...1.0 Introduction This chapter contains the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objective of the study, research questions, and significance of the study, limitations and the scope of the study. 1.1 Background Information Kenya’s economy is heavily dependent on Agriculture with almost 75% of Kenyans earning from farming. Agriculture contributes over 30% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and usually brings in over 50% of foreign currency earnings. It provides raw materials for Kenya’s agro-industries which accounts for about 70% of all its industrial production. The dairy industry has been in existence for decades and Kenya being the second largest dairy sector in sub-Sahara Africa. The industry has evolved through three markets periods. First for the period up to 1969, it operated as an open market with various independent dairies being active market players. Secondly between 1969 and 1992 and primarily due to rationalization of the dairy industry by the Government a monopolistic market situation was created. The government gave the policy guidelines, set prices, determined the players in the industry and set the market rules. The Kenya Cooperative Creameries (KCC) was the only player in the marketing of milk and dairy products. Thirdly from 1992 onwards the government liberalized the industry. Currently the industry is regulated by the Kenya Dairy Board which was established under section 4 of the Dairy Industry Act Cap...
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...Research on Humanities and Social Sciences ISSN (Paper)2224-5766 ISSN (Online)2225-0484 (Online) Vol.4, No.9, 2014 www.iiste.org Assessing the Effects of Streetism on the Livelihood of Street Children: A Case Study of Kumasi (in Ghana). AWATEY, Samuel* Development Planning Officer, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Ghana. * E-mail of the corresponding author: profdealfas@yahoo.com Abstract This study employed the livelihood approach to examine the effects of streetism on the livelihoods of children who live and make their living on the streets of Kumasi. The study examines the causative factors that push children on to the streets, their encounters and experiences in their attempts to cope with street life. The study used both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative data was collected from 50 street children in eight areas in Kumasi where the street children are predominant. The study identified that children who live on the street adopt a range of survival strategies, both legal and/or illegal, to confront the challenges of urban street life. The study further identified that the plight of children arises not so much out of negative experiences they have gone through such as child abuse or child neglect but broadly to the absence of and inadequate programmes resulting from the low-priority placed on issues related to child welfare in the country generally. These challenge human right and underpin injustice in the country. The problems street children...
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...IMPACT OF SOLAR PANEL IN LIVELIHOOD IN SOME SELECTED (MD. IBRAHIM KHOLILULLAH, DEPT OF AG.FINANCE, BAU MOB: 01718996557) AREAS OF BOGRA DISTRICT Introduction Solar panel refers to a panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity. Electricity is the prime mover for the advancement of all economic and industrial activities. About 59% of total population live in rural and isolated areas and most of them have no electricity access. This scenario is more acute in the rural and isolated areas in Bangladesh where only about 25% have electricity access ( Energy Bangla, January, 2014 ). Bangladesh is a semi-tropical region lying in northeastern part of South Asia gets abundant sunlight year round. The average bright sunshine duration in Bangladesh in the dry season is about 7.6 hours a day, and in the monsoon season is about 4.7 hours, Solar energy can be harnessed. So, solar panel technology is advised. A total of 3,00,000 solar panels had been installed in more than 40,000 villages of 456 upazilas of all districts of Bangladesh. Daily on average 44 MW electricity is being produced by these solar panels.( Momotaz and Karim,2012).Now a days solar panel is applied in different aspects such as solar based recharging station ,solar cooking etc. It presents an attractive alternative to conventional electricity such as no monthly bills, no fuel cost, little repair and maintenance costs, easy to install any where etc. The solar panel technology is very...
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...IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT,2013 SUB-THEME: Economic implications of National Food Security Act, 2013 and its international trade impacts I. Impact of 2013 Act on exports and how supply will meet demand created. II. The comparison between “livelihood security “and “food security legislation.” III. Economic implications of adopting a „rights based approach‟ through the 2013 Act. AUTHORS: URVASHI BANSAL STUDENT AMITY LAW SCHOOL,NOIDA CONTACT DETAILS: MOBILE: 08130158915 E-MAIL: urvashisurabhi12@gmail.com AKANKSHA KAPUR STUDENT AMITY LAW SCHOOL,NOIDA CONTACT DETAILS: MOBILE: 08510042250 E-MAIL: akanshakapur0@gmail.com CERTIFICATE The research paper entitled ―Economic implications of National Food Security Act, 2013 and its international trade impacts” submitted for the conference on INTERNATIONAL TRADE IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT,2013 is based on my original work. The research work has not been submitted elsewhere for award of any degree. The material borrowed from other sources and incorporated in the thesis has been duly acknowledged. I understand that I myself could be held responsible and accountable for plagiarism, if any, detected later on. ABSTRACT The research paper presented before you investigates the Economic Implications of The National Food Security Act, 2013 proposed by the government. This Bill aims to provide food and nutritional security to whole of India; access to adequate quality food at affordable prices...
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...ScienceDirect Resources Policy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/resourpol Recognizing and nurturing artisanal mining as a viable livelihood Petra Tschakert à Department of Geography and Alliance for Earth Sciences, Engineering, and Development in Africa (AESEDA), Pennsylvania State University, 315 Walker Building, University Park, PA 16802-5011, USA a r t i c l e in f o Article history: Received 7 February 2008 Received in revised form 3 May 2008 Accepted 4 May 2008 JEL classification: L72 Q32 Keywords: Artisanal and small-scale mining Recognition Flourishing Alternative livelihoods Ghana a b s t r a c t Much of the discourse and literature on artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in sub-Saharan Africa has inherently prescriptive recommendations on how the sector should develop. Devaluation, misrecognition, and criminalization of artisanal, largely illegal miners hamper their participation not only in environmental and political decision-making but also in negotiating potential alternative livelihoods. This article addresses the following three questions: (a) what are the pull and push factors in Ghana’s artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) sector?; (b) what concrete livelihood options exist for unregistered miners when regularization is impeded and undermined?; and (c) in the absence of promising alternative livelihoods, how can the ASM sector be re-imagined to allow poor men and women miners to flourish as recognized and valued members of their society? The...
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...Farmer Livelihoods? The Millenium Development Goals and Nicaragua’s Fair Trade Cooperatives ´ ´ CHRISTOPHER M. BACONÃ , V. ERNESTO MENDEZÃÃ , MARIA ´ EUGENIA FLORES GOMEZÃÃÃ , DOUGLAS STUARTÃÃÃÃ , & SANDRO ´ ´ RAUL DIAZ FLORESÃÃÃÃÃ Ã University of California, Santa Cruz, USA University of Vermont, USA ÃÃÃ ´ Asociacion de Mujeres Contra La Violencia, Oyanka, Jalapa, Nicaragua ÃÃÃÃ Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua, Nicaragua ÃÃÃÃÃ ´ ´ CII-ASDENIC, Edificio Casa Estelı, Estelı, Nicaragua ÃÃ ABSTRACT In December 2001, green coffee commodity prices hit a 30-year low. This deepened the livelihood crisis for millions of coffee farmers and rural communities. The specialty coffee industry responded by scaling up several sustainable coffee certification programs, including Fair Trade. This study uses household- and community-level research conducted in Nicaragua from 2000 to 2006 to assess the response to the post-1999 coffee crisis. A participatory action research team surveyed 177 households selling into conventional and Fair Trade markets in 2006. In an effort to dialogue with specialty coffee industry and mainstream development agencies, results are framed within the context of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Findings suggest that households connected to Fair Trade cooperatives experienced several positive impacts in education, infrastructure investment, and monetary savings. However, several important livelihoods insecurities...
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...Impacts on the Livelihoods of Small Farm Holders and the Environment in Southeast Asia Due to the loss of Swidden Agriculture Swidden agriculture is a long standing and common practice in many tropical areas in the World. In Southeast Asia in particular, the method for growing maize, rice and other fruits and vegetables is mainly still Swidden agriculture. The small scale farm holders in Southeast Asia, have used this technique for centuries and to them, it is the only way they know to grow food and keep from going hungry.The term swidden is a hard word to define, being so broad and because many scientists and people have had trouble agreeing on definitions for the term. This and the relatively small amount of research and data on farms that use swidden creates holes in existing literature. An increasing problem that small farm holders who use the practice of swidden are facing is the intervention of governments which has sparked added impacts. Understanding the implications of the demise of swidden and the practice itself by both governments and people, can help small farm holders and communities gain more from the loss. This paper will outline the effects of the loss of swidden agriculture on the environment and livelihoods of people in Southeast Asia and how there can be alternatives. The way that I conducted my research was both the use of the University of Oregon library web access and the Internet for certain clips and videos. Through the library I used peer reviewed...
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...Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 15 Issue 3 Version 1.0 Year 2015 Type : Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896 The Effects of Migration by Nomadic Farmers in the Livelihoods of Rural Crop Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria By Emeka Nzeh Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT), Nigeria Abstract- The study focused on the effects of migration by nomadic farmers on livelihoods of the rural crop famers in Enugu State of Nigeria. The study had the following specific objectives; determine the socio-economic attributes of the rural crop and nomadic farmers; identify the sources of nomadic farmers conflicts in the rural crop farmers farm fields; assess the socioeconomic effects of migration by nomadic farmer on rural development and describe the methods adopted to resolve nomadic farmers conflicts with rural crop famers in the area. In the sampling procedure, purposive and random sampling techniques were used. A purposive multi stage sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 60 nomadic farmers and 80 rural farmers, information was elicited using questionnaires. Keywords: nomadic farmers, migration, rural community famers. GJSFR-D Classification : FOR Code: 070399 TheEffectsofMigrationbyNomadicFarmersintheLivelihoodsofRuralCropFarmersinEnuguStateNigeria Strictly as per the compliance...
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...Sustainable livelihood livelihood is defined as the combination of all activities developed in relation to the resources that permit households to cover their needs in order to continue surviving and developing. Various elements at different levels interact within these systems: * The context of vulnerability may reflect geographical factors, climate, history, demographics, and the social and economic situation. This context defines the risks that the population faces. * The resources or assets to which the family or individuals have access, control or possess and with which they carry out productive processes, participate in the labour market or use for exchange with other families or individuals. These can be classified in the following manner: * Natural capital: made up of natural resources such as land, water and other biological resources. * Physical capital: includes the goods that have been created through productive processes, for example infrastructure (roads, bridges) and machinery. * Human capital: the ability to work and the labour capacity of a family unit or individual. * Financial capital: the household’s access to money, which may be through savings or credit. * Social capital: attitude towards reciprocity within the community, between households or individuals, based on the confidence formed through social links. * Policies, institutions and organisations influence the access to necessary livelihood resources and...
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...Graduate School of Development Studies A Research Paper presented by: Fariba Alamgir (Bangladesh) in partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialization: [Environment And Sustainable Development] (ESD) Members of the examining committee: Prof. Dr Max Spoor [Supervisor] Dr Bram Buscher [Reader] The Hague, The Netherlands November, 2010 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Location: Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 426 0460 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 Contents List of Maps v List of Acronyms vi Abstract vii Chapter 1: Research Context and Setting 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Theoretical Framework 6 1.2.1 Understanding Water Scarcity 6 1.2.2 The Political Ecology Approach 7 1.3 Research Methodology: Data Collection, Analysis and Fieldwork 10 Chapter 2: Changing water regimes and livelihoods in South-Western Bangladesh 14 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Changing Water System in Coastal Region in Bangladesh 14 2.2.1 Impact of Poldering and Water Control 14 2.2.2 Reduced Flow of Water and Shrimp...
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...Micro-Finance 10 2.2 Microfinance and microcredit 10 2.3 The History of Microfinance 11 2.4 Providers and models of microfinance interventions 11 2.5 Microfinance and its impact in development 14 2.6 The impact of microfinance on poverty 16 2.7 Current debates on the impact of microfinance in development 18 2.8 Empowering Women 23 2.9 Impacts beyond the household 26 2.10 The use of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework in impact measurement 27 2.11 Current debates about MFIs and their role in development 29 Chapter Three: A Glimpse of The Microfinance Sector in Bangladesh 33 3.1 Micro-Finance’s History and Development 33 3.2 Evolution of MFIs financing sources 34 Chapter four: Data Analysis and Interpretation 37 4.1 Hypothesis & Model 37 4.2 Respondents Information (Frequencies & Cross-Tabs) 38 4.3 Results of the Regression Analysis for Hypothesis One 43 4.4 Results of the Regression Analysis for Hypothesis Two 45 Chapter five: Findings And Conclusions 47 5.1 Findings 47 5.2 Scope for Further Research 48 5.3 Conclusion 48 References 50 Appendix - A 52 Appendix - B 55 List of Figures Figure 1:Conceptual Model of the Study 37 Figure 2: Loan reserve of NGO-MFIs in the Micro-finance sector based on the size of the firms 55 Figure 3: Savings of NGO-MFIs in the Micro-finance sector based on the size of the firms 56 List of Tables Table 1: Broad picture of Micro-credit Program in the financial year 2013-2014...
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...FORMALIZING THE INFORMAL STREET VENDING Street Vending has been an issue as illegal encroachments take up a lot of public land and create issues of traffic congestion, unhygienic conditions, aesthetic devaluation, etc. The legislation for regulating street vending has been under scanner for long. The most recent legislation, The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014 aims to address the issue in a comprehensive manner. Earlier, street vending has been under municipal bodies regulated by their own laws under state legislature. Few cities like Bhubaneswar had managed to have ‘vending zones’ and regularization measures before this law came in. But it is a problem in most urban areas as of now. The new legislation provides for a ‘Town Vending Committee’ under the municipality with other representatives as members. They are to take up the responsibility of preparing street vending plans and schemes along with issuing certificates to vendors and managing them. Railway premises are exempt from this act. The legislation suggests for preparation of plans and schemes, though in no way it actually comes up with norms for street vending. It is to be prepared by town vending committee every five years along with town planning department. The legislation is a tool to control the unaccounted activities of informal sector in street vending. But there has been agitations regarding removal of such street vendors ‘non complying’ to the plans and schemes...
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...CHAPTER I The Problem and Its Background INTRODUCTION Many countries around the world are investing in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to improve and update the education they give to the younger generations. The Department of Education envisions an ICT-Supported system of quality basic education for all. It is stated on the National Framework Plan for ICT’s in Basic Education (2005-2010). It is committed to the appropriate, effective, and sustainable use of ICT’s to broaden access to and improve the quality and efficiency of basic education service delivery. The poor performance of students across the country in national and international tests, and the consistent high school dropout rates in both elementary and secondary school levels, underscore the deterioration of the quality of the Philippine schools system. Computer education offers potential for human betterment, at the same time, it is taught with great dangers that neither the potential can be truly realized, nor the danger avoided, without careful far-teaching critical questions being asked about computers in education. It is clear and evident that whatever this eventual outcome, the debate about computers in education is just beginning and is going to be with us for some time. The mathematician, computer scientist, and psychologist, Seymour Papert conducted renowned projects in the 1970’s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with the goal of making children the “builders” of their open...
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...observation). For this reason, in this study, the research problem was loss of social capital, network and role of safety net of the displaced people by River Bank Erosion (RBE). The main objective of this study was to measure the loss of social capital including network due to RBE, to explore the changing situation (social, economic and political) that displaced people face due to loss of social capital including network by RBE, to discover how do displaced people create new social capital including network and to assess the role of safety net to meet present crisis. In the context of socio-economic, geographical and ecological condition, the social capital including network and safety net is more important tool to meet any natural crisis. In this study village, the displaced people lost their material object as well as social capital and network. That’s why this study has focused on social capital including network and safety net programs in the context of river bank erosion. In this research problem, the word social capital has been considered as relationships, connections, links, and affiliations among displaced people and network has been referred as an informal relationship among persons, individuals and groups and safety net has been referred as the roles/programs of government and non government organizations to meet any natural crisis. In chapter one and two, a short introduction, study background and methodology of this research have been discussed. Here also contains the...
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...Research Journal of Management Sciences ____________________________________________ ISSN 2319–1171 Vol. 2(5), 20-23, May (2013) Res. J. Management Sci. Modeling a Small Farm Livelihood System using Linear Programming in Bindura, Zimbabwe Majeke Felix, Majeke Judith, Mufandaedza Jonathan and Shoko Munashe Department, Great Zimbabwe University, Masvingo, ZIMBABWE Available online at: www.isca.in Received 30th January 2013, revised 15th February 2013, accepted 30th April 2013 Abstract A livelihood system is the full range of activities available to an individual farmer. Communal farmers are often faced with the problem of how to select the optimal cropping patterns that significantly contribute to sustainable production. In this study, a linear program that reflects these choices by selecting a combination of farm activities that is feasible given a set of fixed farm constraints and that maximizes income while achieving other goals such as food security is developed. Results obtained by using linear programming and traditional methods are compared. The results obtained by using the linear programming model are more superior. The difference in gross income is 44.65%. Keywords: Communal farmer; linear programming; whole-farm plan; optimal crop combination; maximizing income. Introduction Communal farmers are usually faced with the problem of how to allocate their limited production resources among cropping and livestock activities1. These farmers always...
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