Free Essay

Research 1

In:

Submitted By nzaglezb
Words 1216
Pages 5
CAPÍTULO II. MARCO TEÓRICO

2.1 La producción de naranja en México y en el mundo
La naranja es uno de los frutos cítricos más populares, rico en vitamina C y aceites esenciales. Su pulpa está formada típicamente por once gajos llenos de jugo con sabor que va de lo ácido a lo dulce. En las huertas llega a ser sensible a las heladas. El futo que llegó a América en el segundo viaje de Cristóbal Colón, es un perenne que se ha adaptado de forma sobresaliente al clima mexicano.
Las variedades cultivadas en México son la valencia, la navel-lane-late y la navelina. La naranja valencia o valenciana entra en producción en mayo, es jugosa y dulce y por ello muy orientada a la producción de jugo.
Durante los últimos diez años, se destinó al cultivo de este fruto un promedio de 341 mil hectáreas, con un crecimiento promedio anual de 0.2 por ciento. Fue en 2002 el año en que se registró mayor extensión terrestre de siembra con 349 mil 237 hectáreas y 2005 cuando la producción registró el mejor rendimiento con 13 toneladas por cada hectárea.
Por tal motivo, se deduce que México posee gran producción de este cítrico, el cual posee una de las fibras dietéticas más nutritivas, pues no es solamente el jugo. La fibra dietética que contiene se consideró por mucho tiempo como material de desecho, razón por la cual se vieron disminuidos sus niveles de consumo en la alimentación. El mejoramiento de los procesos tecnológicos, particularmente de la molienda, favoreció esta situación, ya que los altos contenidos de fibra que están localizados en la región externa, en las cáscaras y vainas de las frutas, pueden separarse eficientemente y considerarse como subproductos. La producción mundial de cítricos, ascendió a 103, 089, 452 toneladas en el mundo, 2001(FAOSTAT), las regiones con mayores cuotas de producción, fueron: América Latina con un 31.7% y Asia y Pacífico con un 25.4%. Sin embargo, fue en Europa con un 51.3%, en donde hubo mayor producción de productos procesados derivados de frutas cítricas. En la tabla 1 se muestran los
Tabla 1. Principales productores de naranja en el mundo entre 2000 y 2009 (Toneladas).

2.2. La naranja La naranja es una frutacítrica comestible obtenida del naranjo dulce (Citrus sinensis), del naranjo amargo (Citrus aurantium) y de naranjos de otras especies o híbridos, antiguos híbridos asiáticos originarios de India, Vietnam o el sureste de China (Nicolosi et al. 2000). Es un hesperidio carnoso de cáscara más o menos gruesa y endurecida, y su pulpa está formada típicamente por once gajos u hollejos llenos de jugo, el cual contiene mucha vitamina C, flavonoides y aceites esenciales.Es más pequeña y dulce que el pomelo o toronja y más grande, aunque menos perfumada, que la mandarina. Existen numerosas variedades de naranjas, siendo la mayoría híbridos producidos a partir de las especies Citrus maxima, Citrus reticulata (mandarina) y Citrus medica (cidro).
2.2.1. Etimología
La palabra española «naranja» proviene del sánscritonarang,[2] sin embargo no es una palabra nativa a esa lengua sino que se especula que la tomó de las lenguas drávidas como el tamil donde se dice narandam ‘naranja amarga’, nagarukam a la ‘naranja dulce’, siendo nari ‘fragancia’.[3] La palabra junto con la fruta fue lentamente llevada hacia poniente: del sánscrito pasó al persa (nārenshنارنج), luego al árabe (naranj (نرنج), el árbol, y naranjahنرنجة, el fruto) y de ahí al español «naranjo» y «naranja», respectivamente.[4]
Se difundió a otros idiomas europeos en un curioso proceso: los portugueses cambiaron la ene inicial por una ele (laranja), al pasar al italiano para que la ele inicial no redundara con el artículo «la» se le eliminó la ele inicial (arancia) mientras que al pasar al francés y al latín se relacionó con el lexema oro (or y aurum) resultando orange y aurantium. Debido a que en la Edad Media el idioma culto de Inglaterra era el francés, en inglés pasó tal cual como orange. Siempre hablamos de Citrus aurantium, de sabor amargo, única naranja conocida en la Edad Media en Europa.[4]
Posteriormente ocurriría un cambio drástico y es que con el comercio con las Indias, Portugal trajo en el siglo XVI la Citrus sinensis y Citrus reticulata, de sabor dulce. Primero llamadas en español respectivamente «naranja de China» y «naranja mandarina» o «tangerina», la Citrus sinensis acabó por tomar el nombre de «naranja» a secas, antes reservado a la aurantium, que pasó a ser llamada «naranja amarga». En algunas partes de México y el Caribe se sigue llamando a la naranja (dulce) «naranja china». En Puerto Rico y República Dominicana se le conoce simplemente como "china". Citrus reticulata fue perdiendo el nombre «naranja» hasta quedarse sencillamente como «mandarina», por lo que no se suele considerar como una naranja.[5]
2.2.2. Variedades de la naranja
Naranja pérsica
La naranja persa, cultivada extensamente en el sur de Europa después de su introducción en Italia en el siglo XI, era amarga. La naranja dulce fue traída de la India en el siglo XV por comerciantes portugueses, rápidamente sustituyó a la amarga, y en la actualidad es la variedad más comúnmente cultivada. La naranja dulce crece con diferentes tamaños según las condiciones locales, comúnmente con diez gajos, hollejos o segmentos, dentro.
Marinos portugueses, españoles, árabes, y holandeses plantaron árboles de cítricos a lo largo de las rutas comerciales para prevenir el escorbuto. En su segundo viaje en 1493, Cristóbal Colón llevó semillas de naranja, y limones a Haití y el Caribe. Fueron introducidos en Florida (junto con los limones) en 1513 por el explorador español Juan Ponce de León, en California por los franciscanos a lo largo de El Camino Real de California en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y en Hawái en 1792.
Naranja de ombligo o «navel»
Una singular mutación ocurrida en 1820 en un huerto de naranjas dulces de un monasterio de Brasil, llevó a la «naranja de ombligo», también conocida como «naranja de orilla». La mutación causó que en la base del fruto se desarrolle una segunda naranja, pequeña y atrofiada, que le confiere el aspecto de un ombligo. De esta variedad, identificada en términos comerciales con la palabra inglesa navel (‘ombligo’), se han derivado otras, como la «navelina», híbrido de corteza fácil de pelar, y la «navel late» o navel tardía. También se le suele llamar «naranja california».
Naranja Valencia
La naranja Valencia (en inglés Valencia late: ‘Valencia tardía’) es una de las variedades dulces usadas en España para la extracción de jugo. Por tener su temporada después que otras naranjas, su consumo es popular luego de pasada la época de las de ombligo. Pese a su nombre, esta variedad no guarda ninguna relación de origen con la Comunidad Valenciana si bien es una de las variedades que más se cultivan en ella, junto a la navel y navelina.
Naranja de sangre
La naranja de sangre tiene rayas rojas en la piel, y el jugo es a menudo de color borgoña. La fruta se ha hecho un lugar como una variación de ingrediente interesante sobre la mermelada de Sevilla tradicional, con sus rayas asombrosas rojas y su sabor distinto. El «ombligo escarlata» es una variedad con la misma mutación diploide que la naranja de ombligo.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Week 1 Research Studies Questionnaire

...the purpose of each of the sections in a typical research article? The title of the research article is to present the article itself, the title of the article or paper has to be specific. The title needs to reflect the audience you are addressing. Author is the individual who wrote the paper this person is generally listed as the first author of a research paper. For published articles, other person who contributes to the work is also listed as authors. Ask your mentor's permission before including his/her name as co-author. The first Questionnaire I chose was about Breast Cancer. The sections varied because not all researches are the same. Section I: was the Profile of the patient, which included their medical history. Section II: Was bout the Diagnosis, the Questions were: Have you ever been diagnosed with breast cancer? Treatment Detection etc. Section III: Prevention and Medic taken. • What are the steps to critically evaluate research articles and how does the scientific method help you do this? When evaluating or analyzing a research article there a few different steps that a person can take it depends on what the article is about. First the person must make sure that the source is a valid source that wrote the article. Then the person looks at the research question and make sure that the research is clearly defined in a precise manner. The research should be correct as well to be considered a valid research article. In addition the reader should ask questions...

Words: 1040 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Research Critique, Part 1

...Research Critique, Part 1 Grand Canyon University: NRS-433V April 03, 2016 Research Critique, Part 1 While reading a research article, it is important to be able to critique the article properly. A thorough critique would enable the reader to make an educated opinion with regards to the scientific study. In this paper, a research article about urinary catheter removal after surgery will be critiqued. The problem statement, purpose and research questions, literature review and conceptual/theoretical framework will be reviewed. Problem Statement Catheterization is a frequently part of care for various surgical procedures. The study confirmed that patients lacked knowledge in catheterization and most of the patients were limited in decision making on when the catheter was to be removed. The clinical problem and research problem that led to the study being carried in the clinic was that the use of urinary catheter on patients, whom had not vacated the hospital. This lead to advanced bacterial settlement in the bladder at a rate of about 5% on a daily basis (Bhardwaj, et al., 2012). The increasing threat of the CAUTI infection steered the adoption of major interventions for the lifesaving initiative. The motive of the study was to reduce chances of the patients who had surgical experience and had been catheterized from being infected with CAUTI. Repetitive placement of a urinary catheter for lengthier period of more than two days after surgery was...

Words: 1216 - Pages: 5

Free Essay

Wk 1 Business Research Summary

...Business Research Process Kaiser Permanente Kaiser Permanente (KP), a prominent and not-for-profit healthcare establishment, has received an opportunity to trial and promote a new medical equipment in which KP members can ultimately receive improved patient care services. Should the equipment trial conclude successfully, the equipment can be purchased at a reduced price. With KP facilities equipped with extensive radiology and oncology equipment, specific KP medical centers will receive a state of the art MRI machine on behalf of General Electric (GE). The new MRI machine will provide more clear and accurate images for x-rays, CAT scans, ultrasounds, and nuclear medicine tests. In addition, the machine would eliminate patients having to sit or lie in uncomfortable positions to retrieve bodily images which will increase patient satisfaction. Should KP choose to trial the equipment and attain positive results, remaining KP facilities and other healthcare competitors will pursue the purchase of the new MRI machine. However, prior to committing to a new billion dollar equipment and promotion commitment, KP must engage in research to determine if the new equipment will benefit their members along with which facility would pilot the new machine. “Good research generates dependable data that are derived by professionally conducted practices and that can be used reliably for decision making” (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). Various teams will combine efforts to extract data from...

Words: 339 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Preparing to Conduct Business Research: Part 1

...Preparing to Conduct Business Research: Part 1 Gwenetta Minor, Marlon Roberson and Dave Hooper RES/351 December 1, 2015 DR. Rosa Osuoha Preparing to Conduct Business Research: Part 1 Organizations are faced with making business decisions every day and not all are easy to resolve. Business research provides companies an opportunity to make knowledgeable decisions to remain competitive in the market place, attract and maintain talent in their workforce, as well as make a positive contribution to the organizations bottom line. The use of technology in todays’ business has proved to allow organizations to stay in better communications with their customers, remain with or ahead of their competition, and innovative in their respective fields. Those that have not been able to embrace and keep up with the vastly changing needs of their customers seemingly have struggled to exist. How do companies know what changes to implement? How do changes to meet customer needs effect the different lines of business? What impact will the changes have to the organizations bottom line? Once the organization has identified a problem, they must then determine what steps need to be taken to find a solution. Business research is an important step to understand the options for resolution, benefits and consequences of a solution and mitigate as much risk as possible. Describe Issue Stress. Nervousness. Cash. Time. You may think these stresses have a place with working grown-ups, but at the same time...

Words: 825 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Unit 2 Research Paper 1: Experiment

...1 Unit 2 Research Paper 1: Experiment By: Freddy Prince Dijor ITT-GS1140 Summer Quarter Mr. Edmundo Zevallos Ezevallos@itt-tech.edu 2 Unit 2 Research Paper 1: Experiment The problem I would like to solve is one that every American driver has experienced. The problem is: how to waste less time waiting at the DMV? There are many possible solutions, but the one I choose to test is: by making all DMV services available online, with only a limited number of physical DMV locations and services available. Modern technology maximizes operations while reducing associated costs. (Hanington, 2012, p.43). The first step in order to test if this solution is appropriate is to look at cost viability. How cost efficient and practical will it be to conduct operations entirely online? Some costs, such as staffing and building utilities will go down, but other costs like web developers and advanced software will occur. I think the data will be in favor of online business. According to the Financial Planning Info Guide, service usage and profitability is higher for online businesses, while the costs for content and production, distribution and service is lower for online businesses than traditional ones (2013). Another step is to test if going completely online is an appropriate solution is to look at the market for it. Surveys and interviews can determine how many DMV patrons are internet savvy, or if the majority of DMV patrons have a preference for online or in-person service....

Words: 460 - Pages: 2

Free Essay

Assignment 1: Evaluating Bias in Research

...Assignment 1: Evaluating Bias in Research By: Andrew Snyder Professor: Dr. Belinda Hartnett Introduction to Sociology 23JAN2016 Assignment 1: Evaluating Bias in Research By: Andrew Snyder The first step in the Students Guide to Research is to frame your research question. In order to frame your research question properly you need to be formulating the research question precisely and carefully, which makes this one of the most important steps toward ensuring a successful research project. I would say that in order to accomplish this step I would need to build my research question by defining the subject of the research and then proceeding to explain as to how I would measure or evaluate it in order to answer the question at hand. In identifying the major assumptions and biases of the drug industry that underlie drug research you can pretty much find out that the research has been rigged to favor the drug itself and or the drug company. The reason being is that the research will one way or another point to the manufacturer of the drug paying off the people that are reviewing the drug so that the article will favor the drug company and will lead to the company making more money. These companies favor money far more than helping people. As a consumer, I feel pretty much the same way about what the article speaks about. I feel that the only reason why we don’t have cures for many diseases in this day and age is because the greedy chief executives of these pharmaceutical...

Words: 417 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Research Critique Part 1

...Research Critique Part 1 Jenna Franz Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS-433V Mary O'Connell September 5, 2013 Research Critique Part 1 This paper will critique a qualitative research study published in the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2004, By Dr Helen Aveyard, about how nurses manage patients who refuse nursing care procedures. The article explains how nurses view informed consent as not being essential to nursing care procedures. Problem Statement The clinical problem being examined in the research study is the way in which nurses obtain consent prior to administering nursing care procedures, and the way nurses manage patients who refuse any nursing care procedures. By stating that nurses “do not regard obtaining consent as an absolute requirement” also stating that “consent is preferred but no considered essential” the significance is established and a clinical problem identified.(Aveyard, 2004, p. 346) The author identifies the need for further education of nurses on the need to obtain informed consent for nursing care procedures, and the need for more research of this topic. Purpose and Research Questions The study clearly identifies the aim of the study as “to examine the way in which nurses manage patients who refuse nursing care procedures.”(Aveyard, 2004, p. 346) The study identifies two main purposes for the research study as: 1- To examine how consent is obtained prior to nursing care procedures, 2- To explore the ways in...

Words: 725 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Marketing Research Assignment 1

...Assignment 1 Red Bull Female Perspective Focus Group Marketing Research Introduction: For over 26 years, Red Bull has manufactured and sold energy drinks. With over 40 billion cans consumed and sold in over 166 countries, Red Bull is currently the number one energy drink brand consumed worldwide, but as new energy drink companies emerge and the market saturates, it is important to retain a competitive edge. A report conducted by Nielsen on users of energy drinks states that a new heavy user category has been discovered; young mothers (Nielsen, 2013). In the past Red Bull has remained very neutral, appealing to both males and females with gender neutral packaging and directed marketing to the target markets of young males, students and club goers. Recently, direct competitors such as Monster and 5 hour energy have created flavours designed specifically for the female demographic. As an industry leader, it is important to evaluate possibilities, especially if they mean gaining market share. This focus group will explore the potential opportunities that this newly discovered target market may hold. Purpose of study (problem definition): The following study is an attempt to gather insight on the wants and needs of a new target market demographic (young mothers and young female energy drink consumers). Will a new female-oriented beverages be well received and potentially profitable? Specific research objectives and information/data requirements: The Goals of this...

Words: 1645 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Research Crtique Part 1

...Research Critique Part 1 Alisa Rogers Grand Canyon University Introduction to Nursing Research NRS 433V June Helbig July 28, 2013 Research Critique Part 1 Children are vulnerable in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and experience pain when not needed. The nurses and physicians lack of knowledge about how critical illness affects the signs and symptoms of children’s pain Problem Statement The clinical problem eluded that there is little known in the pediatric intensive care (PICU) settings of the nurses knowledge of pain in critically ill children. It is known that the knowledge of pain and quality of care given for pain alleviation is relevant. Not much is known regarding the nurses clinical learning patterns. Nurses used judgments in measuring pain in a variety of ways and it was found that their clinical judgments came from different levels of understanding and diverse aspects of pain. These assumptions lead to the aim of the study: to elucidate patterns in clinical knowledge development and unfold the role of the nurse as facilitator in relation to pain management in the PICU. (Mattsson, Forsner, Castren, Bolander Laksov, & Arman, 2012, p. 109) It is known that working in a PICU that nurses rely on each other and what they perceive as pain in a child may not be actual pain. Overtime clinical knowledge is developed with different encounters with patients and their families. The nurses need to focus more on their individual learning practices to...

Words: 924 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Res/351 Bussiness Research Part 1

...Week Three Team “C” Business Equal Pay Paper RES/351 October 12, 2013 Instructor: Fredrick Ohanesian Business Equal Pay Paper Many years in the pass, it has always been known that the pay scales or opportunity for men and women have been unequal in favor of men. There have been many reasons for the indifferences but none of them have been proven to be true. It is only now that it has become an issue for business due to the government regulations have now made it an ethical issue that has to be addressed or a business can be fined or shutdown if found not to be within the government standards. So the research question then becomes why management or companies continue to try to justify the need not to be regulated when it continues to be a problem within many organizations. Based on the history of this nation it was determined back in the 60’s that there were evidence that pay and benefits differences for women in similar jobs was not equal. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 and reinforced later with the Lilly Ledbetter Act of 2009 which has given the government the tools to address the problems for businesses for now and the future. It stated that if male or female or in a similar job with the same set of skills required to perform it the pay and benefits must be the same. If there is evidence of sex based wage discrimination within the same company or organization the employee or government can open an investigation to see if any equal opportunity laws have been violated. Once...

Words: 973 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Part 1

...Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Part 1 RES/351 January 12, 2015 Amy Ginsburg Understanding Business Research Terms and Concepts: Part 1 The research designs of quantitative or qualitative are methodologies used to measure information that is collected through various means of questioning. In the peer reviewed research articles summarized below, each methodology is utilized to collect the required data in similar business problems. Quantitative is used to help understand the attitudes of the employees at a company in India, while the qualitative methodology is used to obtain an in-depth understanding of employee business awareness. In the research article entitled, “What makes employees stay?: Exploring the dimensions in context of urban-centric business process outsourcing industry in India”, the author attempts to show why the current employees of the company choose to stay, helping overall retention. The author explains that the approach being used to collect the data will consist of a questionnaire or survey, by a large group of employees. This questionnaire measured the employees’ attitudes towards the “importance of the factors responsible for their sustenance in the organization” (Santoshi, 2013). While a questionnaire would be utilized to aid in the main data analysis, a telephonic interview would also be incorporated to help substantiate the data gathered. During this questionnaire process, simple random sampling would be used to gather...

Words: 871 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Nrs-433v Week 3 Research Critique, Part 1

...NRS-433V Week 3 Research Critique, Part 1 To purchase this tutorial visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/NRS-433VWeek3ResearchCritiquePart1/2854 contact us at: help@mindblows.us NRS-433V Week 3 Research Critique, Part 1 Introduction to Nursing Research – Theory, Design, and Sampling Prepare a critical analysis of a qualitative study focusing on the problem statement, study purpose, research question, literature review, and theoretical framework. This can be one of the selected articles from your previous literature review or a new peer-reviewed article. The completed analysis should be 1,000-1,250 words and should connect to your identified practice problem of interest. Refer to "Research Critique Part 1." Questions under each heading should be addressed as a narrative, in the structure of a formal paper. Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required. NRS-433V Week 3 Research Critique, Part 1 To purchase this tutorial visit here: http://mindsblow.us/question_des/NRS-433VWeek3ResearchCritiquePart1/2854 contact us at: help@mindblows.us NRS-433V Week 3 Research Critique, Part 1 Introduction to Nursing Research – Theory, Design, and Sampling Prepare a critical analysis of a qualitative study focusing on the problem statement, study purpose, research question, literature review, and theoretical framework. This can be one of the selected articles from...

Words: 4229 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 Research Paper

...Type 1 Diabetes, once known as insulin-dependent diabetes, is an unending condition in which the pancreas delivers practically some or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to permit sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy. It is also sometimes known as juvenile diabetes, because it usually developed in children and teenagers, but now found to be developed at any age. ORGAN SYSTEMS/ORGANS AFFECTED The organ systems/organs affected are: • The cardiovascular system: Organs: The heart and Blood vessels • Nervous system: Nerve damage (neuropathy) • Urinary system: Kidney damage (nephropathy) • Eye damage CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM In the cardiovascular system, the organs affected are, the heart and blood vessels. Those diagnosed with type...

Words: 1031 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Type 1 Diabetes Research Paper

...Type 1 Diabetes has many negative effects some of the major ones include pregnancy complications, nephropathy, heart and blood vessel diseases, and neuropathy. All of these complications can be prevented and most cured or treated. Pregnancy complications are one of the negative effects of Type 1 Diabetes. Maternal death is recorded as such if it happens during the pregnancy or up to forty two days after delivery. In 1980, of all the diabetic pregnant women one half a percent of them died from maternal death. Although since 1980 there have been developments in treatment and obstetric management; this meaning that the percentage has decreased. Between 1975 and 1997 at the University Central Hospital in Helsinki, Finland, 972 women mean to deliver but they all died. All these deaths were caused by something. Hypoglycemia is an abnormal decrease of sugar in the blood which can and has caused the death of many diabetic women. Ketoacidosis is another disease that causes death. ketoacidosis is when...

Words: 907 - Pages: 4

Free Essay

Edu 675 Week 1 Assignment Action Research Consent New

...EDU 675 Week 1 Assignment Action Research Consent NEW To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/edu-675-new/edu-675-week-1-assignment-action-research-consent-new Obtaining Informed Consent Mills (2014) states, “The role of ethics in action research can be considered in terms of how each of us treats the individuals with whom we interact at our school setting…” (p. 38). As such, the participants must be informed of the nature of the research that is to involve them. Additional and important components of ethical considerations of action research are freedom from harm, anonymity, and confidentiality. Typically, the process of obtaining Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval is required for action research as well as other types of research in the field of education for the purpose of protecting human research participants (Brydon-Miller & Greenwood, 2006). However, IRB approval for your action research project conducted in this class only will not be required since the consent form will be used. The process of obtaining permission by the participant and submitting a completed Consent Form is pivotal to the continuation of this research project and in the successful completion of this course. Some students received approval for the Informed Consent process from your EDU671 Instructor. If this is the case, please submit the approved Informed Consent document only. If you have had a change to your organization, research, or parties, you are required...

Words: 486 - Pages: 2