...We Do About Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria? You Decide What Can We Do About Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria? Summarize, evaluate, and argue the validity of the data that demonstrate the problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Then present a plan for reducing this problem in the future. Keep these questions in mind: • What data supports the hypothesis that antibiotic-resistance is on the rise? What problems do you see in this data? Can you propose a way to overcome these problems? • Which methods have been successful in decreasing the number of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains? Which methods have not? • What shortcomings or errors do these given studies have? Can you design a new study that would overcome them? Student Deliverable: |Summarize, evaluate, and argue the validity of the data that demonstrate the problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. | |The charts, when combined and looked at together all paint a nice picture of bacteria gradually becoming more resistant to more classes of antibiotics. When one | |looks at the charts it is easy to see that in 1989 & 1990, the amount of classifications of antibiotics was at a high (not including 2000). During that time the | |number of written prescriptions for a certain antibiotic (Erythromycin) was also at an all-time high. We can also see that generally the strain of the Strep | |bacteria became more resistant to each antibiotic overtime...
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...Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Kwame D. Brooks BIO/101 October 16, 2014 Prof. Rafael Frim Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Even though the indiscriminate use of antibiotics is enhanced by their free and uncontrolled availability ‘across the counter’, particularly in developing and Third World countries where regulatory mechanisms leave much to be desired. Alternately, even in developed countries, there is a clear connection between overall antibiotic intake and the rate of recurrence of the discovery of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. According to Barry Commoner, “First law of ecology: ‘Everything is related to everything else’.” As such, these antibiotic-resistant bacteria evolves into a most important health problem that becomes the foundation for some patients to be incurable to previously treated infections because the development of antibiotic resistance. This is primarily due to disproportionate and often superfluous use of antibiotics in humans and animals. According to G. Gopal Rio “Risk factors for the spread of resistant bacteria in hospitals and the community can be summarized as overcrowding, lapses in hygiene or poor infection control practices. Increasing antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been exacerbated by the slow pace in developing newer antibiotics and bacteria can be innately resistant or may acquire resistance to antibiotics” (1998). In essence, these two types of conflict are probably in the same way significant in the perspective of the management...
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...Antibiotic resistant bacteria Microbes are all around us, they pretty much fill our whole world. They are in the air we breathe, the food we eat and even in our bodies. There is different types of microbes such as algae, fungi, protozoa, viruses and bacteria, they all have a different functions and structures. But the one microbe that is becoming a threat to us is bacteria because it is becoming antibiotic resistant, which means to us this is going to become a very big problem. Antibiotic resistant bacteria occurs when strains of bacteria in us humans start to become resistant to the antibiotic we take due to improper use or abuse of the drug. Like when you are prescribed a certain antibiotic and you take it for only for a few days instead of going through the whole course, you may have killed some of the bacteria, but some of it still lives. That small amount of bacteria that is partially alive is going to end up becoming resistant to that antibiotic and we don’t want that to happen because then the bacteria can then start multiplying and replacing all the killed bacteria with a new stronger type of bacteria that is going to harder and much more expensive to kill. . Also the antibiotic resistant bacteria is very dangerous because it can spread very quickly between your family members, schools, or co-workers, which will threaten everybody lives. One dangerous antibiotic resistant bacteria that exist today is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or better known as...
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...Week 3 Antibiotic-resistant essay Are antibiotic-resistant bacteria on the rise? Well in the study we just finished there are some very compelling evidence that points to yes. However depending on how you look at the last study the information may be that the rise of resistance is in direct correlation with the amount of the antibiotics that are being used. For example we will start with some of the evidence given in the investigation. First is the problem with the finding of new classes of antibiotics. From the 1930s to the 1970s discovery of classes were fairly similar increasing every decade up to the 1970s. After the 1970a the discovery of new classes of antibiotics fell drastically. A known worry is that if new classes can not be created then eventually antibiotics will be depleted. Also the investigation states that once a strain builds resistance to a type of antibiotic of a class that all types of the class are resisted. The next study of a Erythromycin from 1976-1988 that dosage of that particular antibiotic tripled in just twelve years. The study shows that over the course of those years bacteria became more resistant over the study. Next we looked into the prevalence of resistant bacteria in relation to prescriptions. Over a four year study from 1995-1998 the percentage of resistant bacteria rose 5%. This shows us that the more antibiotics prescribed will result in a increasing number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This is unsettling considering the amount of...
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...What Can We Do About Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Giana Dominguez SCI 214 September 04, 2013 Gloria Young, PhD After reading the information in this assignment and looking at the plot values I honestly still do not understand everything that I read. So I will try to write this summary the best that I possibly can. What I understood from my reading was that antibiotics have been in development over the last eighty years. Antibiotics help fight infections we get from bacteria. Antibiotics come in different classes to fight multiple strains of a bacterial infection (Cummings). I also learned that over the years new antibiotic development has become slower. Over the last eighty years bacteria has become sort of built up immunity to some antibiotics. Not all infections can be treated with the same antibiotics. Sometimes a prescribed antibiotic does not cure an infection. I know this from my own personal experience. I had to have surgery. After the surgery I had gotten an infection and was given an antibiotic. The infection I had was resistant to the type of antibiotic that I was given. The antibiotic actually made my infection worse. The symptoms I felt at the beginning of my infection caused me so much more pain. I had to be put on a different class of antibiotic. The second antibiotic I was given was stronger and it was hopefully supposed to cure my infection. The new antibiotic cured the infection I had gotten but I had developed another infection and had to be put on...
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...Complete the MasteringBiology Ch. 1 Activity: You Decide: What Can We Do About Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria? Write a 500- to 700-word essay from your investigation. You are required to answer various questions throughout the investigation. At the end of the activity, you will be required to take a quiz. This quiz consists of one essay question. Copy your essay into a Microsoft® Word document. Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. Question to be answer according with each page above 1 – What does the second bar represent? a. The number os classes of antibiotics developed in the 1930s b. The number of classes of antibiotics available in the 1930s c. The number of classes of antibiotics developed in the 1940s d. The number of classes of antibiotics available in the 1940s 2 – What does the Y-axis represent? a. The total number of antibiotics consumed b. The total number of erythromycin closes consumed c. The number of erythromycin doses consumed per day d. The number of erythromycin doses consumed per 1000 people per day 3 – What does the pink bar in the last cluster of bars represent? a. The percentage of bacteria resistant to penicillin in 1995 b. The percentage of bacteria resistant to 3 or more antibiotics in 1995 c. The percentage of bacteria resistant to penicillin in 1998 d. The percentage of bacteria resistant to 3 or more antibiotics in 1998 4 – What does the Y-axis represent? a. Percentage...
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...curve shifts in that direction. Such a shift can occur when a population is adapting to a changing environment. Resistance to antibiotics and insecticides are examples of directional selection. The widespread use of antibiotics and insecticides (pesticides) results in populations of bacteria and insects that are resistant to these chemicals. When an antibiotic is administered, some bacteria may survive because they are genetically resistant to the antibiotic. These bacteria are most likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. Result, the number of bacteria keeps in increasing. Drug-resistant strains of bacteria that cause tuberculosis have now become a serious threat to the health of people worldwide. Because the genes of bacteria are varied, it is likely that there are some bacteria that carry genes which allow them to survive or resist antibiotics, because these genes allow them to survive they are likely to reproduce, more likely to reproduce with other bacteria of their species with the same gene that allows resistance to the antibiotic. This means that more of their offspring will also carry those genes and again reproduce and continue to pass on those genes. Over time, more bacteria will contain DNA with genes allowing them to resist antibiotics and continue to reproduce. Because mutations do occur, it is possible to mutate genes to make them more or less fit for survival. Evolution / development does not occur in an...
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...Proposition: Reducing the Use of Antibiotics Antibiotics are created using natural substances which bacteria secrete to kill other bacteria when forced to compete for limited nutrients. The first antibiotic, Penicillin, was discovered in the 1928 by Alexander Fleming and began being mass produced by the 1940’s. Within the same decade, resistant strains of bacteria began to appear. (1) Since then, 18 dangerous drug-resistant superbugs have been discovered (according to the CDC). A bacterium is referred to as a ‘superbug’ if it carries several resistant genes within its DNA. (2) Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics primarily through two ways: by mutation or by horizontal gene transfer, in which bacteria share resistant genes with other bacteria essentially swapping out portions of their DNA for mutated sections. Antibiotics kill bacteria by binding to the cells protein so that the protein cannot function properly, hindering the bacteria from growing and reproducing. If the bacteria contains mutated portions of DNA, the antibiotic cannot bind to the altered protein and the bacteria won’t be affected. Due to natural selection, the bacteria that survived, the mutated bacteria, will be left to grow and reproduce and all that will remain will be the antibiotic resistant bacteria. (1) There continues to be an increase in antibiotic resistant bacteria due to a variety of reasons, mainly the over-prescription of antibiotics, the misuse of antibiotics (such as not...
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...of DNA, pGLO, that causes expression of an ampicillin resistant gene, and see the effects it has on bacterial growth in presence of the antibiotic, ampicillin. We inserted pGLO DNA into the genome of the bacteria through the use of inoculation loops, Laurel Broth, transformation solution, and procedures such as heat shock and incubation. This experiment involved four bacterial agar plates, two of which we genetically transformed (experimental groups; +pGLO LB/amp/ara and +pGLO LB/amp), and two of which we did not genetically transform and were control plates (-pGLO LB and -pGLO LB/amp/). Out of the two genetically transformed bacteria, only the bacteria containing arabinose sugar (+pGLO LB/amp/ara) initiated expression of the GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) gene, causing the bacterial...
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...since 1940’s as they are almost harmless for humans as biochemical reactions that are targeted by antibiotics in bacteria are different to that in animals. However antibiotics has played significant role in destroying bacteria but in 1960’s it was founded that bacteria is seeking ways to fight against antibiotic action. Some diseases were being caused by newly arisen bacterial strains such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurous simply known as MRSA., that were difficult to be treated as they no longer respond to antibiotic. Arise of these strains of bacteria caused a lot of panic and controversy that is known as antibiotic...
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...country. At first, diseases were controlled by vaccines; but in 1923 Alexander Flemming had discovered a natural resource that inhibited bacterial growth. Mold that had grown in a dish opened the door to antibiotics. Since then, microbes have been fought off by using natural resources. In the past, antibiotics were successful in eliminating diseases by affecting the causative agent in various different ways. Some ways that antibiotics kill bacteria is by releasing chemicals that hinder DNA synthesis, disrupting metabolic activities of the bacterium cell which in turn does not allow the bacterium to reproduce but instead kills it. However, because bacteria have been exposed to certain drugs, some of these organisms have become resistant to specific antibiotics. To fight this dilemma, scientist have to find different ways to battle the organisms not only by using natural sources such as molds, and other bacteria, but also by producing antibiotics chemically in the lab. Introduction The purpose of our experiment was to decipher which bacteria would have...
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...1). Just four years after the mass-production of penicillin, new bacteria arose that could resist the antibiotic, thus posing a renewed threat to the world’s population. Ever since the establishment of antibiotics, new “superbugs” have appeared that for years have challenged scientists to keep up with specialized medications to defeat and prevent these intrusive foes. Although most scientists have been effective in their research, newer, and stronger strains of super bacteria continue to appear. Many experts have concluded that the misuse of antibiotics is the main factor for the growth of this naturally occurring phenomenon. Due to incorrect prescriptions, poor drug quality and supply, and user non-compliance, antibiotic resistant bacteria have grown significantly in numbers, and now pose as a major threat to the global population. As humans, we tend to put our trust and our entire lives at the hands of our medical experts. Healthcare is one of the most expensive services in this country, so why should someone have to worry about contracting a superbug infection? Presently, there are many types of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, but the six most common make up the acronym ESKAPE: which are Staphylococcus Aureus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Acinetobacter Baunnannii, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, and Enterobacter (Watson 10). The fact that there are so many complex strains of resistant bacteria helps to understand how prescribing treatment may be difficult. In...
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..."How are scientists using bacteria to create antibodies that fight drug-resistant bacteria strains?" Bacteria, the plural form of bacterium, can be defined as the members of a large group of unicellular microorganisms that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease. With regards to the bacteria that cause disease, they have been followed up by indiscriminate use of anti bacteria drugs to fight common diseases. These include but are not limited to: the common cold, cough, and other forms of diseases. This extensive use has created bacteria which are able to resist the efficacy of the anti bacteria drugs, thus rendering them ineffective in their intended use of curing diseases. As such,...
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...Many Pathogenic bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics, explain how such adaptations can develop through the process of natural selection. Exam # 25010400 Exam # 25010400 January 17, 2016 kelsey duff January 17, 2016 kelsey duff Natural selection is the process that results in adaptation of a population to the biotic (living) and the abiotic (nonliving) environments. In the biotic environment organisms acquire resources through completion, predation, and parasitism. The abiotic environment includes weather conditions, dependent chiefly on temperatues and precipitation. Directional selection occurs when an extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction. Such a shift can occur when a population is adapting to a changing environment. Resistance to antibiotics and insecticides are examples of directional selection. The widespread use of antibiotics and insecticides (pesticides) results in populations of bacteria and insects that are resistant to these chemicals. When an antibiotic is administered, some bacteria may survive because they are genetically resistant to the antibiotic. These bacteria are most likely to pass on their genes to the next generation. Result, the number of bacteria keeps in increasing. Drug-resistant strains of bacteria that cause tuberculosis have now become a serious threat to the health of people worldwide. Because the genes of bacteria are varied, it is likely that there are some bacteria that carry genes...
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...In certain cases antibiotics should be used to help cure one of an infection but not in the ways they are used today. Antibiotics can be found in many household that includes mostly all wipes and sprays. Antibiotics being included in all of these products can do nothing but hurt one in the long run. Placing antibiotics in cleaning appliances can cause all bacteria to become immune and change so that the antibiotic becomes unproductive and the bacterium becomes stronger. Antibiotics are used for anything from cuts to strep throat and pneumonia and have been for a very long time. They are becoming impotent because they are used incorrectly by nearly everyone: doctors, patients, and even people raising animals for meat. The misuse would be prescribing the drugs completely incorrectly. In doing this, superbugs are produced and they are extremely antibiotic resistant and almost impossible to stop. Antibiotics also kill some of the good and helpful bacteria inside of the body which may allow resistant bacteria to fill in. The human body itself has sets up its own defenses with pathogens and other walls that fight and harmful bacteria off without any use of antibiotics. It is very faulty to overuse any type of antibiotics. In doing so it weakens the body’s defenses greatly and the human race will eventually have to keep making them stronger and a super illness will eventually form. When someone needs an antibiotic they should get one, but using one every time we are sick will do nothing...
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