...Research Ethics The slides states three basic ethical principles for the protection of human subjects: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Guidelines of Ethical Research: Do no harm to subjects, voluntary participation and informed consent, researchers must disclose their identity to participants, confidentiality , and the benefits should outweigh risks. Including the Certificate of Confidentiality (High risk populations, Child abuse and neglect must be reported, Other types of abuse must be reported as well). The importance of encouragement of appropriate applications. Relevant questions must be asked. How will research results be used? What are the personal values of researcher? What are sources of research funding? Who controls the final report? There must be attempts to resolve any dilemmas in a contract., Also an acknowledge of funding sources in the report. Validity is very important to research. Relevant to Validity: Impartial knowledge (the goal), Justifies use of human subjects, Disclose methods, Honestly present findings , Publication in refereed journals, Generalization and Replication.(Check/Schutt), Research Methods in Education. 2012 SAGE Publications. The history of research was the initial topic of the slides. Stanley Milgram's Obedience Experiment of 1960 (Yale University) Concerned with the study of obedience to authority. Milgram's study illustrated many common ethical issues. Nuremberg War Crime Trials and the...
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...Business Research and Ethical Issues in Independent Auditing Te’ Portia Sibley RES 351 John Gilpin Jan, 22, 2014 The role of an auditor is to audit with integrity and objectivity. In an essay by Roger D. Martin, the role of an auditor should expand to assess the integrity and ethical values of their client as well. The purpose of this research was to bring to light how the auditor-client relationships could devolve into questionable behaviors. This article is in response to the regulations of the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002, that an independent auditing firm be contracted to audit a company in compliance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Practices. Prior to the act, company management hired the auditing firm, negotiated the fee and could request the firm perform other services. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that an audit committee of the company’s Board of Directors hire the auditing firm with restricted duties. The researcher concludes that an auditor could and should be trained to understand ethics and how it influences behavior. This is a tool auditors could use to assess the integrity and ethical values of clients and better understand the ethical infrastructure (organizational elements that contribute to an organizations ethical effectiveness) of an organization. What unethical research behavior was involved? The article discusses how auditors maintain integrity and fulfill their responsibilities independently. Auditors should be aware of risks when dealing...
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...Ethics in Research We are going through a time of profound change in our understanding of the ethics of applied social research. From the time immediately after World War II until the early 1990s, there was a gradually developing consensus about the key ethical principles that should underlie the research endeavor. Two marker events stand out (among many others) as symbolic of this consensus. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial following World War II brought to public view the ways German scientists had used captive human subjects as subjects in oftentimes gruesome experiments. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study involved the withholding of known effective treatment for syphilis from African-American participants who were infected. Events like these forced the reexamination of ethical standards and the gradual development of a consensus that potential human subjects needed to be protected from being used as 'guinea pigs' in scientific research. By the 1990s, the dynamics of the situation changed. Cancer patients and persons with AIDS fought publicly with the medical research establishment about the long time needed to get approval for and complete research into potential cures for fatal diseases. In many cases, it is the ethical assumptions of the previous thirty years that drive this 'go-slow' mentality. After all, we would rather risk denying treatment for a while until we achieve enough confidence in a treatment, rather than run the risk of harming innocent people...
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...Business Research Ethics Bobbie Stolze RES/351 October 15th, 2012 James Malachowski Business Research Ethics Today there are many cases of unethical business research that usually result in entire firms as well as individuals that are convicted and fined in the court of law. Unethical business research comes in many forms some of these forms are inappropriate questionnaires, research fraud, failure to maintain participant’s privacy, and even skewing research results. The following information is regarding scientific research fraud involving William McBride. McBride was an obstetrician who was found guilty of 24 counts of scientific fraud that ended up costing between five and seven million dollars after all was said and done. In 1980 McBride had announced that thalidomide was dangerous to women who are pregnant. He claimed that the drug would cause deformities of the limbs in mother’s unborn children. Several years later McBride had claimed that he completed research on another drug called Debendox, which is a drug used for treating morning sickness for pregnant women. McBride published this research and claimed that he has tested the drug on eight rabbits, and three of the rabbits ended up developing deformities because of the drug Debendox. Shortly following McBride’s research, the manufacturer of Debendox was forced to take the drug off the market even though there were only a few supporters of his research claim. It was later discovered by Phil Vardy was a scientist...
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...Business Research Ethics University of Phoenix Shayla L. Morales RES/351 September 23, 2014 Ray Rivera Business Research Ethics Business research is a key aspect to the longevity and profitability of any business. Safety and profits are the key ingredients for Pharmaceutical industries. Some companies place their trust on individuals who perform the research and they entrust on the results when their products are incorporated into the market. A pharmaceutical company has surveillance from Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). It guards the population from malicious activities of a rogue researcher. Any unethical behavior or choice done by an individual the organization can be fueled. In this paper, I will examine the unethical behavior and conviction of Steve Eaton who worked in the Pharmaceutical Apuit. He manipulated important safety tests on several potentially new drugs. Steven Eaton was scientist in a pharmaceutical company in Edinburgh. From 2003- 2009 Eaton researched data while working for a drug development firm. The research process, within the pharmaceutical industry, consisted of numerous verified tests which were falsified. The potential product results had to be safe before the product is able to move to clinical trials on human beings. Without passing results on all pre-tests, new potential pharmaceutical products will not make it to human trials. Eaton falsified data in order to secure funding for the clinical trials on people...
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...Ethics in Marketing Research Introduction: Today, it is far too easy to begin practicing marketing research. But unethical research practice relying on poor information to make major decision has resulted in loss of market share, reduction in profits, and, in some cases, bankruptcy. Ethics are moral principles or values generally governing the conduct of an individual or group. Ethics behavior is not, however, a one-way relationship clients, suppliers, as well as field services, must also act in an ethical manner. Ethical questions range from practical, narrowly defined issues, such as a researcher's obligation to be honest with its customers, to broader social and philosophical questions, such as a company's responsibility to preserve the environment and protect employee rights. Unethical practices by some suppliers include abusing respondents, selling unnecessary research, and violating client include requesting bids when a supplier has been predetermined, requesting bids gain to free advice methodology, marketing false promises, and issuing unauthorized requests for proposals. Marketing research field services have used professional respondents, which I unethical. Respondents have certain rights, including the rights to choose whether to participate in a marketing research project, the right to safety from physical and psychological harm, and the right to be informed of all aspects of the research task. They should know what is involved, how long it will take...
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...benefits and risk, and defining ethics of the use of animals in research. Animal research is a topic which is ethically sound and a concerning manner to researchers of the psychological field. There are issues of tests run on the animals which are controversial in manner and a part of the (APA) American Psychological Association ethical issue. The APA is a organization for psychologists in the United States, and designs rules and guides the profession of psychologists as well as other medical personnel. The impact of the testing of animals in the research of psychology will be included in the discussion. Ethics in Psychological Research Paper Animals in Research Ethics help guide researchers around ethical dilemmas that may arise when conducting research. Example questions would be is it acceptable to avoid telling the participant of a study as to what the researcher is looking for and testing about? In what instances is it acceptable and when is it not? The development of research ethics helps guide researchers to find the necessary answer to the different question types (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009). Conducting a scientific research is when researchers look for facts, try to prove theories, and declare the findings the truth, and those conducting research must use the ethics guidelines (Shaughnessy, Zechmeister, & Zechmeister, 2009). The research study or projects could be a loss if the start of the research begins with a lie because the information...
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...Business Research Ethics Kwantessa Chambers RES/351 August 11, 2014 Barry Adkins Business Research Ethics My ideal occupation is to become a professional stylist and open my own beauty salon. It was only fitting to find a research project that deals with hair studies. I stumbled upon an article where research was conducted on hair cosmetics. A 'healthy' head of hair is described as hair that has luster, is smooth, long and silky, bouncy, with good volume, and with no evidence of balding. You must be aware of the different textures of hair, which texture you have and what products you can use to keep it healthy. In this paper, I will summarize this article and show the correlation between hair cosmetics and ethical behavior. The hair care industry is a major factor in today’s society and is constantly changing. The focus has dramatically veered from merely cleaning to repair, increasing the tensile strength, reducing oxidative damage, and stimulating growth. Many people do not understand the fascination a woman or a man for that matter has with their hair. Newer shorter procedures to make hair look naturally more lustrous, smooth, and manageable have evolved. In this article, the author attempts to fill the lacunae in our knowledge of hair cosmetics and esthetic procedures relevant in today's rapidly changing beauty-enhancing industry (Madnani, Khan, 2013). In this research project, the unethical research practice to be avoided is the experimentation of chemicals on...
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...Business Research Ethics Derrick Phillips RES/351 August 23, 2012 Business Research Ethics Ethics can go unnoticed at times, but, in actuality, ethics are of supreme significance for a list of grounds within any organization. Businesses have to make sure they adhere or abide by all level of ethics in all actions of the business. Ethics are one of the main focuses when it comes to business research. In this paper, the discussion will be prepared in relation between situations in which unethical business research behaviors were carried out by the business. The intention of this paper is to discuss a set of circumstances and various key points in relation to this specific case. Presently, this specific case had some ethical issues that were not taken into consideration. In the terminology of unethical research behavior, this particular corporation was without a doubt caught up in immoral research behavior. The corporation that’s being focused on is a pharmaceutical company that teamed up with the individual who in the past had supplied the required research associated to the medicine of influenza (Dominick & Wimmer, 2010). Throughout the course of the contract, the professor was demanded to keep the research information private and of the record and also not to disclose to anyone of his colleagues or anyone else involved. The corporation had been working on the research which was looking to refuse to give the research work out if anyone asked. For that reason, it was thought...
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...volume of qualitative research and articles about qualitative methods has been published recently in medical journals. However, compared with the extensive debate in social sciences literature, there has been little consideration in medical journals of the ethical issues surrounding qualitative research. A possible explanation for this lack of discussion is that it is assumed commonly that qualitative research is unlikely to cause significant harm to participants. There are no agreed guidelines for judging the ethics of qualitative research proposals and there is some evidence that medical research ethics committees have difficulty making these judgements. The lack of emphasis on ethical aspects of qualitative health services research may relate to a belief that it is unlikely to harm participants.16Risk to participants has been recognized by social scientists, who point out that taking part in research can lead to anxiety in and exploitation of participants, and that publication of...
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...Ethics in Research and Development Research and Development (R&D) term carry different meaning in diffenent situation. But everywhere it is related with find out somthing new, somthing better and more wothwhile, wich is used to achive particular goal(s). In a product’s or service’s life cycle R&D is considered as the conception stage. It is considered as invested for a better future. Throug R&D new products, service & idea come. Since in most of the cases it is related with something new and better, practice of ethics in R&D is very importent. A good comitment of ethics in R&D can change the life of greater community and an organization can achieve more confidence and trust from society. Research and development conduct to achieve a goal, maybe it is a business goal or non business goal but always it try to shows new way, new concept and new ideal. Two type of ethical consideration is related with research & development; one is in its objective or goal and another is how this objective or goal researcher wants to achieve. For the betterment of the society goal of research should be ethical and through the way researcher want to achieve this goal must be ethical. For example, a researcher may want to innovate a new medicine for lung cancer, oviously the objective of this research is great, if researche can achieve his goal in this case, it will help the humanity. But for conducting this research if researche collect the human lung through killing...
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...Business Research Ethics Lynn McManus 351 February 24, 2015 Mark Alise Abstract Ethics is practicing doing the right things I life. If you are a religious person, ethics is a also dealing with our religious beliefs. Doing what the law requires us to do is another way to define ‘Ethics. (merriam.webster.com). Halliburton is a good company for Business Research Ethics. Operating in 80 countries, Halliburton is one of the largest worldwide oil refineries. Halliburton was involved in many different scandals during the Bush Administration. (http://alizul2.blogsppot.com). Halliburton is a well influential company that is currently being run by Vice-President Dick Cheney. It has been discovered that Halliburton overcharged the military $6.3 million dollars. Halliburton is debatable considered as one of the evilest companies in the entire world. (http://alizul2.blogspot.com) In 2003, one of the unethical problems with Halliburton was overcharging the United States military in Iraq for food and oil supplies. Vice President Chaney has announced that the overpayment in the amount of $27.4 million dollars will be paid to the US government. (http://www.socialistappeal.org). Halliburton was accused of covering up violation of the law and misleading investigators, by a former Halliburton employee affirmed that he received criminal notes on; how to handle federal investigations received by email. The email was intended for another employee named David Smith. Smith was the Vice President...
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...Kacy Noble Medical Research and Ethics HCS/ 435 March 7, 2011 Patricia Tobin Ph.D., LCSW Medical Research and Ethics In the medical field ethics plays a large role in dictating what is deemed acceptable. The role of ethics has changed drastically over the past hundred years. There are many well-known unethical medical studies that have taken place in the past. Current research is being questioned by ethics professionals as well. The difference between now and then is our resources. Now, thee are ethics committees who help make these fragile decisions. Research much now be approved and follow rigorous standards. Ethics has changed drastically and will continue to evolve, hopefully for the better, in the future. Many of the well-known ethics cases involving research are highly publicized. The ethical research case I chose is not as well known. Possible reasons of the lack of publicity might be because the participants were not physically hurt nor were their health statuses altered. William Laud Humphreys managed to produce research that is ethically wrong in which none of the participants were named or harmed. Could this be why his research is still discussed in many universities today? William Laud Humphreys was born October 16, 1930. Laud had two brothers whom he was never close to and did not have a favorable opinion of his father (TWU, 2010). Humphreys graduated from Seabury-Western theological seminary in 1955. He was then baptized and changed his name from William...
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...The value of attitude, cultural diversity and ethics on “work” Defining attitude with ABC model Here there is more emphasis on the formation of attitude. They begin with elaborating on the start of face book. The possibilities of offensive content, while given liberation of speech. The Face book is not able to choose between the liberty to speak and post content, or to prohibit the user groups from abusing the hated group with their contents. Here they define attitude as a psychological tendency that is expressed on evaluation of like or dislike on a particular entity. The ABC attitude model explained using three and how it is measured. It also explains work attitude and its influence on job satisfaction, and how to evaluate it. Persuasion of attitude The continuation deals with the various impacts of work attitude. Workplace deviance behavior explains the consequences of negative attitude at work, violating the norms. The positive attitude at work is organizational commitment, which includes affective, continuance and normative attitude. There is a long list which helps in relating any reader to work deviance behavior at their work place. It is necessary to understand how attitude changes. For this the characteristics of source, target, message and cognitive routes that affect persuasion are identified. They also discuss the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. Emotional contagion In this part there is a justification on the importance of emotional contagion...
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...Business Research Ethics Destiny Williams RES/351 Sara Skowronski Monday June 9th 2014 Ethics can be defined as, the branch of philosophy that deals with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions (dictionary.com). Personal values very much help to shape our life and its outcome. “Its not hard to make a decision when you know what your values are”- Roy Disney. A persons values will determine how they perceive a situation. Ethics in business research sets standards while establishing honesty and integrity in researchers work. Without ethics you do not know if a researcher was honest in his or her methods used to conduct the research.Rules and morals are often in disagreement with one another, thus requiring substantial interpretation. It is therefore important for researchers to learn how to interpret, assess, and apply various research rules and how to make decisions and to act in various situations (Gajjar 2013). Dishonesty is the number on research practice that should be avoided in a research project. When conducting research one should honestly report data, results, methods, procedures, and publication status. One should not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data, or deceive colleagues, granting agencies, or the public. Another unethical practice that should be avoided...
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