...Research that has suggested a link between stress and ill health. Looking at the link between stress and illness, there have been many studies done to show the direct effect stress has in relation to illness, the main three pathways looked at are the direct effect, stress interacting with pre-existing vulnerabilities and how stress leads to behavioural changes that are not beneficial to one’s health. However it is hard for researchers to establish a definite cause and effect relationship between stress and specific physical symptoms or illnesses. Not only do people's minds and bodies react differently to stress, but there also are other factors at work when someone falls ill. Most researchers have found the more a person suffers from stress the weaker his or hers immune system becomes. In trying to understand why stress can be bad for the body is to look at it from an evolutionary perspective, where in the past our ancestors were often confronted with life threatening situations and as a result the ‘fight or flight’ response evolved. Whilst being confronted by dangerous situations such as confrontation with a predator it was necessary to send blood to the muscles and be in a heightened state of arousal, however today it might not be relevant to most everyday stressors. So we can say most stressors do not pose a physical danger to us yet the way our nervous and endocrine systems have evolved we react to the stressors as if they did, whilst it might have been an adaptive response...
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...biological processes are factors in relation to health psychology. Health is a positive state of physical, mental, and social wellbeing and psychology is the science of behavior and mental process. When combined together, health and psychology covert to the relation between biology, social context, and behavior that influences an individual’s overall health and wellness. To have accurate knowledge of the negative effects that become part of an individual’s emotional mindset, can reduce the risks of becoming ill as a result. People deny the fact or simply do not know about the role of interactivity in this aspect. Physical Health directly connects the environment in which we live to the individual person that is affected. Psychological studies show that a person’s mind and body are linked. As your mental health declines, your physical health can wear down, and if your physical health declines, it can make you feel mentally "down." According to doctors and psychiatrists in the field of study, “keeping a positive outlook on life always helps keeping the inner self healthy. A person’s physical health and psychological well-being depend upon beliefs built up over one’s lifetime relating to areas off biological, psychological, cultural, societal, and environmental aspects” (2010). It is important for spiritual or religious beliefs to be valid when a professional deals with an individual or their experiences. Some may believe the overall health and illness exist on a continuum. Health psychology...
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...FIVE MODELS OF THE PERSONALITY-ILLNESS CONNECTION 1 Researchers use models to study the relationship between personalities and health which focus on how specific variables influence one another (Wiebe & Smith, 1997). According to Larsen and Buss (2008), the variable related to stress is considered a subjective internal feeling, which generates a response to events that are perceived “uncontrollable and threatening” (p. 589). Therefore, the level of distress, rather than by the type of event one has experienced is examined in relation to ones own individual personality. An early archetype that explores the relationship between personality and stressful events that affect health is the interactional model. The way in which a person copes with events and the impact these events have on an individual directly relates to personality. This model indicates that coping skills are related to individual personality. If a person with type A personality became infected with a virus and has not slowed their activity level to allow the body to recover, this person could become very sick. In this way, the duration and intensity of a stressful event or illness is related to how one copes. Although stressful events are destined to occur, "personality factors determine the impact of those events by influencing people's ability to cope" (Larsen, Buss, 2008, p.589). In later research, psychologists became aware that the interactional model has...
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...put under intense stress for the organization to grow economically. It ranges from unreasonably high productivity standards and hazardous working environment that make worker to become vulnerable to risk to t heir mental and physical health. The ultimate outcome is unhealthy workforce that is relatively less productive than the relaxed and contented workforce. The business entrepreneurs and the workers alike are faced with the problem of continuous work related stress and thus the policies and decisions are hence regulated by the law. To this end, the common law duty of care is a provision that was designed to hold employers liable for psychiatric related illness that employees suffer and more specifically illness arising because employees are made to work under stressful conditions. This paper is aimed to critically evaluate the common law duty of care and its effectiveness with respect to psychiatric related illness as a result of working under stressful condition. The establishment of the common law of duty towards workers has enhanced employers to provide good working conditions to lower psychiatric related illness due to workers stress. The claims in the psychiatric injury bin the work place context have not been restricted to involvement of the plaintiff being injured or witnessed the death injury of another. These claims include to circumstances such as less traumatic but still damaging and stressor that arise in the workplace like bullying and work stress (Butler, 2006)...
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...Problems Summarizing the multifactorial model between health and illness, physicians and psychologist have determined a correlation between life experiences, history of family’s disease, and a person’s abilities to handle situations that directly affect their health in a negative or positive outcome. Cultural diversity plays a role in whether a person is able to receive better health care in relation to social economic factors than the country in which they live. Even though the United States and Canada have the advance health care than other European countries there is still the factor of lack of insurance and lower status of social economics that many lack the source of good health care (Nevid & Rathus, 2005). Psychological, environmental, biological and sociocultural factors affect a person’s health whether female or male. Two health problems that are first discussed in the text are premenstrual syndrome and headaches. Headaches are accountable in 20% of people who suffer from the two most common severe types of migraine and muscle tension headaches. GAS or general adaptation syndrome in the first two stages forces the muscles to contract in the forehead, shoulders, neck and persistent stress can lead to the constant constriction of those muscles. Tension headaches are described as a feeling of a viselike pressure throughout the head. Another major headache known as migraines is seen in about 28 million people and stress is a major role. Migraines headaches can be triggered...
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...Anxiety & Depression Abstract : Anxiety and depression are a present part of life for almost all human beings in this world. This is an illness and not a disease. This illness has incurred due to various factors in present day world which has grown to be challenging, selfish and non caring. This study investigates the various contributing factors of anxiety and depression and theories supporting them which in terms have assisted to address all relevant resolution to manage anxiety and depression in all spheres of society including workplaces. The main focus is on the workplace management of anxiety and depression as the economic dependency based on workplace is the primary key indicator to trigger off the psychological imbalance within human beings. This article elaborates the remedial procedures and responsibilities for both the employees and employer to participate in harmony to overcome the components and mange those which give rise to anxiety and depression. The approach if being managed professionally will arrest the negative mental health of the employees which will add up to incremental productivity which will eliminate cost and bear revenue generations for the organisations. Introduction : Sociological, economical, political and environmental aspects have given to increase trends in anxiety and depression across all sects of human beings across the world. This is leading to the withdrawal symptoms of employees resulting to absenteeism, error in work, low productivity...
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...Problems Summarizing the multifactorial model between health and illness, physicians and psychologist have determined a correlation between life experiences, history of family’s disease, and a person’s abilities to handle situations that directly affect their health in a negative or positive outcome. Cultural diversity plays a role in whether a person is able to receive better health care in relation to social economic factors than the country in which they live. Even though the United States and Canada have the advance health care than other European countries there is still the factor of lack of insurance and lower status of social economics that many lack the source of good health care (Nevid & Rathus, 2005). Psychological, environmental, biological and sociocultural factors affect a person’s health whether female or male. Two health problems that are first discussed in the text are premenstrual syndrome and headaches. Headaches are accountable in 20% of people who suffer from the two most common severe types of migraine and muscle tension headaches. GAS or general adaptation syndrome in the first two stages forces the muscles to contract in the forehead, shoulders, neck and persistent stress can lead to the constant constriction of those muscles. Tension headaches are described as a feeling of a viselike pressure throughout the head. Another major headache known as migraines is seen in about 28 million people and stress is a major role. Migraines headaches can be triggered...
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...A STUDY ON WORK STRESS OF WOMEN ABSTRACT Women place a important part in the society, in the modern world women are entrusted with dual roles. These dual roles have caused stress in the working women which in turn leads to many physical and psychological problems. The study focus on identifying the work related stress the women are facing and to identify the area and factors which contribute to the stress at working place. The research also attempts to find out the variables which are related to the work stress. This study assesses and will certainly try to find the factors that directly or indirectly affect the work stress of the employee. It also tries to find the extent of relationship between the various socio-demographic variables and work stress like work load, work environment, management support, salary and allowance, welfare activities. INTRODUCTION Stress is the general term applied to the pressures people feel in life. The presence of stress at work is almost inevitable in many jobs. However, individual differences accounts for a wide range of reactions to stress; a task viewed as challenging by one person may produce high levels of anxiety in another. When pressure begins to build up, it can cause adverse strain on a person’s emotions, through, processes and physical conditions. When stress becomes excessive employees develop various symptoms of stress that can harm their job performance and health, and even threaten their ability to cope with the environment...
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...HLSC 111 Task 2: Essay Discuss the physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses an individual is likely to experience in response to a newly diagnosed condition with a poor prognosis. An individual’s response to a newly diagnosed condition with a poor prognosis is likely to cause many reactions to occur in the body as a whole. The areas in which an individual may be affected include the physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioural responses in the body. The physical response relates to the body opposed to the mind. Emotional and cognitive responses are the mental processes of understanding through feelings as well as thought (Stevenson 2010). Finally the behavioural response is the manner of how they conduct themselves individually...
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... | |Newcastle University | |“…every living person has his own peculiarities and always has his own peculiar, personal, novel, complicated disease…’TOLSTOY | The importance of holism The term ‘holism’ was coined by philosopher Jan Smuts in 1926, derived from the Greek hólos, meaning ‘whole’[1]. Aristotle captured the essence of holism in his Metaphysics when he stated ‘the whole is more than the sum of its parts’. Applied to healthcare, holism is the art and science of caring for a person in a way which considers all aspects of their body, mind, spirituality and emotional state in relation to “[other] individuals, the environment, or populations, either separately or in various combinations”[2]. In the traditional biomedical model, health is simply viewed as absence of pathology alongside normal function. Treatment or cure involves drugs, procedures and surgeries, prescribed by a knowledgeable physician. Essentially arising as a reaction against biomedical reductionism, a model of medicine in which patients are arguably viewed...
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...Psychology and Management of stress Task 1 Outline and evaluate (i) Selye’s (1956) General Adaption Syndrome of stress. The General Adaption Syndrome (GAS) is Selye’s belief that that the body has physiological ways in which to deal with long term and short term stress and its and that prolonged exposure to stress can result in illness. He started this in the 1930’s and based this on researching hormones of rats and found that the rats had stress response to his research. He believed that regardless of the type of stressor, the reaction of the stressor was always the same. (Rice et al 2010p100) Selye’s model has three stages: Alarm stage – This is where the environmental stimuli is viewed as a stressor and the ‘fight or flight’ instinct is aroused and the first reactions are aroused. This is where the automatic nervous system (ANS) is activated and the sympathetic branch of the nervous system to release adrenaline and noradrenaline, which in turn raises the heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration and digestion, slows. This stage is usually disappears quickly through the parasympathetic branch which returns everything to normal. If it continues we then move to the next stage Resistance stage – This is where the environmental stressors are still there, and the body physiologically starts to adapt and adjust. Arousal is still high and the high level of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is still in the body. ACTH will try to resist stress by conserving glucose. The...
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...Effects of Humor and Laughter on Healing in Adults with Illness: A Multidisciplinary Concept Analysis Lauren E. Johnson University of Texas at Arlington College of Nursing In partial fulfillment of the requirements of N5327 Analysis of Theories in Nursing Ronda Mintz-Binder, RN, MN, DNP March 10, 2014 Effects of Humor and Laughter on Healing in Adults with Illness: A Multidisciplinary Concept Analysis The stressors of illness, together with the stressors of everyday life, can challenge the coping mechanisms of all patients. The relationship between humor and health dates back to the bible: “A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit dries up the bones” (Proverbs 17:22, New International Version). Research across many disciplines has shown humor to be an important tool in facilitating these coping skills Humor is an integral part of everyday life and, therefore, also a component of the care and treatment of patients in the modern health care system. The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze the concept of humor along with laughter in the healthcare arena as well as serve as a vehicle in providing a clearer understanding of the thought and its therapeutic value in nursing. Review of Literature Don’t forget to summarize here!!!! Nursing Discipline A quantitative study was conducted by Astedt-Kurki & Liukkonen (1994) to illustrate the occurrence and meaning of humor in the nursing process, as described and experienced by professional...
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...biomedical model of health Current medical models assume that all illness is secondary to disease. Revision is needed to explain illnesses without disease and improve organisation of health care. Cultural and professional models of illness influence decisions on individual patients and delivery of health care. The biomedical model of illness, which has dominated health care for the past century, cannot fully explain many forms of illness. This failure stems partly from three assumptions: all illness has a single underlying cause, disease (pathology) is always the single cause, and removal or attenuation of the disease will result in a return to health. Currently, most models of illness assume a causal relation between disease and illness—the perceived condition of poor health felt by an individual. Cultural health beliefs and models of illness help determine the perceived importance of symptoms and the subsequent use of medical resources.4 The assumption that a specific disease underlies all illness has led to medicalisation of commonly experienced anomalous sensations and often disbelief of patients who present with illness without any demonstrable disease process. Finally, most biomedical models also seem strongly linked to primitive forms of intuitive mind-body dualism. Health commissioners, budgetary systems, healthcare professionals, and the public all act as if there is some clear, inescapable separation between physical and mental health problems, ignoring evidence that a person's...
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...the country. Also present in this program are the zero-based grading systems, grade retention policies, and qualifying exams that screen the abilities of students. Because of these grueling challenges, individuals may suffer from mental strain and tension. Being involved in the Accountancy program not only brings sleepless nights and tons of readings but it also brings stress–the main cause of anxiety. Stress is something that causes strong feeling...
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...order to Helps to Involves Enhances Involves Reduces Given by Community Psychological stability Impact of chronic disease or disability Finances Catered by Family Done By the Reduces Reduces Functional limitations Reduces Severity symptoms Reduces Involves Results to Involves Involves Involves Involves Limiting interactive conflict Effective treatment Cause of condition Presence of pain From Medical professionals Seek advice Collaborative care Monitor reaction Quality medicine principles Path physiological processes Seeking counsel Monitor patient Quality care right Physical condition threat Threat to body Threat to life Patients’ privacy Coping with patients needs Care planning Ethical responsibility Chronic illness/ disability Nursing a Person with Chronic Disease or Disability Introduction The disease process affects when a person suffers from a chronic illness or disability, the entire family and the community and the medical care offered to the patient. Chronic diseases or disability dictates that the infected person have to acknowledge the disease process as well as direct his or her attention towards leading a positive life. In similar magnitude, the community and the family of the person have to give care throughout the disease process (Manley et al. 2011). Nevertheless, accepting the condition of chronic disease or disability is a major to both affected persons and the family. The family must be ready to encourage the infected...
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