...Fire safety refers to precautions that are taken to prevent or reduce the likelihood of a fire that may result in death, injury, or property damage, alert those in a structure to the presence of an uncontrolled fire in the event one occurs, better enable those threatened by fire to survive in and evacuate from affected areas, or to reduce the damage caused by a fire. Fire safety measures include those that are planned during the construction of a building or implemented in structures that are already standing, and those that are taught to occupants of the building. Threats to fire safety are referred to as fire hazards. A fire hazard may include a situation that increases the likelihood a fire may start or may impede escape in the event a fire occurs. Fire safety is often a component of building safety. Those who inspect buildings for violations of the Fire Code and go into schools to educate children on Fire Safety topics are fire department members known as fire prevention officers. The Chief Fire Prevention Officer or Chief of Fire Prevention will normally train newcomers to the Fire Prevention Division and may also conduct inspections or make presentations. Fire prevention programs may include distribution of smoke detectors, visiting schools to review key topics with the students and implementing nationally recognized programs such as NFPAs "Risk Watch" and "Learn not to burn".[2] Other programs or props can be purchased by fire departments or community organizations...
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...Professor Donnie West Are They Worth The Cost: Sprinkler systems save lives. Andrew Hanes In the world of construction, a battle rages over the use of residential fire sprinkler systems. This battle is being fought in state legislatures pitting the construction community against those called on to protect the lives in the community. Much evidence exists for their use. Over the next few pages, we will look at these arguments. In the end the decision is yours. Are They Worth The Cost: Sprinkler systems save lives. Andrew Hanes In the world of construction, a battle rages over the use of residential fire sprinkler systems. This battle is being fought in state legislatures pitting the construction community against those called on to protect the lives in the community. Much evidence exists for their use. Over the next few pages, we will look at these arguments. In the end the decision is yours. 08 Fall 08 Fall In recent years, there has been a push to require all new, private residential structures to contain fire sprinkler systems. One of the biggest proponents of this requirement is the United States Fire Administration. In their official position statement, the USFA states: “It is the position of the U.S. Fire Administration that all citizens should be protected against death, injury, and property loss resulting from fire in their residence. All homes should be equipped with both smoke alarms and automatic fire sprinklers, and all families should have and practice an...
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...ARCHITECTURAL SAFETY An objective conceptual planning should be to create an environment in which the user can be as safe as possible. Although this is a tall order, many of the accidents that frequently occur in homes, offices, schools, factories, and elsewhere are due as much to the facility design as they are to user errors. The following typical safety considerations are applicable to all architectural systems: 1. Use non-flammable, non-toxic materials. 2. Eliminate sharp edges, corners, etc. that could cause injury. 3. Create properly designed stairs, ramps and walkways. 4. Do not use large ceiling-to-floor glass windows or doors without appropriate barriers to prevent people from walking through them when they are closed. 5. Ground all electrical controls, cover outlets and otherwise prevent people from receiving electric shocks. 6. Provide adequate illumination so that people can see where they are going to avoid tripping over walkway obstruction or step. 7. Use non-skid materials on floors, walkways, and stairs, especially if there is a possibility of their becoming wet. 8. Provide appropriate handrails around balconies and alongside stairs and use railing designs that children cannot fall through or get their heads caught in. 9. Cover moving parts of machines to prevent people from getting their hands or clothing caught. 10. Avoid locating heaters where they can be touched inadvertently or where pilot lights could ignite the...
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...study. “A CI technician accidentally rewired the system that controlled the fire sprinklers and rendered the sprinklers inoperable… and one of OC's employees left a lit cigarette in one of BTF's restrooms.” This shows that there may be a lack of training in these organizations. This accident would not have happened if employees really care about their job. However, people do make mistake and the bible teaches the concept of personal responsibility. The difference between a child and a man is his willingness to take personal responsibility for his actions. As Paul says, “When I became a man, I put the ways of childhood behind me” (1 Corinthians 13:11). Personal responsibility is closely related to the law of sowing and reaping (Galatians 6:7–8). “Tell the righteous it will be well with them, for they will enjoy the fruit of their deeds. Woe to the wicked! Disaster is upon them! They will be paid back for what their hands have done” (Isaiah 3:10–11). In my opinion, both parties should accept the consequences of their own action. General Duty CI (Computer Installers) owes BTF (Big Time Firm) a general duty to act as a reasonable prudent installer. By operating a business that advertises itself as a computer networking company, they must exhibit a level of expertise that meets this standard. They did breach that duty by failing to install the wiring in such a way as to render the fire sprinklers inoperable. The real question of liability here comes down to causation – ties to...
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...Fire Code of the Philippines 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Minimum exit door width. Minimum floor to ceiling height. Maximum stair rise height for a class A stair. Maximum height between landings for class A stair. Minimum headroom for class A & B stairs. Unit area per person for waiting areas or standing rooms. Number of exits for place of assembly for 1000 occupants Travel distance to an exit without fire sprinkler system. Travel distance to an exit with fire sprinkler system. Minimum spacing of rows of seats from back to back for a public assembly building. Maximum number of seats in a row in between aisles. Maximum number of seats in a row opening on to an aisle at one side. Standard width of a seat without dividing arms for places of assembly. Minimum width of an aisle serving an occupant of 60. Minimum headroom created by any projection from the ceiling. Minimum clear width of turnstiles. Minimum dimension of landings in direction of travel for class A & B stairs. Minimum number of risers in any one (1) flight of stairs. Minimum height of a handrail above the upper surface of the tread. Minimum clearance of a handrail from any wall. Minimum height of a guard rail. Maximum height of a guard rail. Minimum inner radius of a monumental stair. Minimum width of any balcony or...
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...Development of fire fighting strategies to cope with increasing fire hazard vulnerability in Dhaka city: creating social awareness Background and present state of the problem Aims The aim of this research paper is to create a social awareness towards fire hazards and draw attention of the concerned administration to improvise the fire fighting strategies and enforce appropriate laws to tackle the problem. Objective To conduct a detailed investigation concerning the increasing fire hazards of Dhaka city to find the best possible solution. To identify the key factors concerning fire incidents. To identify and recommend the responsibility of different actors to create social awareness against fire hazards. To find possible ways to tackle fire hazard and design rescue process in present context. To find variables which are flexible to change, even in the conjusted urban context and can facilitate fire hazard rescue. To attempt to find new type of stratetegy to tackle fire incidents and if required, incorporate new design elements or illustrate conceptual basis of the process. Possible Outcomes: An in-depth study will bring light to a number of aspects regarding fire hazard incidents. The research will identify the reasons behind fire hazards, its victims, misery and the damages. Also it will bring light upon the possibilities and challenges of fire fighting strategies prevailing in Dhaka city. By analyzing the problem thoroughly,...
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...Synopsis A water tank manufacturing company was established but in order to start its operations it must obtain a license. But the company obtained a “No Objection Letter” by unethical means by publishing notice in the least popular newspaper. Since the public could not be notified, they later complained about the pollution created by the company. The company tried to settle the objection of the public by good words and by giving gifts, but this doesn’t seem to last long. The company is now reluctant to use “incinerators”. Issues One major issue raised in the case is what the company should do to minimize the public complaints on pollution. Should the company also install incinerator? There are numerous factors related to the case such as ethical, environmental, legal, social, political, technological and economic. The company went against ethics by misleading the public by publishing notice on a least popular newspaper. The environmental issue is related to the pollution created by the company. The company was using out-dated technology by not using incinerator. Also it is an economic issue when it comes to installing the incinerator. Facts to support the existence of complaints by the public 1. The notice was published in the least popular newspaper so the villagers didn’t notice it. 2. The objection of the villagers against the pollution was attempted to be silenced by good words and gifts to authority. 3. The company sent a staff member to the plant location...
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...History The area first developed about two hundred years ago in what was then the village of Holbeck. Activities such as flax spinning, iron casting and machine manufacturing were carried out in a range of steam-powered mills and workshops. Interspersed amongst these mills and factories were hundreds of families living in poor conditions in back to back houses. Why was an urban village created? The northern part of Holbeck is an area that is in need of major regeneration and in which there is now strong developer interest. It is also an area that is of great importance both historically, as the cradle of the industrial revolution in Leeds, and architecturally, with two conservation areas and a number of listed buildings including the Grade I Temple Works. The special nature of this area merits a special response from developers that respects the scale and quality of its important buildings, the diversity of the area and its potential to develop into a sustainable community. It was clear from the early schemes to re-develop the area a decade or so ago that this was not happening and that the special quality of the area was being lost. In order for the future of Holbeck to be sustainable, the traditional principles of a village, which include a mixture of living, working and recreational opportunities, need to be adopted. It appeared to be appropriate to regenerate the area as an urban village and the Urban Villages Forum (which promotes urban villages) confirms this. The area...
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...out the back fridges. Throw away any old food and wipe down any spills that may have occurred. Monthly Task: * Check inventory of all supplies * Order any inventory that is needed from Warehouse Direct. * Create a card access summary report * Drain/Refill Dish Sanitizer * Inspect generator ex: any nest or animals chewing in wiring Quarterly Task: * Scrub grease filters above range in kitchen * Prep Reconciliation for Greg/Rachel * Create a Forecast for operating expenses. Any big spending that may be happening in the next quarter that is not included in the normal running expenses. Seasonal Responsibilities: * Spring – Schedule irrigation system activation with becmar, turn water sprinklers on * Summer – maintain gas grills on North Patio, check propane levels, make sure they are clean, make sure the covers are on after use * Summer – Maintain sport court, remove sticks, blow leaves, tie down windscreens, keep locked (codes is 2100) * Fall – Schedule irrigation system winterization * Winter – Shovel and Salt...
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...Building ______________________________ Room __________ Supervisor ______________________ Date _________ Audit Performed by _____________________________ | |Y |N |NA |COMMENTS | |A. Walking Surfaces | |Aisles established and clear | | | | | |No tripping hazards present | | | | | |Floors even (no holes or cracks) | | | | | |Carpets and rugs secure | | | | | |Floors kept dry - not slippery ...
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...this was demonstrated by a dormitory fire at the University of Mary Washington. The blaze was started unintentionally by a malfunctioning single cup coffee maker. In blazes such as dorm fires, there has been temperature recordings of over to 800 degrees fahrenheit, that can cause the entire building to explode into flame or severely burn the residents of the building. Fortunately, the fire at University of Mary Washington was contained to one room thanks to an early detection by smoke alarms and fire sprinklers to help douse the flames. Students were evacuated from the building and allowed to return to their residences after the blaze was extinguished by the local fire department. However, “159 students living in Mason had to relocate temporarily because of the wet conditions caused by the sprinkler system. Many were either away for the weekend or moved in with friends.” (Cathy, 1) In this case in Washington, the building was apparently saved by the smoke detection and sprinkler system. According to an article, this system was improved with...
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...of these technologies.. The systems based approach refers to the combination of renewable energy supply, electrical or thermal storage together with demand reduction technologies. Funding for the SOLCER project is from the WEFO funded LCRI Convergence Energy Programme which was launched in September 2009 with funding of more than £15 million from the European Regional development Fund, through the Welsh Government & matched with £19 million from Welsh Universities & Industry. The retrofit programme of contracted works saw GB-Sol, WWCG & the WSA with the common aim to integrate low carbon systems - renewable energy supply, storage & demand reduction - into five existing typical residential buildings across Wales to demonstrate how the test systems perform in-situ. These residential buildings are owned by Registered Social Landlords (RSL). The residents were to remain in-situ and planning permission should not be required to allow the works to take place. Demand reduction: • External Wall Insulation...
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...to build buildings. The very core of building design is to find a solution between the affects upon of the building and the environment. According to Arkkelin and Veitch, there are two basic types of buildings, commercial and residence, are designed in order to meet the needs of the clients as well: requirements, needs, and activities which are the commercial and residential (1995). Designing a commercial build needs to address the concern of serving the general public, corporate aspect, and to fulfill the needs of the needs of the society: like schools, prisons, and hospitals to name a few. Taking a closer look at the overall reasoning behind the design of a commercial building is two sided. The first is how the building needs to operate; the building must offer an easy avenue t atients, inmates, merchandise as well as the design must be to facilitate a smooth operation of the building. The second aspect is what the building is offering and maintaining security, privacy, and yet at the same time the means for the ability to interact with others. On the other side of the coin is the design of residential, strives to streamline the functioning of the private needs behind close doors of the residence. This paper will address the differences between the areas referred to above with more detail as well as the floor plans and the over all thoughts of designing these two types of buildings. Designing Commercial Buildings Today’s hospitals are designed to a set standard...
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...Research Paper: Animal Operations and Residential Property Values Animal operations are more concentrated than ever before with the facilities handling much larger numbers than traditional farms. This research paper was for the analysis of attempting to find a relation between animal feeding and processing operations and the impact this has on the value of the houses in these communities. It is found that a larger concentration of animals impacts the quality of surrounding air and water. These facilities also impact the economic conditions of communities in which they are located. This article formulated together current literature on the topic, which will be useful to appraisers who have to conduct valuations where these facilities are located. This paper was put together since research capabilities have been expanded to get more accurate results; the first research on the topic analyzed 300 sales transactions, followed by another one at 8,090 sales transactions. Also, GIS by local governments has increased which allow researchers to be able to conduct more thorough data. Animal operations (AO) are broadly defined as facilities where animals are raised or brought for slaughter. The takeaway is that AO impact on valuations is related to proximity and size; many other internal factors are also taken into consideration. The study confirms valuations impact from an earlier study at a range of 3.1% to 26% depending on multiple factors. This is crucial for appraisals to be aware...
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...for different land uses, which are used in municipal land-use planning. Land uses, from residential / commercial / industrial , agricultural / and open space, largely determine the different revenues and expenditures of the municipal government because they generated different amounts of revenue from being taxed at different rates. Expenditures also vary from municipal services because different services need to be provided per use like education, police protection, fire protection, roads, and other infrastructural uses. The basic methodology of CCS studies is to first partition land uses into three classes: residential, commercial / industrial, and agricultural / open-space. Expenditures and revenues from the municipal budget are then allocated to the three different land-use categories. Although the specific methodology for fiscal allocations differs among CCS studies, the final result is always a ratio of expenditures over revenues for each of the three land uses. For example, a residential ratio of 1.2 means that for every U.S.$1.00 of revenue raised from residential land uses, U.S.$1.20 of expenditures is spent on residential land uses. Studies then report a separate ratio for residential, commercial/industrial, and agricultural/open-space land uses. A general finding of CCS studies is that commercial/industrial and agricultural/ open-space ratios are less than one while residential ratios are greater than one. For the Skagit County’s COCS method was similar to the one...
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