...Assignment #9 - Renal Physiology 1. Describe, in detail, the effects that the following altered states would have on blood pressure and plasma osmolarity (if any). Be sure to include a step-by-step description of underlying processes occurring. Note that plasma osmolarity is a measure of the concentration of solutes in the blood and is most profoundly affected by plasma sodium concentrations. (8 points) a) Increased aldosterone secretion (hyperaldosteronism) Increased aldosterone secretion causes increased sodium reabsorption from the tubules. Since sodium has a high osmotic pressure, water will “follow” the sodium back into the blood stream, and blood pressure will increase. Even though sodium is moving into the blood stream, plasma osmolarity will not change because the water moves into the blood stream as well, keeping the overall sodium concentration the same. b) Decreased aldosterone secretion (hypoaldosteronism) Decreased aldosterone secretion results in less sodium being reabsorbed, and therefore less water being reabsorbed, resulting in decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure. Osmolarity will remain the same. c) Increased ADH secretion (syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) When ADH binds to receptors on the outer membrane cells of the distal and collecting tubules, it activates cAMP as a second messenger, which, in turn, causes water channels in the inner membrane cells to open. The water can then freely flow through the tubule membrane cells and...
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...Structural and Functional Parameters Are IndependentPredictors of Renal Function at 3 Months | 202(111 biopsied) | | A donor preimplantation biopsy with sufficient material forevaluation was available in 111 cases. Mean global glomerularsclerosis was 1.2% _ 3.5% and in seven cases globalglomerular sclerosis was greater than 10%. Mean donorchronic damage score was 0 in 77 cases; 1 in 15 cases; 2 in13 cases; and _3 in five cases(LOW PERCENTAGE OF GLOMEROSCLEROSIS) | | Histopathologic Evaluation of Pretransplant Biopsy as a Factor InfluencingGraft Function After Kidney Transplantation: A 1-Year Observation | 92 | We observed a significant correlation between immediate graft function (IGF)and lack of ATN in the pre-0 biopsy. We observed no correlation between renal functionand arterial hyalinization and fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, tubular atrophy. In thepostoperative period, we observed a significant correlation between IGF and lack ofinterstitial fibrosis with significantly lower levels of creatinine, urea, and potassium andhigher urine output early after transplantation. IGF and better function of the right kidneywas correlated with shorter time to reach a creatinine level of 2 mg%. In the postoperativeperiods, we also observed a difference between renal function depending on gender. Thepresence of acute tubular necrosis, arterial fibrosis, lack of inflammatory infiltration in thepre-0 biopsy correlated with worse late renal function. Among explantation biopsies 65.5%showed signs of CAN...
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...posterior pituitary gland RAAS will be activated Increase release of ADH Increase aldosterone level Peripheral vacoconstriction Na and water retention s/sx: increased BP Nephrotoxicity /Nephropathy Increase water reabsorption by renal tubule Dilation and enlargement of heart chambers Stretching of muscle fibers of the heart Increase contraction (Frank-starling law) Increase O2 requirement to perform work Presence in the skin/skin changes Tissue Hypoperfusion s/sx: Weakness, fatigue, pallor. Pale nail beds and lips Increase cardiac workload, leading to overworked heart Heart failure Increased Fluid backup into the lungs Increased Pulmonary Pressure Impaired Gas exchange s/sx; dry Cough, Fatigue, Orthopnea, Irritability, Crackles Legend: pathophysiology signs/symptoms lab result diagnosis Kidney hypoperfusion Decrease glomerular filtration rate Decrease nephron function Heart failure Renal Failure (impaired renal excretory ability) Increase...
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...Lung cancer arises from the epithelial of the respiratory track. Lung cancer is the most severe cancer compare to the other cases of cancer. Lung cancer is the number one killer in United States and the world. In this country alone, there are 219440 new cases yearly and 159390 death yearly which is almost 57% of death yearly form lung cancer. These cases of lung cancer account for 14% of all cancer in men and 15% in women every year. (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010, p. 1299). Although tobacco smoking is the number causes of lung cancer, there are some new cases of lung cancer arising every year without any cause. Cigarette smoking accounts for almost 90% of all lung cancer (http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/basic_info/index.htm) . Other causes of lung cancer can include radon, asbestos, second hand smoking, family history, diet and air pollution. Lung cancer arises from a single changed epithelial cell in the tracheobronchial airways. A carcinogen from cigarette smoke or other predisposing factor like inherited gene bind to a cell DNA and damages it thereby resulting in multiple genetic abnormalities in bronchial cell which include deletion of chromosomes, activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressing genes. This damage results in cellular changes, abnormal cell growth and eventually a malignant cell. The DNA undergoes further changes and becomes unstable as the DNA is passed to daughter’s cell. With the accumulation of genetic changes, the pulmonary epithelium...
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...portion is also medullary is known as cortical. 2) Juxta Medullary Nephron has 2 parts 1) Bowmans Capsule 2) Tubular system # of Nephrons in each species |CATTLE |40 LACK | |PIG |12.5 LACK | |HUMAN |10 LACK | |DOG |4.15 LACK | |CAT |1.9 LACK | Note Diagram Tubular System 1) Renal Tubule 2) Loop of Henli a. Descending Lymph b. Thin segment of Ascending Lymph c. Thick segment of Ascending Lymph 3) Collecting Tubule form Collecting Duct 4) Capillary unit work around the structure is known as peritubular capillaries 5) Vasa rectum capillary not around the loop of H. Juxta Glomerular Apparatus 1) Maculla Densa a. Located in Lumen of DCT 2) Juxta Glomerulus Cells- Secrete Renin 3) Renal Pelvicis- Horse 4) Renal Calicos- Cattle & Buffalo URINE FORMATION 1) Glomerullus Filtration 2) Tubular Reabsorbtion 3) Tubular Secretion Note Figure of Glomerillus Membrane...
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...Test 1 Review 1. The atmosphere one a newly discovered planet has the following mixture of gases. 37 % O2 , 20 % CO2, 15 % H2 10% Ar, 18% N2 Given a Patm of 450 mmHg (assume 0% humidity) what is the partial pressure of O2 and Co2. 2. Marco tries to hide at the bottom of a swimming pool by breathing in and out through a 6 ft garden hose. What happens to following parameters? Ignore chemoreceptors compensation and be sure to provide a brief rationale for the changes you identify. Systemic arterial PO2 Systemic arterial PCO2 [HCO3-] plasma Plasma pH Total pulmonary ventilation % saturation of hemoglobin 3. An individual has the following measured respiratory elements. All units has to be in L and min VT= 200 ml/breath IRV =3 L ERV= 2 L Anatomic dead space = 150 ml Residual volume= 1 L Respiration rate = 5 breaths/ 7 seconds What is pulmonary ventilation? What is alveolar ventilation? What is her vital capacity? What is her inspiratory capacity? What is her expiratory capacity? What is her total lung volume? What is the function of the conduction portion of the respiratory tract? Describe the anatomical structures that accomplish this. What is the function of the respiratory portion? Describe the anatomical structures that accomplish this. Draw the HB saturation curve. Be sure to identify the X and Y axis and labels where the systemic and pulmonary blood sits and where the normal systemic venous blood...
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...particularly interesting and decided to research more. According to research, high protein diets can cause harmful effects on renal (kidney) function and are believed to be due to the overwork induced by such diets on the kidneys (Aparicio, Nebot, Garcia-del Moral, Machado-Vilchez, Porres, Sanchez and Aranda, 2013). High protein diets cause elevation of glomerular filtration rate and hyper-filtration which was concluded through experiments done on pigs who have similar kidneys as humans (Aparicio, Nebot, Garcia-del Moral, Machado-Vilchez, Porres, Sanchez and Aranda, 2013). The kidney plays a central role in protein metabolism and processes regulated by the kidneys are directly affected by dietary protein intake (Aparicio, Nebot, Garcia-del Moral, Machado-Vilchez, Porres, Sanchez and Aranda, 2013). Therefore, Amanda I agree with you that high protein diets are popular amongst today’s society because I am constantly seeing more ads for “high-protein” products that help with weight loss – such as protein shakes and powders- and menu item options when I go out. But we have to be well informed and cautious when consuming protein and how much we should be ingested, because as you can see, it can have serious consequences. Reference: Aparicio, V., Nebot, E., Garcia-del Moral, R., Machado-Vilchez, M., Porres, J., Sanchez, C., and Aranda, P. “High Protein Diets and Renal Status in Rats.” Jan/Feb 2013. Retreived on June 23, 2013 from UMUC library...
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...Pathophysiology: Neoplasia and Renal System School of Nursing 1. Cancer Staging Cancer staging describes the severity of a person’s cancer based on the person’s initial tumor, and whether or not the cancer has metastasized (American Cancer Society, 2012, www.cancer.org). Knowledge of the stage is very important in that is can be used to explain prognosis to the patient, and can be used by the doctor and the patient to plan treatment. Staging of cancer is based on knowledge of the way in which cancer progresses in the body. Malignant cells grow and reproduce without any control or order, and they do not die when they should. In most cases the cancer cells will form a mass called a tumor. As the tumor grows it can invade tissues and organs that are close to it. The malignant cells can also break away from the tumor and enter the bloodstream (Lemone, 2004, p. 284). There are five common elements considered in most staging systems: site of the primary tumor, tumor size and number, lymph node involvement, cell type, and the presence or absence of metastasis. A common staging system is called TNM, which stands for Tumor, lymph Nodes, and Metastasis. When staging a number is added to each letter to indicate the size of the primary tumor and the extent of the cancer spread. (Lemone, 2004, p. 284) Infection, immunity and inflammation in cancer patients are all interrelated. They form what could be...
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...How to Bring Down High Creatinine Levels ------------------------------------------------- Six Methods:Making Diet ChangesUsing Unverified Herbal RemediesMaking Lifestyle ChangesTaking MedicationsConsidering Medical TherapiesUnderstanding Creatinine Creatinine is a waste product found in everyone's blood. Under normal circumstances, your kidneys should be able to filter and pass this substance out of your body. Certain health problems can hinder this function, however, allowing harmful amounts of creatinine to build up. There are several ways that you can reduce your creatinine levels, including changing your diet, making some lifestyle modifications, taking medications, and participating in medical therapy. Method 1 of 6: Making Diet Changes 1. ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 1 ------------------------------------------------- Limit your sodium intake. Excessive sodium can cause an unhealthy amount of fluid retention and may result in high blood pressure. Both of these issues could result in high creatinine levels. * Maintain a low-sodium diet. Stay away from salty foods and drinks, and opt for low-sodium versions of common food products (canned soup, bottled sauces, etc.) when available. * Your daily average range of sodium intake should be between 2 to 3 grams per day, if not lower.[1] ------------------------------------------------- Ad 1. ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Patterson, Shawn SC121-Unit 1- Seminar 1 Seminar 1 Option 2 Assignment “Anatomy is the study of the structure of living organs.” “Physiology is to study and understanding of how living organisms live and keep them alive.” Anatomical position is when the position with the body the position with the body upright and having the arms at their side and their palms forward. The anatomical position is important in anatomy because it is the position of reference for anatomical nomenclature. Anatomical terms such as lateral means toward the side away from the mid section of your body. Medial is the opposite which is toward the middle away from the side of the body. Proximal is closer to the origin of your body and distal is farther...
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...Edexcel BTEC Level 2 Certificate, Extended Certificate and Diploma in Health and Social Care (QCF) Unit 7: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care Assignment 7 Contents Index | | Page No | Learner details* | | 3 | Learner tracker* | | 3 | Learner declaration* | | 3 | Aim and purpose | | 4 | Unit introduction | | 4 | Learning outcomes | | 5 | Unit contents | | 7 | Essential Resources | | 8 | Assessment brief | | 9 | Task 1 | P1 | 10 | Task 2 | P2/M1/D1 | 10 | Task 3 | P3 | 11 | | | | Task 4 | P4/M2 | 11 | Task 5Task 6 | P5P6/M3/D2 | 1112 | | | | | | | * Must be submitted with learner’s evidence. Assignment 7 – Unit 7: Anatomy and Physiology for Health and Social Care Learner Name: Assessor Name: Issue Date: Deadline Date: Submission Date: Learner Tracker Assignment 1 | Assessment Criteria | Completed | Grade | Task 1 | | | | Task 2 | | | | Task 3 | | | | Task 4 | | | | Task 5 | | | | Task 6 | | | | ------------------------------------------------- Learner Declaration ------------------------------------------------- The learner declaration must be attached to the completed portfolio of evidence. ------------------------------------------------- Learner Name: ------------------------------------------------- I declare that the work contained in this portfolio of evidence is all my own work. ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...to glomerulonephritis. The injured and defective glomeruli in the kidneys lead to the release of too much protein in the urine resulting in nephrosis. 2. Use JH’s laboratory values to determine if he is still experiencing nephrosis or if his condition is progressing to renal failure. JH’s lab values indicate that the PaCO2, HCO3-, and Hct, and Na levels are all below normal limits. His potassium level was increased at 5.4 mEq/L. There was also an increase in JH’s BUN (58 mg/dl), creatinine (3.9 mg/dl), and albumin (2.0 g/dl) levels. Traces of protein were found in his urine suggesting that JH’s condition is progressing to renal failure. 3. What additional physical or laboratory findings would be helpful in determining JH’s degree of renal impairment? Creatinine clearance is helpful in determining general kidney function. A level above 1.2 is reduced and indicates renal impairment. The kidneys' ability to handle creatinine is called the creatinine clearance rate, which helps to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This rate will give a general overview of how the kidney is functioning. Physical assessment findings of joint pain, tenderness, redness and swelling are all indicative of renal impairment from hyperuremia. Skin nodules, generalized itching/pruritus may be present upon assessment of the integument. Patient may also complain of flank pain. Decrease in urine...
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...hypothalamic heat-regulating center to cause vasodilation and sweating, which helps dissipate heat.Carvedilol causes vasodilation by blocking the activity of α-blockers, mainly at alpha-1 receptors. It exerts antihypertensive effect partly by reducing total peripheral resistance and vasodilation. It is used in patients with renal impairment, NIDDM or IDDM.Promotes incorporation of water into stool, resulting in softer fecal mass, may also promote electrolyte and water secretion into the colon. It increases the amount of water and fat absorbed by the feces, softening the stool and making it easier to pass.Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. | Contraindicated with allergy to acetaminophen. Use cautiously with impaired hepatic function, chronic alcoholism, pregnancy, lactation. Adverse effects CNS: Headache CV: Chest pain, dyspnea, myocardial damage when doses of 5–8 g/day are ingested daily for several weeks or when doses of 4 g/day are ingested for 1 yr GI: Hepatic toxicity and failure, jaundice GU: Acute kidney failure, renal tubular necrosis Contraindications Hypersensitivity; severe chronic heart failure, bronchial asthma or related bronchospastic conditions; severe hepatic impairment. Adverse effects Bradycardia, AV...
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...Case Study 7 Case 1 D.K. is being seen in the clinic for complaints of urinary frequency, urgency, and burning. She reports that her urine appears cloudy and smells abnormal. A urine culture is obtained, and D.K. is given a prescription for antibiotics. 1) What is the most likely cause of D.K.’s signs and symptoms? The most likely cause of the signs and symptoms is a urinary tract infection. 2) Was antibiotic therapy the appropriate treatment? What organism should the antibiotic be effective against since it is the most common cause of this disorder? Yes, antibiotics are indicated for symptomatic urinary tract infection. E. Coli causes about 80% of UTIs. 3) What factors predispose to development of this urinary tract disorder? Factors that predispose the development of a UTI are: sexually active women, failure to void after intercourse, incorrect hygiene (i.e. wiping from front to back), female anatomy, low estrogen in postmenopausal women, catheters, tubes or foreign objects placed in the urinary tract, pregnancy and diabetes mellitus. 4) What strategies could be suggested to help D.K. avoid recurrence of this problem? Strategies that will help to avoid the recurrence of an UTI: If sexually active void after intercourse, wipe perineal area from front to back, wear cotton crotch underwear, drink six to eight glasses of water a day, avoid bubble baths and highly perfumed soaps, avoid douches and feminine hygiene deodorants. Case 2 P.W. was...
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...Research Strategy Paper on the Lack of Self-Confidence GEN/200 Research Strategy Paper on the Lack of Self-Confidence Johnson Pope, an English poet, said, “Self-confidence is the first requisite to great undertakings.” However, I definitely do not have that quality. Self-confidence describes a person who has faith on themselves. A problem that affects me every day is my lack of self-confidence. My self-confidence affects me in my decision making, career, and social skills. It also affects me when I am passing up opportunities that can be rewarding. An example how my self-confidence affects me is when I will not stand a chance competing against another person. I do not do well in a challenge. I give in easily. I doubt about myself and my abilities to do any task. The fear of rejection and failure hunts me every day. My lack of self-confidence overly preoccupies me with what others think. What I need to do is build confidence and take charge of my life to overcome my problem. One of the methods I can use to work on my self-confidence is looking for a support group. They are a lot of internet support groups or blogs about self-confidence that I can rely for support. I feel that if I can share my feelings without face-to-face time, I can open up more to my feelings and assist me better. Another place that I can use to gather information is to see a Psychologist. Psychologists are trained individuals and with a tremendous amount of experience that can be use in assist...
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