teacher planning, classroom organization, and student engagement, this will allow for more learning time” (Weiner, 2010) Montessori’s pedagogy, as those of Dewey (1937) and Kilpatrick (1918), follows a belief of constructivism rather than behaviorism. Montessori (1912) strongly encourages educators to be observers of student’s activities and not restrict the student’s mobility with unnecessary discipline. A student will learn when that student is actively engaged in an assignment, problem-solving and constructing their own understanding. Foreign Studies According to Milner & Tenore (2010), Teachers are sometimes pressured and closely monitored by their administrators to follow a set frame of referral, discipline, and management, which can make it difficult for teachers to employ culturally responsive classroom management. Teachers can experience less than ideal support from administrator; consequently, their students may believe that the teachers “forget to care” about them. In a highly structured classroom environment we...
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...II. Review of Related Literature and Studies Interacting with friends and family across long distances has been a concern of humans for centuries. As social animals, people have always relied on communication to strengthen their relationships. When face-to-face discussions are impossible or inconvenient, humans have dreamed up plenty of creative solutions. The history of social media is the roots of social media stretch far deeper than you might imagine. Although it seems like a new trend, sites like Facebook are natural outcome of many centuries of social media development. The earliest methods of communicating across great distances used written correspondence delivered by hand from one person to another it is also called letters. The earliest form of postal service dates back to 550 B.C., and this primitive delivery system would become more widespread and streamlined in future centuries. In 1792, the telegraph was invented. This allowed messages to be delivered over a long distance far faster than a horse and rider could carry them. Although telegraph messages were short, they were a revolutionary way to convey news and information. Although no longer popular outside of drive-through banking, the pneumatic post, developed in 1865, created another way for letters to be delivered quickly between recipients. A pneumatic post utilizer’s underground pressurized air tubes to carry capsules from one area to another. Two important discoveries happened in the last decade of the...
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...Business and Management Review of Related Literature Food Industry REVIEW OF LITERATURE OF FAST FOOD INDUSTRY Previous Research on fast food Industry has shown us a light in this project: The Research done by UCLA Anderson assistant professor Raphael Thomadsen. He presented the result in the paper entitled, ³Seeking an Aggressive Competitor: How Product Line Expansion Can Increase All Firms¶ Profits.´ According to him, if a McDonald¶s and a Burger King compete in the center of a small town, and a Burger King opens in the suburbs, it can boost profits for the McDonald¶s store. In previous research, Thomadsen demonstrated that prices at fast food outlets located near other outlets belonging to the same chain often charge high prices to avoid cannibalizing sales between the two outlets. These price differences can be large, with prices at many restaurants 20 percent or more higher than they would be if the restaurant owners did not worry about cannibalization. Now he finds that a firm may also charge higher prices when faced with a new competitor or product. He said that product-line expansion would affect profits .He said that when a firm adds products to its line, the profits of the incumbent firms in the market must go down. He used a standard economic model in this study. ³Consumers have different utility preferences,´ He explains that some people like one type of food while other people like a different type. There are also variations in location. So model consumers based...
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...Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents some related literature read by the respondents. These literatures provided them a lot of help in understanding the study being conducted in terms of operation and management. Foreign Literature Today, people in our society seem to be caught in the rat race of life. They have very busy time schedules and find it hard to perform the mundane services of their lives which take significant proportion of the available time. For instance in 1997 it was established that 25 hours a week were devoted to childcare, housework or shopping by mothers in dual earner couples by Robinson, J.P. and Godbey, G. in their book Time for Life.: The Surprising Way American Use Their Time. For fathers the figure was 14.5 hours. This in turn forced people to use their working time for personal agendas. In fact Circles, 2001 revealed that 75%of employees take care of personal responsibilities while on the job. Further it was also established that employees spend an average of 1.86 hours per eight-hour workday on something other than their jobs, not including lunch and scheduled breaks. On the other hand with baby boomers getting to the late stages of their lives the whole world is experiencing the issue of ageing population. This elderly community becomes another customer segment of the Errands Service businesses as they need the assistance of somebody else but hate becoming a burden to their friends and relatives. As a result, today...
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