...The University of Nottingham, Ningbo, China Division of International Business China and the World Trade Organization P13608 Module Outline Module Convenor: Dr Chieh Huang AB Room 379 chieh.huang@nottingham.edu.cn Office hours: Monday 10:30-12:30 10 credits TB329 Tuesday 2-4 PM 10 weekly two-hour lecture/seminars The course is taught by way of lecture/seminars which are two hours in length. The form of the lecture/seminars will be flexible, depending on the topic under consideration. Students are expected to participate fully in discussions in lecture/seminars and to have read all the set Essential Reading before class. Credits: Lecture Venue and Times Method of Delivery & Frequency on Class: Method and Criteria of Assessment: 100% Coursework (5000 words) Essay Submission Deadline is 4pm, Wednesday 27 November 2013 Topics: Please choose one area listed below and discuss its recent development in the context of China. You will need to narrow down your focus and set your own essay topic. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Non-market Economies in the WTO Energy Industry and the WTO Environment and the WTO Commentary on one WTO case involving China Self-selected topic upon approval (You are most welcome to decide a topic yourself. Once you decide to do so, however, you need to submit your topic and an one-paragraph abstract before 4pm 31 October. ) Module Aims: To give the students a broad knowledge of the multilateral trading system and China’s interaction with that system through...
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...Understanding the Effects of the GATT and the WTO on World Trade Judith L+ Goldstein, Douglas Rivers, and Michael Tomz Abstract The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ~GATT! and the World Trade Organization ~WTO! have been touted as premier examples of international institutions, but few studies have offered empirical proof+ This article comprehensively evaluates the effects of the GATT0WTO and other trade agreements since World War II+ Our analysis is organized around two factors: institutional standing and institutional embeddedness+ We show that many countries had rights and obligations, or institutional standing, in the GATT0WTO even though they were not formal members of the agreement+ We also expand the analysis to include a range of other commercial agreements that were embedded with the GATT0WTO+ Using data on dyadic trade since 1946, we demonstrate that the GATT0WTO substantially increased trade for countries with institutional standing, and that other embedded agreements had similarly positive effects+ Moreover, our evidence suggests that international trade agreements have complemented, rather than undercut, each other+ When and how do international institutions promote cooperation? Few questions are as fundamental to international relations or as salient for world leaders+ Due to the contributions of Keohane and others, we now have sophisticated theories about the emergence and effects of international institutions, but empirical research has not proceeded apace+1...
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...negotiations between the countries regarding trade problems. * WORLD TRADE ORGANIZTION was established on 1st January 1995 after the failed attempt made in 1948 to make INTERNATIONAL TRADE ORGANIZATION. * It is considered as the biggest reform of international trade. * From 1948, GENERAL AGREEMENT OF TARIFF AND TRADE (GATT) WTO has taken the rules for its system. * GENERAL AGREEMENT led to establishment of an unofficial international organization also known as GATT. * GATT changed through many rounds of negotiations, but the biggest round was Uruguay Round which almost lasted eight years from 1986-1994. * Which led to the formation of WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO). * When GATT is concerned it only used to look after the trade in goods, but WTO looks after trade in services and in traded invention, creations and designs. * WTO is located in GENEVA, SWITZERLAND. * The membership of WTO is 160 countries till 26th June 2014. * The secretarial staff of WTO is 640. * The current Director- General of WTO is Roberto Azevedo. * When it comes to India, India is the member of WTO from 1st January 1995, and member of the GATT since 8th July 1948. FUNCTIONS OF WTO: * The main function of WTO is to ensure that the trade in all countries is smooth. * WTO also looks after the administering of all agreements which cover goods, services and intellectual properties. * WTO acts as a forum for trade negotiations. * Reviews all the national...
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...[pic]World Trade Organization [pic] The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986–1994). The organization is currently endeavoring to persist with a trade negotiation called the Doha Development Agenda (or Doha Round), which was launched in 2001 to enhance equitable participation of poorer countries which represent a majority of the world's population. However, the negotiation has been dogged by "disagreement between exporters of agricultural bulk commodities and countries with large numbers of subsistence farmers on the precise terms of a 'special safeguard measure' to protect farmers from surges in imports. At this time, the future of the Doha Round is uncertain." The WTO has 153 members representing more than 97% of total world trade and 30 observers, most seeking membership...
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...countries can benefit from the ever growing interconnectedness and interdependence of the trade and commerce which is inseparable from just about every aspect of our lives – what we eat, what we wear, what kind of houses we live in, how we treat our sick & ill or how we show off. To be more precise, we aim to understand the problems facing us in the International Trade & commerce by looking at WTO principles and framework and what we need to do to address these issues so as to deliver more benefit to us. Introduction: WTO (World Trade Organisation) is an organisation that supervises the international trade. The organisation replaced the GATT in 1995. Broadly speaking, WTO deals with issues related to regulation of trade between participating member counties by providing the members with a framework for negotiations, trade agreements and dispute / conflict resolution process. These frameworks are evolved from earlier negotiations under the GATT and are ratified by the governments of the member countries. The member countries are 159 in number, so it can be safely said that WTO is at the forefront of the global trade and commerce and is spearheading a campaign for the global economic development. The organisation has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland and the Director General is Mr. Pascal Lemy. Research Methodology: This research is based on literature survey, study and discussions with a number of people with varied interests but who are all well informed professionals...
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...University on November 5, 2012 Article gsp Global Social Policy 12(2) 149–172 © The Author(s) 2012 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/1468018112443686 gsp.sagepub.com ‘Trade policy, not morals or health policy’:The US Trade Representative, tobacco companies and market liberalization in Thailand Ross MacKenzie Jeff Collin Macquarie University, Australia University of Edinburgh, UK Abstract The enforced opening of Thailand’s cigarette market to imports in 1990 has become a cause celebre in debates about the social and health impacts of trade agreements. At the instigation of leading US-based cigarette manufacturers, the US Trade Representative (USTR) threatened trade sanctions against Thailand to compel the government to liberalize its domestic cigarette market. Thailand’s challenge to the USTR led to referral to General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) arbitration. While GATT ruled in favour of the USTR on market access, it also found that...
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...the non-sustainable actions conducted by Faroe Island. Article 5 para 1 and 2 of the regulation set that Atlanto-Scandian Herring or mackerel caught or produced by Faroe Island are prohibited in EU regions; and shippings with the Faroe Island flag or shippings from other country contain any goods specified in paragraph 1 are prohibited to use Union ports. Not surprisingly, a dispute in relation to the economical measurement implemented by European Union (EU) has been requested a consultation by Faroe Islands on behalf of the kingdom of Denmark. Faroe Islands claiming that the enforcement action by EU breached the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994and negatively affected its export position. Question 1 As the most basic concept of GATT, Art: 1 making sure that all contracted parties can be treated with the same benefits provided by the multilateral trading system. Therefore, failure to offer same advantages in respect of Atlanto-Scandian Herring or mackerel or it’s like products to other parties to Faroe Island may result in a breach of Art:1 for EU. According to Indonesia — Autos, two criteria need to be satisfied to conclude that EU has breached Art:1: (a) the advantages of like products fall within the scope of Art: 1(b) are not applied to Faroe Island unconditionally. Undeniably, Faroe Island can no longer be entitled to the advantages including privilege of importation and tariff, and measurements affecting the structure of the market. Confirmed by EC — Bananas III...
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...is a transit one. In 1998 nearly 7.2 metric tons of cocaine were seized in Colombia on its way to Cuba. Also, there was a 50% increase in drug over flight, which includes people carrying drugs as mules on planes and the dropping of drugs into American water from Cuban planes heading to the States (House Government Reform Committee) Castro had once said that he did not want the United States interfering with Cuban drug relations. Most American government officials believed him to be the main cause of drug transportation in and out of Cuba. Especially since the ship that was seized with the 7.2 metric tons of cocaine was a Cuban Government vessel (House Government Reform Committee). The United States has always held Cuba closely in check about drug trafficking. The FBI, Federal Bureau of Investigations, the DEA, Drug Enforcement Administration, and specific strike teams like TNT, Tactical Narcotic...
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...ECO212 Scott Shaw 3/20/2011 Trade in today’s society is one of the major ways goods get around the world. This includes services provided in the United States, as well as those around the world. It is both mind boggling and perplexing the number of goods traded on a daily basis. With this major amount of trading there are both advantages and disadvantages. Let’s look at some of these advantages and disadvantages of trading internationally as well as some issues that arise due to international trade, the role of the government in the trading process, and the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO). An advantage of international trade is that it allows for the enhancement of domestic competitiveness. This allows an organization to get offers from other countries in the future which gives them the variety to choose from in the long term. Another advantage to trading internationally is that an organization can reduce their dependence on existing markets. If a market is low on a substance that is needed, then the organization can trade for it internationally with a country with a plentiful supply of what you need. Also, international trading will extend the sales potential of existing products. The more exposure that the product gets in international markets, the more profits a company sets to gain, thus creating better sales opportunities in the long run for the company doing the trading. With these advantages, there comes some disadvantages. One disadvantage...
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...The World Trade Organization (WTO) Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade. The organization officially commenced on January 1, 1995 under the Marrakech Agreement, replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which commenced in 1948. The organization deals with regulation of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating and formalizing trade agreements, and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants' adherence to WTO agreements which are signed by representatives of member governments and ratified by their parliaments. Most of the issues that the WTO focuses on derive from previous trade negotiations, especially from the Uruguay Round (1986–1994). The organization is currently endeavoring to persist with a trade negotiation called the Doha Development Agenda (or Doha Round), which was launched in 2001 to enhance equitable participation of poorer countries which represent a majority of the world's population. However, the negotiation has been dogged by "disagreement between exporters of agricultural bulk commodities and countries with large numbers of subsistence farmers on the precise terms of a 'special safeguard measure' to protect farmers from surges in imports. At this time, the future of the Doha Round is uncertain." Subject to formal ratification of the three most recent members, the WTO has 157 members,[7] representing...
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...Report On Cross National Integration & co-operation for Economic Development COURSE NO: 304 Course Title: Development Economics Date of Submission: 03/12/2011 MEMBERS OF THE GROUP SL. NO. NAME IDNO /EXAM. ROLL REMARKS 01 MD. Sarwar Alam (L) ID: 08302123 02 MD. Salah Uddin ID: 08302110 03 Mohammad Istiaque Bin kalam ID: 08302122 04 MD. Yeasin Bin Faruque Bhuyan ID: 08302129 05 Hasan Bin Hider ID: 08302031 06 Nilima Sabnam ID: 08302006 07 MD. Fida Hasan Bhuyan ID: 08302056 08 Jewel Aich ID: 08302077 09 Sakib Rahman ID: 08302045 10 Sharmin Sultana ID: 08302060 11 MD. kamrul Hossen ID: 08302094 Letter of Submission November 22, 2011 To, Mr. Md. Abul Basar Assistant Professor Department of Management Studies University of Chittagong. Subject: Submission of report. Dear Sir, We are submitting to you the Term study report titled “Cross National Integration & Co-Operation for Economic Development” in the context of different countries socio economic co-operation and integration that we requested. The report has been prepared as fulfillment of the partial requirement of our course “Development Economics (304)”. In preparing our report, the relevant information is collected and integrated accordingly. It is a matter of pleasure for us to have you as a supervisor of our theoretical with pragmatic experience, which is an integral...
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... but its trading system is half a century older. Since 1948, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) had provided the rules for the system. (The second WTO ministerial meeting, held in Geneva in May 1998, included a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the system. Is it a bird, is it a plane? There are a number of ways of Looking at the WTO. It’s an organization for liberalizing trade. It’s a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements. It’s a place for them to settle trade disputes. It operates a system of trade rules. (But it’s not Superman, just in case anyone thought it could solve- or causeall the world’s problems!) Above all, it’s a negotiating forum … Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments go, to try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other. The first step is to talk. The WTO was born out of negotiations, and everything the WTO does is the result of negotiations. The bulk of the WTO’s current work comes from the 1986–94 negotiations called the Uruguay Round and earlier negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is currently the host to new negotiations, under the “Doha Development Agenda” launched in 2001. Where countries have faced trade barriers and wanted them lowered, the negotiations have helped to liberalize trade. But the WTO is not just about liberalizing trade, and in some circumstances its rules support maintaining trade barriers - for example...
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...Restrictions to Safeguard the Balance of Payments 39 3.8 General and Security Exceptions 39 3.9 Issues for Future Negotiations: Emergency Safeguards, Subsidies and Government Procurement 40 3.10 Developing-Country-Specific Provisions 40 3.10 Other Provisions 41 3.11 Annexes 42 4. Intellectual Property Rights 43 4.1 General Obligations and Basic Principles 44 4.2 IP Standards 44 4.3 Enforcement 46 4.4 Dispute Settlement and Transition Arrangements 46 1. Introduction Prior to January 1, 1995, when the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established, only trade in goods was subject to multilateral rules. These rules were codified in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which came into force on January 1, 1948. Upon creation, the WTO subsumed GATT within itself and added to it the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the Agreement on Trade...
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...Level 6 UPP RESEARCH REPORT OUTLINE Name: Kaivan Mehta Class: UPP 6B Teacher: Edward Davies Due Date: 30/05/2014 Working Title: An analysis of the effect of WTO on textile industry in India and China from 2000-2012. Pattern of Organisation: Tropical Order Statement of Purpose: The purpose of this report is to analyse the effects of WTO (World Trade Organisation) on Textile Industry in order to assist the International garment traders to improve export performance of Textile and Garment Industry in India and China from 2000-2012. Report Structure 1.0 INTRODUCTIONBackground informationStatement of purposeScopingOutline2.0OVERVIEW OF MAIN PLAYERS 2.1 WTO AND ITS HISTORY 2.2 HISTORY OF THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 2.3 HISTORY OF WTO ACTIONS AND THE GARMENT INDUSTRY UP TO 20003.0 Impacts of WTO on Textile Industry since 2000 3.1Impacts of WTO on Textile Industry In India 3.2Impacts of WTO on Textile Industry in China 3.3Other Nations4.0 SOLUTIONS TO THE GARMENT INDUSTRY’S CONCERNS 4.1Exports of Indian Textile Industry 4.2 4.35.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 | Brief Content with ReferencesThe WTO is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. The goal of the WTO is to help producers of good and services, exporters and importers conduct their business.The Textile Industry primarily concerned with the production of yarn, cloth and the subsequent design or manufacture of clothing and their distribution...
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...Global Food Prices Soaring? INTRODUCTION INSTRUMENTS OF TRADE POLICY Tariffs Subsides Country Focus: Subsidized Wheat Production in Japan Import Quotas and Voluntary Export Restraints Local Content Requirements Administrative Polices Antidumping Policies Management Focus: U.S. Magnesium Seeks Protection THE CASE FOR GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION Political Arguments for Intervention Country Focus: Trade in Hormone-Treated Beef Economic Arguments for Intervention THE REVISED CASE FOR FREE TRADE Retaliation and Trade War Domestic Politics DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM From Smith to the Great Depression 1947-1979: GATT, Trade Liberalization, and Economic Growth 1980-1993: Protectionist Trends The Uruguay Round and the World Trade Organization WTO: Experience to Date The Future of the WTO: Unresolved Issues and the Doha Round Country Focus: Estimating the Gains from Trade for America FOCUS ON MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS Trade Barriers and Firm Strategy Policy Implications SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS CLOSING CASE: Agricultural Subsidies Learning Objectives 1. Describe the policy instruments used by governments to influence international trade flows. 2. Understand why governments sometimes intervene in international trade. 3. Articulate the arguments against strategic...
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