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Acknowledgement

All praises are for Almighty Allah, Who guides us through the darkness of unknown. All respects are for Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), who enables us to recognize One Creator and Whose spiritual teachings guide us in every matter of life.

We are thankful to our respected Principal, Dr. Dean and our Head of the Department, Dr. Shahnaz Choudhry, who permitted us to avail the opportunity of working in such a helpful and cooperative environment.

We greatly wish to acknowledge Dr. Amir Saeed, the Manager of R & D for allowing us to work in Packages Limited, Pakistan and Mr. Ishtiaq ur Rehman, the Senior Research Chemist (R&D) for providing us the opportunity of this work and encouraging & appreciating us at every step. He not only permitted us to undertake this important part of internship work but also helped us a lot in conducting this study as a Supervisor. We felt motivated and encouraged every time we attended his meeting, Mr. Imran Khan, the incharge of Paper and Pulp Laboratory, Mr. Zafar Hussain (working staff) and the members of Physical Laboratory in Packages Limited, Pakistan who helped us throughout the work & shared their experiences & knowledge with us.

The success of this project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others, apart from our efforts. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project.

Thanks to our parents whose prayers are always with us to achieve our goals in our whole life. Also, we would like to extend masses of gratitude to R & D Department for facilitating us with their leadership.

Anam Nawazish
Mahrukh Saleem Khan
Sadaf Sherwani

Brief History of Packages Limited
Packages Limited is the outcome of an idea to develop and build local skill and competence in sophisticated packaging industry based upon indigenous raw material and talent. It started its business and production in May 1957, as a private Limited company with a total of about 300 employees. Initially the emphasis was on conversion business and raw material was purchased from outside. Encouraged by the response and confidence reposed by the industry at large, in 1965 it was decided to convert the organization into a Public Limited Company.
It was soon realized that self- sufficiency in all the raw materials was a pre- requisite for maintaining growth. Accordingly in 1968 a 24,000 tones pulp, paper and board Mill was built and integrated into packaging plant. After the modernization and balancing of the machinery in the paper and board Mill its capacity has been increased to 50,000 tons per year. It is also manufacturing and selling varieties of tissues.
With more than 50% of the total share in the industry, Packages Limited is the industry leader. It can be thus safely assumed that in this regard, Packages Limited remains unrivalled among all of its competitors like Century Paper Mills, Adamjee Paper & Board Mills Ltd., ABN Packaging International, Arsam Pulp & Paperboard Industries etc.
The Bulleh Shah Project

Packages planned to relocate its paper manufacturing facilities from the existing location, which has limited capacity for expansion, to a new site 54 km from the present one. This will enable it to radically increase paper and paperboard production from 100,000 to 300,000 tons per year. The packaging operation shall continue concurrently at the Lahore site.
Packages limited have extended its expertise to a number of Third World countries in the 1972. Management and Technology was sent to Tanzania, Indonesia, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and Nigeria where packaging companies required assistance in running and managing their operations. Packages Limited has also provided technical assistance to Tetra Pack for general packaging in Kuban, Russia and looking forward to expanding its horizons for more multi-cultural experiences. For the expansion purposes, plans for Syria, Iran and USA are in pipeline.
Global Partners
One of the best ways for a business to leverage its products and increase growth is through association. Our business alliances help us manage our business more effectively, as well as helping us and our partners develop and diversify our interests. Customers also benefit from the increased knowledge base, as we transform our market awareness and shared technology into innovative and cost effective solutions for customers.
The Packages Group is proud of its long standing network of friends and family, with key business partners as diverse as Print Care, Coca-Cola, Tetra Pak and Mitsubishi Corporation.

Product Line

Production units of Packages Limited have been divided into five:

1. Paper & Board 2. Carton Business Unit 3. Corruwal Business unit 4. Flexible Business Unit 5. Consumer products

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Introduction to R & D Department

To sustain continuous and consistent progress in quality packaging, Packages Limited has a research and development department works in collaboration with the production Department. The R & D center and production facilities are located at the same premises. The center is well equipped, in terms of both human resources and equipments, to provide technical support to our production and to the external costumers. At this center, we can simulate Pulping, Bleaching, and Refining and Papermaking operations on laboratory scale.

R & D Department is committed to developing new products that service changing consumer needs, while evaluating and improving raw materials to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Laboratory simulation of papermaking operations, chemical testing and analysis, comprehensive testing of paperboard and its products and other research and development facilities ensure provision of quality custom-tailored solutions, no matter how diverse the customer requirements.

The R & D work at Packages has resulted into several achievements.

Research and Development Department has the following Laboratories:

• Physical Lab • Pulp Lab • Chemical Lab • Flexible Packaging Lab

PHYSICAL LAB EQUIPMENTS

There are following equipments in physical lab:

1. Electrical Balance
2. Micrometer (paper)
3. Hart Moisture Meter
4. Tensile strength Tester
5. Bendsten Tester
6. PPS Tester
7. Mullen Tester (paper)
8. Oil Absorption Tester
9. Tear Tester
10. Mullen Tester (board)
11. Lloyd Tensile Strength Tester
12. internal Bond tester
13. Crease Stiffness Tester
14. Board Creaser
15. Compression Strength Tester
16. Melt Flow Rate Apparatus
17. Taber Stiffness tester
18. Micrometer (Board)
19. Cutter
20. Digital Compression Tester
21. Photo volt Reflectance Meter

PULP LAB EQUIPMENTS

There are following equipments in pulp lab

1. Pulverizer
2. Shive analyzer
3. Fiber classifier
4. Defibrator
5. Strainer
6. Washer
7. Digester
8. Suction flask
9. Disintegrator
10. Furnace
11. dryer
12. Press
13. Hand sheet former
14. Mixer
15. weigh balance
16. Oven
17. Desiccator

FLEXIBLE PACKAGING LAB EQUIPMENTS

There are following equipments in flexible packaging lab:

1. Horizontal autoclave
2. Impact strength Tester
3. Heat Sealer
4. Laminar Flow Cabinet
5. Gas Chromatograph
6. Oxygen Permeation analyzer
7. COE tester
8. Microscope
9. Incubator
10. Hot tack Tester
11. Sentinel Heat sealer
12. Humidity Chamber
13. Weight Balance
14. Digital Force Gauge
15. Optical Density Meter
16. Multivac Packaging Machine

CHEMICAL LAB EQUIPMENTS

There are following equipments in chemical Lab:

1. Spectrophotometer
2. UV Spectrophotometer
3. Analytical balance
4. Desiccators
5. pH meter
6. Brookfield viscometer
7. Furnace/oven
8. Flame photometer
9. Charge analyzer

ABSTRACT

This review highlights the progress of application of Xylanase Enzyme in refining which includes the mechanism of action and its effects on Hard and Softwood pulp.

Refining is a papermaking process where the cellulosic fibres are mechanically treated, resulting in morphological and structural changes to produce desired fibre properties for a better quality paper.
Refining requires a large amount of energy and is performed in beaters or refiners. Due to high energy requirement and problems related to fines generation by the conventional refining process, use of enzymes especially the cellulases and hemicellulases is gaining popularity, and here Xylanase is taken to see its effects on refining. Enzymes are valuable in order to develop better fibrillation for better quality of paper, saving electrical energy, and improved drainability of pulp. But, there is a limitation of using enzyme in that it can reduce the pulp viscosity.
The enzyme is added to the pulp, in the pulper, and given an appropriate reaction time to perform its particular action on pulp. Then the sample is taken at different time intervals, diluted with distilled water, consistency and SR is calculated and sheets are made to observe the effect of enzyme on the raw material. The physical properties of the sheets showed variations in values of sheet strength. The strength was increased in some sheets and the other samples showed a decrease in strength. The values of these strengths are shown in the form of tables and elaborated with the help of graphs in the following review.

REFINING

The term “Beating” and “refining” are often used interchangeably. More precisely beating refers to the mechanical action of rotating bars opposing a stationary bed plate on a circulating fiber suspension where the individual fibers are oriented perpendicular to the bars.

Refining is a process of transformation of long, smooth and stiff fibers into shorter and more flexible form by continuous beating of pulp in the refiners. Refining action causes internal loosening of fibers as well as the cutting action. Refining is the most important paper making sub process where the operator can contribute to fiber properties and thus to nearly all properties of furnished paper.

Major Effects OF Refining

Primary effects • Removal of primary wall and formation of fiber debris or fines.

• Penetration of water into the cell wall

• Breaking of some intra fiber bonds; replacement by water-fiber hydrogen bonds (hydration).

• Increased fiber flexibility.

• External fibrillation and foliation.

• Fiber shortening.

Secondary effects • Fractures (cracks in cell wall).

• Fiber stretching and compression.

• Partial solubilization of surfaces hemicelluloses into ‘gels’.

• Straightening of fiber (at low consistency).

• Curing of fibers (at high consistency).

Refining also produces fines consisting of fragments of broken fibers and particles removed from the fiber walls. One obvious effect of refining is the dramatic change in the drainage or dewatering properties of the pulp. Pulp drainability is rapidly reduced as refining proceeds, mainly due to increased concentration of fibers.

Effect of Refining on Properties

The actual response to refining will depend upon the type of pulp fibers, the equipment used, and the operating conditions. Tear strength always decrease with refining due to strength attrition of individual fibers, other strength parameters increases due to improved fiber to fiber bonding. The paper stock itself becomes slower (i.e. more difficult to drain) and the resultant paper sheets become denser (less bulky) with reduced porosity, lower opacity and decreased dimensional stability. If fiber length is greatly reduced machine run ability is affected.

Control of Refining Process

In most refining system there are generally two specific objectives:

• Optimum strength development.

• Control of stock drain ability and sheet formation.

REFINERS

There are two types of refiners used in stock preparation plant of Packages Limited: ➢ Double Disk Refiner (DDR)

➢ Conical Refiner

Advantages and Benefits

Since refining requires significant energy input as well as capital investment for equipment, facilitating the refining process could provide numerous benefits including stronger paper and more use of recycled paper.

1. Reduction in electrical energy

By applying enzymes, mills can reduce their pulp refining energy requirement. Enzymes are expected to give more benefits to those mills, which are not having captive power generation and/or limited by refining capacity.

2. Drainage improvement

Many researchers have explored the use of enzymatic treatment for increasing pulp freeness. The enzymatic attack involves peeling mechanisms which removes fibrils and leaves the fibrils less hydrophilic and easier to drain. The increase in drainage may also attribute to the cleaving of cellulose on the surface of fines.

3. Reduction in steam consumption

Enzymatic refining results in improved drain ability i.e. better dewatering, so there is decreased steam load for paper drying and reduced steam consumption.

4. Improvement in paper properties

Enzymes produce a better fibrillation, so paper properties that depend on fibril content are improved. These properties are tensile strength, burst strength, tensile energy absorption.

SCHOPPER REIGLER (°SR)

The Schopper-Riegler test is designed to provide a measure of the rate at which a dilute suspension of pulp may be dewatered. It has been shown that the drainability is related to the surface conditions and swelling of the fibers, and constitutes a useful index of the amount of mechanical treatment to which the pulp has been subjected.
In principle, this method is applicable to all kinds of pulp in aqueous suspension. However, in practice, the Schopper-Riegler test provides acceptable results only if a sufficiently dense mat of fibers is formed on the wire screen. For this reason, the test is not recommended for some extremely short-fibred pulps, such as those from well-beaten hardwoods, as most of the fibers will pass through the wire screen, resulting in anomalous reduction of the SR number.

What are Enzymes?

Enzymes are the complex protein molecules that act as a catalyst speeding up chemical reaction under a narrow range of conditions. The activity of enzyme depends on the chemical and physical environment.

Enzymes are catalysts of highly specific reactions. In their capacity as catalyst, enzymes are not consumed and only small amount is required to bring about a particular reaction.

Enzymes catalyze only very specific reactions, which has made them particularly relevant to pulp and paper industry.

Refining is a papermaking process where the cellulose fibers are mechanically treated resulting in morphological and structural changes to produce desired fiber properties for better quality paper but we used Xylanase enzyme in our project.

Xylanase

Enzymes are biological catalysts produce by all living things. The enzyme named XYLANASE deconstructs plant structural material by breaking down hemi cellulose, a major component of plant cell wall.

Xylanase enzyme obtained from Trichoderma sp. and is produced by fermentation. It consists of 190 amino acids. Xylanase belong to the glucanase enzyme family and are characterized by their ability to breakdown various xylans to produce short chain xylo-oligosaccharides.

Xylanase has been extracted from many different fungi and bacteria. It is commonly used in paper production and food production. This enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of Xylans.

Literature Review: Work on Xylanase
|Year Researchers |Enzymes used |Materials used |Major effects |
|1968 Yerkes |Cellulases (obtained |Chemical pulps |Improved strength |
| |from white-rot |or cotton linters |properties and |
| |fungus Trametes | |reduced beating time |
| |suaveolens) | | |
|1986 Noe et al |Xylanase |Bleached |Reduced energy |
| | |chemical pulps |demand |
|1996 Bhardwaj et al. |Hemicellulase |Unbleached |Reduction in beating |
| | |Kraft pulps |time by 17-25% |
| | |(softwood, | |
| | |bamboo and | |
| | |mixed pulp) | |
|1997 Mansfield et al. |Cellulase and |Douglas fir |Changes in fibre at |
| |Xylanase |Kraft pulp |both micro and |
| | | |macro structural level |
|1999 Mansfield et al. |Cellulases |Douglas fir |Enhanced in-plane |
| | |Kraft pulp |strength of |
| | | |hand sheets |
|1999 Kibblewhite and |Endoglucanases and |Radiata pine |Increased tear index- |
|Wong |Xylanase |Kraft pulp |apparent density and |
| | | |tear index- tensile |
| | | |index properties of |
| | | |hand sheets |
|2000 Seo B. et al |Cellulase |Chemical pulp |Shortened refining |
| | | |time by causing |
| | | |extensive fibre |
| | | |cutting and |
| | | |improved drainage |
| | | |without significantly |
| | | |lowering fibre length |

Working Area

The study and analysis of the Hard and Softwood pulps were carried out in the Pulp and Physical Laboratory of R & D Department of Packages Limited. These Laboratories of Packages Limited is fully equipped with necessary latest apparatus & equipments for required analysis & testing.

Materials and Instruments Provided

Thermometer Analytic Balance Refiner Schopper Reigler Tester Hand Sheet Former Dry heat Oven Desiccator Suction flask Weigh balance Drum Dryer SR cylinders Filter papers Beakers Measuring cylinder Tensile Strength Tester Tear Tester Tear Cutter Mullen Tester (paper) Caliper

Sample Designing

Chinook Bleached Softwood Kraft Pulp and Arauco Bleached Eucalyptus Hardwood Kraft Pulp were used as samples. The weights of these pulps were 360g and 415g respectively. The temperature of the pulps in pulper was 38◦C-40◦C and their pH was 6.0-7.0. The enzyme used was Xylanase (Pulpzyme HC) Novozyme and the residence time provided was 30 minutes.

Addition of Enzyme

Sr No. |Dosages of Enzyme |Weight of Pulp |Dilution of Enzyme |Calculations |Results | | | |Softwood |Hardwood | |Softwood |Hardwood |Softwood |Hardwood | |1 |0.005% |360g |415g |0.5% |360/0.5x 0.005 |415/0.5x 0.005 |3.6 ml |4.15ml | |2 |0.01% |360g |415g |0.5% |360/0.5x 0.01 |415/0.5x 0.01 |7.2ml |8.3ml | |3 |0.015% |360g |415g |0.5% |360/0.5x 0.015 |415/0.5x 0.015 |10.8ml |12.45ml | |4 |0.02% |360g |415g |0.5% |360/0.5x 0.02 |415/0.5x 0.02 |14.4ml |16.6ml | |

Procedure

1. For Refining ← Firstly, the OD softwood and hardwood pulps were measured upto 415 g on electrical balance. ← The measured pulps were then added to the pulper and were tested separately. ← After adding pulp to the pulper, the pulper was filled up to 12 liters with water. ← The temperature of pulp in the pulper was 40 ◦C and its pH was 6.0-7.0 ← The enzyme was then added in the pulper, containing pulp, mixed and was given the residence time of 30 minutes. ← After the residence time, the pulp along with the enzyme was slush for 2 minutes. ← The pulp was then poured into the refiner and load of 8.4 Amperes and 360 Volts current was applied to the pulp. ← Different samples of pulp were taken at different time intervals. ← These samples were diluted with water up to 4 times.

2. For Consistency ← The consistency of pulp was measured by placing an oven-dried filter paper on suction flask. The diluted pulp was mixed thoroughly and 100ml sample was taken in measuring cylinder. ← This sample was then poured in suction flask. ← Water was drained in the flask and the pulp, in the form of fibers, remained on the filter paper. ← The process was repeated 3 times for three different samples taken from the refiner at 0 sec, 90 sec and 210 sec. ← These filter papers were then placed in oven at 105◦C for 45 minutes. ← After oven drying, the filter papers were placed in the desiccator for 30 sec. ← Then the weight of the filter papers was measured using analytical balance. ← The consistency of the pulp for SR◦ and sheet making were calculated with the help of the following method:

Weight of OD filter paper – Weight of OD filter paper with pulp

← The weight was then multiplied with 40 for converting the value of sample in g/liters. ← The following formula was applied for obtaining the value of consistency in percentage. A /1000 X 100 = B % ← The consistency mostly comes out to be 3 % ← The value of consistency was multiplied by 100 in order to calculate the value in ml and this value were then used for making dilutions of samples for sheet making and calculating SR◦.

3. For SR◦ ← The dilutions of samples were made according to the values of consistency which were calculated. ← If the value came out to be 250 ml then 250 ml sample of diluted pulp was taken in the SR cylinder and the volume was made up to 1000 ml by adding distilled water. ← The solution was then mixed and poured in the SR tester. ← The value of SR obtained was noted and compared with other values. ← The trend of increase in SR values was then observed.

4. For Sheet Making ← Three samples of 0 sec, 90 sec, and 210 sec were taken. ← Further dilutions of these samples were made by adding 4 times volume of diluted water to the already diluted pulp. ← These samples were then poured into the Hand Sheet Former and after obtaining these sheets, those were taken to the hydraulic press where they were remained for 4 minutes at the load of 5 g/cm2. ← After that, the sheets were dried in the Drum Dryer for 35 minutes. ← The sheets obtained were tested for physical properties.

← Consistency: is the term used to describe solid content of pulp during pulp processing. It is a measure of fibrous material in pulp solutions, pulp and water or stock and water. It is expressed as percentage of this material in solution in terms of bone dry (B.D), oven dry (O.D), air dry (A.D) weight. For pulp and paper maker this is the most important process parameters. All equipments are designed to handle pulp at and up to certain consistency.

← Burst Strength: A measure of the ability of a material to withstand pressure without rupture; it is the hydraulic pressure required to burst a vessel of given thickness. The strength of paper is measured in pounds per square inch, as measured by Mullen tester. This is also referred to as burst and pop strength

← Burst index: The quotient of the bursting strength of a paper and its grammage in the conditioned state as defined in the standard method of test

← Caliper: The thickness of a sheet of paper, expressed as thousands of an inch (points or mils), or in microns. Uniform caliper is needed for good printing and for run ability in converting processes.

← Tensile strength: The force, parallel with the plane of the paper, required to produce failure in a specimen under specified conditions of loading. Tensile strength is measured in both the grain and cross-grain directions

← Tear strength: The resistance of a sheet of paper to tearing, as measured by the force required to tear a strip under standard conditions. Tear strength is an important performance factor to a printer or converter.

← Grammage: In metric system, weight (in grams) per square meter of paper or paperboard.

← Bulk: A term used to define the number of pages per inch of a book relative to its basis weight. It is reciprocal of paper density. In the paper trade bulk is a more commonly used measure than density to indicating the "compactness" of paper. Also known as specific volume.

← Drainage: Removal of water at the paper machine wet-end while the paper sheet is consolidating. The rate at which water will drop away from the pulp slurry by gravity as the sheet is formed on paper machine wet end wire.

← Tensile index = tensile strength (N/m) /basis weight (g/m2).

← Tear index = tearing resistance/basis weight

← Tensile Energy Absorption (TEA) = the amount of work necessary to pull to stretch out of a sheet of paper and finally rupture it. It is measured in foot- pound per square foot in the testing of extensible paper used to manufacture multiwall bags.

Results & Discussion

The present study deals with the Enzymatic Refining of Pulp by Xylanase Enzyme performed on Chinook Bleached Softwood Kraft Pulp and Arauco Bleached Eucalyptus Hardwood Kraft Pulp. The activity of enzyme reduces the energy consumption at specific dosages.
After giving a residence time of 30 min to the enzyme, different samples were taken during refining at different time intervals of 0 sec, 30 sec, 60 sec, 90 sec, 120 sec, 150sec, 180 sec, and 210 sec. The sheets were made from samples of 0 sec, 90 sec, and 210 sec. After making sheets, the pulp and paper properties of both the pulps were studied and the results were shown in the form of tables and graphs.
The following discussion illustrates the results of all the physical properties of hand sheets made from samples.

For Softwood

In Graph 1, the data taken from Table 1 and is shown in the form of graph. This graph is drawn between SR (Degrees) & Refining Energy. SR (Degrees) is taken along x-axis and Refining Energy is taken along y-axis. It shows that these two properties are directly proportional to each other. With the increase in SR (Degrees), the Refining Energy also increases.

In Graph 2, the data is taken from Table 2 and is shown in the form of graph. This graph is drawn between Enzyme Dosages & Burst Strength. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Burst Strength is taken along y-axis. On 0 and 90 seconds, the Burst Strength shows maximum value at 0.005 % of enzyme dosage and then decreases gradually. However, on 210 seconds, the burst strength increases from 0.0 %- 0.01 % of Enzyme Dosages remains constant at 0.015 % and then decreases at 0.02 % Enzyme Dosage.

In Graph 3, the data is taken from Table 2 and is shown in the form of graph. This graph is between Enzyme Dosages and Tensile Strength. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Tensile Strength is taken along y –axis. On 0 sec, 90 sec and 210 sec, the Tensile Strength shows minimum value at 0.0%, 0.01% and 0.02% of enzyme dosages but it shows maximum value at 0.005% and 0.015% of enzyme dosages.

In Graph 4, the data is taken from table 2 and is shown in the form of graph. The graph is between Enzyme Dosages and Elongation. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Elongation is taken along y –axis. On 0 sec, the Elongation increases from 0%-0.01 % and then decreases gradually at 0.015 and 0.02%. However, on 90 sec and 210 sec, the elongation first decreases from 0.0 - 0.005% and then increases up to 0.015 % and then shows a decrease at 0.02 %.

In Graph 5, the data is taken from table 2 and is shown in the form of graph. The graph is between Enzyme Dosages and Tear Strength. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Tear Strength is taken along y –axis. On 0 sec, the Tear Strength shows abrupt increase and decrease on alternate percentages of Enzyme Dosages, i.e. it increases at 0.005% and 0.015% and shows a decrease at 0%, 0.01% and 0.02% of Enzyme Dosages.
However, on 90 sec and 210 sec, the Tear Strength first decreases from 0.0 - 0.005% and then increases up to 0.015 % and then shows a decrease at 0.02 %.

In Graph 6, the data is taken from table 2 and is shown in the form of graph. The graph is between Enzyme Dosages and Bulk. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Bulk is taken along y –axis. On 0 sec, the Bulk shows an increase and decrease on alternate percentages of Enzyme Dosages, i.e. it increases at 0.005% and 0.015% and shows a decrease at 0%, 0.01% and 0.02% of Enzyme Dosages. On 90 sec, the Bulk increases from 0.0% - 0.005%. It shows a decrease at 0.01% and 0.02%. However, an increase in bulk is observed at the 0.015% dosage of enzyme. On 210 sec, the Bulk increases from 0.0% - 0.005%. It shows a decrease at 0.01% and a slight increase at 0.015% and 0.02%. The last two dosages show equal values.

In Graph 7, the data is taken from table 2 and is shown in the form of graph. The graph is between Enzyme Dosages and Refining Energy. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Refining Energy is taken along y –axis. On 0 sec, the Refining Energy shows a constant value of 0 KWh at all Enzyme Dosages. On 90 sec, the Refining Energy shows an increase and decrease on alternate percentages of Enzyme Dosages, i.e. it increases at 0.005% and 0.015% and shows a decrease at 0%, 0.01% and 0.02% of Enzyme Dosages. The difference in all the values is very small. On 210 sec, the Refining Energy shows abrupt increase and decrease on alternate percentages of Enzyme Dosages, i.e. it increases at 0.005% and 0.015% and shows a decrease at 0%, 0.01% and 0.02% of Enzyme Dosages.

For Hardwood

In Graph 8, the data taken from Table 3 and is shown in the form of graph. This graph is drawn between SR (Degrees) & Refining Energy. SR (Degrees) is taken along x-axis and Refining Energy is taken along y-axis. It shows that these two properties are directly proportional to each other. With the increase in SR (Degrees), the Refining Energy also increases.

In Graph 9, the data is taken from Table 4 and is shown in the form of graph. This graph is drawn between Enzyme Dosages & Burst Strength. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Burst Strength is taken along y-axis. On 0 sec and 210 sec the Burst strength increases from 0.0%-0.005% of Enzyme Dosages but, on 90 sec it will show constant value. On 0 sec, the Burst Strength shows an increase and decrease on alternate percentages of Enzyme Dosages, i.e. it increases at 0.005% and decreases up to 0.015% and then goes on increasing up to 0.02%. On 90 sec, The Burst Strength increases abruptly first and then shows an increase and decrease on alternate percentages of Enzyme Dosages i.e. it increases from 0.005%-0.01% but decreases from 0.01%-0.015% and increases slightly onwards. On 210 sec, the same trend is seen from 0.0055-0.015% as we can seen at 90 sec but from 0.015% there is sudden increase is seen in Burst strength.

In Graph 10, the data is taken from Table 4 and is shown in the form of graph. This graph is between Enzyme Dosages and Tensile Strength. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Tensile Strength is taken along y –axis. . On 0 sec, the Tensile Strength shows an increase and decrease on alternate percentages of Enzyme Dosages, i.e. it decreases from 0.0%-0.005% and increases from0.005%-0.01% and then it shows constant value up to 0.02%. On 90 sec, there is constant increase in tensile Strength from 0.0%-0.01% and then goes on decreasing from 0.01%-0.02%. On 210 sec, there is constant increase in tensile Strength from 0.0%-0.01% and then abruptly decrease from 0.01%-0.015% but it will again increases up to 0.02%.

In Graph 11, the data is taken from table 4 and is shown in the form of graph. The graph is between Enzyme Dosages and Elongation. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Elongation is taken along y –axis. On 0 sec, the Elongation is gradually decreases from 0.0%-0.02% of the Enzyme Dosages. On 90 sec, the Elongation shows constant value upto 0.005% but increases up to 0.01% and then goes on decreasing from 0.01%-0.02%. On 210 sec, the Elongation shows maximum value from 0.0%-0.01% but it decreases abruptly from 0.01%-0.015% and then slight increase in Elongation from 0.015%-0.02% of the enzyme Dosages.

In Graph 12, the data is taken from table 3 and is shown in the form of graph. The graph is between Enzyme Dosages and Tear Strength. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Tear Strength is taken along y –axis. On 0 sec, the Tear Strength shows an increase and decrease on alternate percentages of Enzyme Dosages, i.e. it decreases from 0.0%-0.005% and 0.015%-0.02% but it will show constant value at 0.005%-0.01% and then increases up to 0.015%. On 90 sec, the Tear Strength shows constant value from 0.0%-0.005% and then decreases up to 0.01% but it will again shows constant value up to 0.02%. On 210 sec, there is an abrupt decrease of Tear Strength from 0.0%-0.01% but it increases up to 0.015% and then decreases to 0.02% of the Enzyme Dosages.

In Graph 13, the data is taken from table 4 and is shown in the form of graph. The graph is between Enzyme Dosages and Bulk. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Bulk is taken along y –axis. On 0 sec, the Bulk shows an increase and decrease on alternate percentages of Enzyme Dosages, i.e. it increases from 0.0%-0.005% and 0.01%-0.015% but decreases from 0.005%-0.01% and 0.015%-0.02%. On 90 sec, the same trend of increase and decrease in value of bulk is seen up to 0.015% as at 0 sec but from 0.015%-0.02% it will be constant.

On 210 sec, the Bulk shows an increase in value from 0.0%-0.005% and show slight decrease from 0.005%-0.01% however; from 0.01%-0.02% it will show constant value.

In Graph 14, the data is taken from table 4 and is shown in the form of graph. The graph is between Enzyme Dosages and Refining Energy. Enzyme Dosages is taken along x-axis and Refining Energy is taken along y –axis. On 0sec and 90 sec, the Refining Energy shows a constant value of 0 KWh at all Enzyme Dosages. On 210 sec, the Refining Energy shows an increase and decrease on alternate percentages of Enzyme Dosages, i.e. from 0.0%-0.01% it goes on decreasing and then increases from 0.1%-0.02%.

Graphs of Softwood

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Graphs of Hardwood

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CONCLUSION

The study of Enzymatic Refining of Chinook Bleached Softwood Kraft Pulp and Arauco Bleached Eucalyptus Hardwood Kraft Pulp with the enzyme “Xylanase (Pulpzyme HC) Novozyme” was conducted and pulp and paper properties were studied. A comparison of different treated and untreated samples suggested that enzymatic refining of bleached softwood and hardwood Kraft Pulps is very effective and reduces the energy utilized. The enzyme has given encouraging results at certain dosages. The increase in refining energy was observed at specific enzyme dosages in both the pulps and a decrease in energy was observed mostly at 0.02% dosage. With the addition of enzyme in both the pulps, the ◦SR was also increased at lesser energy as compared to the blank pulp.

However, this enzyme is used to bleach the pulp but here it is used for Refining of pulp and it gives effective results at very specific dosages and time intervals. The results of this study demonstrate that this enzyme is effective at 0.005% and 0.015% treated on 210 seconds. At rest of the dosages, the decrease in Refining Energy is observed.

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Microscopic View of Refined Fibers

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Double Disk Refiner

Conical Refiner

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Schopper-Riegler tester

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