...GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND DIPLOMACY STUDENT GUIDELINE NOTES GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY MODULE Paste the notes here… Political economy originally was the term for studying production, buying and selling, and their relations with law, custom, and government. Political economy originated in moral philosophy (e.g. Adam Smith was Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow), it developed in the 18th century as the study of the economies of states — polities, hence political economy. In late nineteenth century, the term "political economy" was generally replaced by the term economics, used by those seeking to place the study of economy upon mathematical and axiomatic bases, rather than the structural relationships of production and consumption (cf. marginalism, Alfred Marshall). History of the term Originally, political economy meant the study of the conditions under which production was organized in the nation-states. The phrase économie politique (translated in English as political economy) first appeared in France in 1615 with the well known book by Antoyne de Montchrétien: Traicté de l’oeconomie politique. French physiocrats, Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx were some of the exponents of political economy. In 1805, Thomas Malthus became England's first professor of political economy, at the East India Company College, Haileybury, Hertfordshire. The world's first professorship in political economy was established...
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...University of Phoenix Material The Practice of Clinical Psychology Worksheet Answer the following questions. Your response to each question must be at least 150 words in length. 1. What are at least two legal issues associated with clinical psychology? Provide an example of a situation that could be legal but unethical. Explain your response. One major legal issue associated with clinical psychology is adhering to the Ethics Code irrespective of legal covets. The Ethics Code was cultivated and put into place by the American Psychological Association (APA) for the safety of both psychologist and patient. If the psychologist is a member of the APA (which is a voluntary endeavor), he or she must adhere to the Ethics Code (Plante, 2011). There are clear cases where this loyalty to the code undermines legal authority. However, the APA encourages its members to explain the obedience of the code, and to decide whether he or she should break their vow and go against it. Plante (2011) avows, “Generally, ethical standards represent a much higher standard of behavior than the law,” (p. 374). Another major legal issue is confidentiality, which not only ties into the abovementioned Ethics Code, but provides an example of a circumstance that could be lawful but unethical. Confidentiality is one of the foremost aspects of going to a psychologist; a psychologist is believed to break confidentiality only in the most extreme circumstances including immediate harm to the patient...
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...culture, and economic development and prosperity. Definition of Globalization Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. The effects of Globalization The process of globalization has effects on the environment, on culture, and on economic development and prosperity around the world. The effect that globalization has on our environment is that it has change our lifestyle by the way which communication has improve by the technology and social media. It has also play an important role in our culture by bringing two people together from different background that they can coupled with ideas that will impact the culture well-being. Today globalization brings new opportunities to poor nations as globalization leads to expansion of world trade and free movement of capital which increases the prosperity and wealth of developing countries of the world. It also allows the people to transfer or expand the business into foreign countries. Articles 1 The article which I would like to discuss is the psychology and globalization: Understanding a Complex Relationship. In this article, it talked about global context of our lives. The context of our lives is which the new development of new psychology in the global community has implied that our world was changing in significant ways that offered psychology the opportunity...
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...Durga Prasad Ghimire Eng.555: Themes and Trends in Fiction Dr. Dhurba Karki August 12, 2015 Characters Psychology Determined by Economy in Wuthering Heights Emile Bronte’s Wuthering Heights embodies an accurate picture of an individual’s psychology determined by the economy. A nineteenth century fiction evokes the photographic resemble of human consciousness obtained by concrete conditions in their world. Getting and keeping economic power is the motive behind all human psychology, including social, economic, political, philosophical and educational activities. Economic conditions, are referred as material circumstances and the psychological atmosphere generated by quantifiable achievement evokes his/her consciousness in the sense that he /she behaves, nurses, and govern their phenomenon according to their concrete prominence. The Bronte’s narrative explores the psychological state of beings launched by the commercial gain, where major characters Heathcliff, Catherine, Edgar, Hindly, and Isabella are steered by substantial belongings. Their individual psyche and its root in the family complex distract the relation to each other. The economic system structures, social, familial, and human behavior. It is a ground where every character plays the game of grade to examine their attainment in the society. At one point Marx underscores capitalism (economy) “every family wants to own its own home on its own land” [Tyson: 56]. In other words it promises to gain...
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...Community Development and Applied Economics, The University of Vermont, 103 C Morrill Hall, Burlington, Vermont 05405 Phone (802) 6560754, e-mail: CLIANG@uvm.edu Dunn, Paul, Entrepreneurship Studies Center, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, Louisiana 71209 Phone (318) 3421224, e-mail: dunn@ulm.edu Publsihed in the Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp 1-22. 1 Abstract The study of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship has resulted in a great deal of information about who entrepreneurs are and how who they are impacts their behavior. This paper presents additional insight into who entrepreneurs are and how their characteristics relate, and how those relationships might impact their behavior. We have studied selected entrepreneurial characteristics and their relationship to optimism, realism, and pessimism. The study shows that some entrepreneurial characteristics are positively related to optimism and realism and negatively related to pessimism. Key Words: Entrepreneurship, Psychology, Entrepreneurial Characteristics, Optimism, Realism, Pessimism 2 Entrepreneurial Characteristics, Optimism, Pessimism, and Realism – Correlation or Collision? Introduction There is a common argument among researchers regarding if entrepreneurs are optimistic, and if optimism relates to other characgteristics of entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is to explore and examine the relationship between entrepreneurial characteristics...
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...STUDENT ID NO: D33/34238/2010 AN ARGUMENTATIVE RESEARCH PAPER ON RESEARCH TOPIC: WHAT IS SCIENCE? TOPIC: Dispelling Misconceptions; Physical and Natural Sciences are not superior over Social Sciences. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract. 3 Introduction 4 Recommendations 22 REFERENCES 25 Abstract. Science in general is a great and highly developed human enterprise. Its intricacies are clearly not limited to the scientists alone, but it is essential for the entire human race. If we think of science as a space within the larger space of society then it is at the interfaces between these two spaces that human beings are involved with science. To see this interface clearly from the space of science is not the same as seeing it as a mere collection of facts that should be construed to be true and nothing but the truth. Science is beyond facts, ideals and thoughts. It is a process and a model that has undergone tests, been tried, reviewed and accepted as a true representation of the processes and occurrences in the natural world However, due to the broad nature of science, and the work, time and resources involved in pursuit of knowledge in different science fields which entails different interests, and thereby different values too; and the different possibilities of knowledge about different subjects, has lead to a...
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...Abstract As a social being, human being interacts with everything around him, promoting exchanges between various objects that surround it and a range of environments that populate their feelings, cognitions and expectations. Human being houses in the entire world are a reflection of socio-cultural values of time and region. When human being builds houses, builds a physical and a psychological environment. However, the built environment is becoming increasingly inappropriate to the context of life. Population density, degeneration of the central areas, pollution and disposal are some of the environmental stresses to which the urban human is subject. To understand an environment, it is essential to understand the people who inhabit it, with all its cultural, social, economic and psychological factors. Architects should be aware of the individual’s social and cultural sphere. Their performances contribute to solidify the architectural foundation and allow the approaching to a more appropriate response. It’s essential to the cities understanding and behaviors factors that individuals have in relation to these spaces, leading to the creation of new meeting and entertainment places for people, revitalizing the concept of enjoying the historical places, submitting economic and social handling and influence changes in the city's own urban context. KEYWORDS: City, person, environment, psychology, behavior Introduction During our entire existence we live in a collective way. Because...
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...INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY 1560–8530/2002/04–3–370–371 http://www.ijab.org Relationship of Study Habits with Educational Achievements AISHA RIAZ, ASMA KIRAN AND NIAZ H. MALIK Division of Education and Extension, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad–38040, Pakistan ABSTRACT Study implies investigation for the mastery of facts, ideas or procedures that are yet unknown or only partially known to the individuals. A number of factors are associated with this cause, out of which the effectiveness of study habits occupies a pivotal place. In order to check the influence of study habits on the learning out comes of the students, a survey was conducted in the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad by interviewing all the 150 B.Sc. and M.Sc. Home Economics students. The results indicate a strong impact of study habits on the educational performance of learners. Key Words: Educational achievements; Schedule of study; Study habits INTRODUCTION The low understanding level accompanied by discouraging achievements of the students has become cause of great concern of our country and has bothered badly the educationists, parents, government and even the foreign countries at the eve of evaluating our students’ knowledge. The educationists have made a number of systematic efforts to find out the causes of deterioration and suggested remedies thereof. Almost all the commissions and education policies including 1999-2000 have not only acknowledged the deterioration...
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...The Psychology of Gift Exchange Mayet, C. & Pine, K. J. University of Hertfordshire Internal Report 2010 Gift giving is a social, cultural and economic experience; a material and social communication exchange that is inherent across human societies and instrumental in maintaining social relationships and expressing feelings (Camerer, 1988, Joy 2001). Research within different disciplines to gain insight of gift giving behaviour has continued for over forty years. Gifts are bestowed in celebration of key life events, a medium for nurturing personal relationships, to encourage economic exchange and to socialise children into appropriate behaviour patterns (Belk, 1979). Obligations within a community require that individuals are required to give, receive and to reciprocate (Mauss, 1954). In his essay the French anthropologist-sociologist Marcel Mauss (1954), presented a theoretical analysis of the gift-giving process, that was based on his examination of giftgiving amongst various primitive, secluded, or ancient societies. He concluded that giftgiving is a self-perpetuating system of reciprocity and summarised three types of obligations which preserve gift-giving: 1. The obligation to give. 2. The obligation to receive. 3. The obligation to repay. The requirement to give may be ingrained in religious or moral necessities, with a strong need to recognise and maintain a status hierarchy and to establish or maintain peaceful relations, or merely the expectation of reciprocal giving...
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...NS 13 (2010) No 3 237 The relaTionship beTween employee moTivaTion and job involvemenT S Govender and SB Parumasur School of Management Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal Accepted March 2010 Abstract The study aims to assess the current level of, and relationship between, employee motivation and job involvement among permanent and temporary employees in various departments in a financial institution. This cross-sectional study was undertaken on 145 employees who were drawn by using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using the Employee Motivation Questionnaire (Fourie, 1989) and the Job Involvement Questionnaire (Lodahl & Kejner, 1965) and, was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicate that there are significant intercorrelations among the majority of dimensions and sub-dimensions of employee motivation and job involvement. Recommendations are presented to provide practitioners and managers with guidelines for enhancing employee motivation and job involvement respectively. JEL J28, M12 1 Introduction Motivating staff may be a critical factor in ensuring that an organisation thrives and succeeds in an increasingly competitive environment. The rationale is that, as employees become increasingly motivated to perform in their jobs, the likelihood of their becoming job involved increases significantly. Hence, the researchers postulate the existence of a direct relationship between motivation and job involvement...
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...Environmental Psychology Crystal Sperduto PSY460 The field of environmental psychology is a new demographic to the world of psychology. Environmental psychology is the effects the environment around one has on the said individual as well as the effect the individual has on the environment in return. There are more individuals that are aware as well as conscious the environment has, as well see what the effect they have on the environment as vice versa. In this paper, the major theoretical approaches, a more definitive overview of this discipline, as well as discuss the importance of research in the field of environmental psychology. Environmental Psychology It is described by Veitch and Arkkelin (1995) as “a behavioral science that investigates, with an eye toward enhancing, the interrelationships between the physical environment and human behavior” (p. 4). environmental psychology is derived from many different factors and disciplines such as psychological, spiritual, and physical natures when determining how the environment effects behaviors. In return environmental psychology also describes how one passively effects the environment. (Veitch & Arkkelin, 1995, p. 5). In this particular field of psychology it shows the relationship between of people and the environment it is surrounded by. By applying the social sciences such as sociology, economics and natural science. Society has become more aware of the interaction between the two due to the correlation becoming...
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...Social Psychology April Owens Social Psychology/ PSY 400 Lauren Davis February 13th 2012 Social Psychology People are social beings. From the moment we are born, we are raised to socialize with an incredible amount of people. These people influence our day-to-day lives just as much as we affect the lives of others. Social psychology searches to understand these interactions. What complicates these interactions is that they do not even need to be real, as long as they are perceived interactions. The idea is that people are a combination of their own personality plus the people they interact with on a regular basis. Social psychology treats the social aspects of mental life. It tries to understand the link between the mind, group situations, and the responses a person has as a result (WordIQ, 2010). By looking at how an individual reacts to a certain group (large or small) and how the group reacts to the individual, it is possible to find out how each portion can influence the other. There appear to be three general topics that are studied in social psychology. These topics are socialization (gender, life development, intelligence), communication (persuasion, self presentation, language, and rules), and social perception (identity, attitude, and attribution; WorkIQ.com, 2010). By focusing on these topics, we are able to get the full idea of how individuals and groups influence each other. One thing to look at is if social groups influence the...
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...Kevin Powell Warren Tillson Social Exchange Theory Social exchange theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. Social exchange theory posits that human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. The theory has roots in economics, psychology and sociology. Social exchange theory features many of the main assumptions found in rational choice theory and structuralism. Social exchange theory was introduced in 1958 by the sociologist George Homans with the publication of his work "Social Behavior as Exchange". He defined social exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible, and more or less rewarding or costly, between at least two persons. After Homans founded the theory, other theorists continued to write about it, particularly Peter M. Blau and Richard M. Emerson, who in addition to Homans are generally thought of as the major developers of the exchange perspective within sociology. Homans' work emphasized the individual behavior of actors in interaction with one another. Although there are various modes of exchange, Homans centered his studies on dyadic exchange John Thibaut and Harold Kelly are recognized for focusing their studies within the theory on the psychological concepts, the dyad and small group. Lévi-Strauss is recognized for contributing to the emergence of this theoretical...
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...Definition of Sociology The subject has been looked from various points of view and now it is an opportune time to define the subject properly. According to P.A. Sorokin “sociology is a generalizing science of socio-cuitural phenomena viewed in their generic forms, types, and manifold interconnections. ” (Bierstedt, 1970. 3-28) Sociology is the scientific study of human society and social behaviour. The subject matter of sociology is huge and complex, and the knowledge produced by sociological research is still imperfect in many ways. However, it has taught us a great deal about ourselves. (RotarTson, 1977 :3) No formal definition of sociology is very satisfactory. Short definitions don’t really define; long definitions are clumsy. Yet a definition of some sort is needed, and sociology is often defined as the scientific study of human social life.. Human beings behave differently from other animals. They have unique forms of group life; they pursue customs, develop institutions, and create values. Sociology applies scientific methods to the study of these phenomena in the research for scientific knowledge. Sociology concentrates its study upon the group life of human beings and the product of their group living. (HurTon and Chester 1984: 25-27) The sociologist is especially interested in the customs, traditions, and values which emerge from group living, and in the way group living is, in turn, affected by these customs, traditions, and values. Sociology is interested in the...
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...related behavioral disciplines. The most influential members of the Organizational Behavior team are psychology, social psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Study of these four disciplines helps one understand the underlying principles that build the overall science of Organizational Behavior. A simple composite definition of Organizational Behavior could be a science that studies the behavior, influence, relationship, and activity within groups. The discipline of Organizational Behavior helps one apply the knowledge and understanding gained from the study of groups to manipulate the activities of the group to achieve specific goals. Organizational Behavior Disciplines It frequently requires a team to accomplish a task. Each member of a well-balanced team contributes a meaningful part of the entire effort to complete the task successfully. This team concept can be applied to the study of Organizational Behavior. Organizational Behavior is an applied behavioral science built on concepts contributed by a number of related behavioral disciplines (Robins & Judge, 2009). The most influential members of the Organizational Behavior team are psychology, social psychology, sociology, and anthropology (see Appendix). Study of these four disciplines helps one understand the underlying principles that build the overall science of Organizational Behavior. Psychology Psychology is a science that tries to “measure, explain, and sometimes change the behavior of humans and other animals”...
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