...Preparation Cellular Respiration 1. A biological process that occurs in both plants and animals is shown below. Which row in the chart below identifies the lettered substances in this process? A. Row 1 B. Row 2 C. Row 3 D. Row 4 Base your answers to questions 2 & 3 on the diagrams below and your knowledge of biology. The arrow below each lettered process indicates where the process takes place. 2. Process A is known as A. photosynthesis C. dehydration synthesis B. fermentation D. aerobic respiration 3. Glucose is a product of A. process A, only C. process B and process C B. process B, only D. process A and process C 4. Which statement best compares the energy transformations of photosynthesis and cellular respiration? A. Only photosynthesis uses oxygen to create energy. B. Only photosynthesis causes an increase in kinetic energy. C. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both store energy in chemical bonds. D. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration both require chemical energy to make food. 5. A student prepared a test tube containing yeast, glucose, and water. After 24 hours, the test tube was analyzed for the presence of several substances. What substance would the student expect to find if respiration occurred in the test tube? A. a hormone C. nitrogen B. starch D. carbon dioxide 6. One type of anaerobic respiration results in the production...
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...Blow Up a Balloon with Cellular Respiration Introduction: Yeasts are unicellular microorganisms of the fungi kingdom. They are facultative anaerobe, which means that they can respire or ferment depending upon environmental conditions. In the presence of oxygen, respiration takes place (aerobic respiration). Without oxygen present, fermentation occurs (anaerobic respiration). Both processes require sugar to produce cellular energy. Here is the chemical reaction of fermentation, which produces ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Objective: In this lab, students will use the respiration powers of yeast to blow balloons. This activity will reinforce the basic principles of respiration as a fundamental metabolic process for living organisms using yeast as a model. It will also explore how humans use this biological knowledge in everyday life. Material: balloons narrow funnel 1 tablespoon (15mL) active dry yeast 1 teaspoon (5 mL) sugar measuring spoons measuring cup warm water ruler Safety: Remind students there is NO eating or drinking in the lab. Students must not attempt to inflate the balloons with their mouths, especially after it is filled with the reacting agents. Procedure: 1. Place the bottom of a funnel into the opening of the balloon. You may need to stretch the opening of the balloon a little bit so that it fits. 2. Have a carefully supervised student pour the yeast and the sugar...
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...Cellular Respiration What is Cellular Respiration? Is the process of taking Oxygen and glucose and turning them into ATP, is energy to the body. The glucose is obtained from the food and food is breaking down to glucose to make ATP. Cellular respiration is 40% to efficient with 60% of the energy going to heat. This process happen in three stages the first one is Glycolysis, than Krebs cycle or Citric Acid cycle and the third one is Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of cells that breakdown glucose into two or more molecules of Pyruvic acid 4ATP molecules are proceed 2ATP molecules are used in the process, the net gain is 2ATP molecules,2NADH molecules are proceed. After Glycolysis there is an intermediate stage Pyruvic acid moves into mitochondria where it undergoes a series of chemical reactions that causes it to lose one CO2 molecule. This product combines with coenzymes A to form acetyl-CoA than is ready for the next step Krebs cycle. Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that breaks down Acetyl-CoA to form ATP, NADH and FADH2. One molecule of ATP is proceed, 3 molecules of NADH are proceed,1FADH2 molecules is proceed and the CO2 is by-product of the Krebs Cycle. The final stage is Electron Transport chain (ETC) is a series of proteins embedded in the mitochondria membrane. FADH2 and NADH carry electrons to the electron chain those electrons move down the chain and goes down to the final electron...
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...The purpose of this experiment was to gain a better understanding of cellular respiration and its products. This goal was met through experimentation with yeast fermentation and its gas production when exposed to different carbohydrates, such as sucralose, sucrose, starch, fructose, and glucose. The main hypothesis, which was the simpler the carbohydrate the yeast was exposed to, the faster the rate of fermentation, was supported. The liquids containing simpler carbohydrates produced a larger amount of carbon dioxide gas, which allowed a bigger change in the height of the gas bubble. This suggests that there was a high rate of fermentation for simpler carbohydrates. Each liquid containing complex carbohydrates produced a smaller change in the gas bubble height as a result of low carbon dioxide gas production. This suggested that there was a slower rate of fermentation for complex carbohydrates. Further experimentation could be done by replicating the experiment including different juices and carbohydrate complexities to provide support for this hypothesis. The hypothesis for the respirometer...
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...Cellular Respiration Lab Report Purpose The purpose of this lab was to find out which substance, molasses, sucrose, or the items of choice. This experiment was done to help the students understand which substance the yeast could perform cellular respiration in and why it could depending on it’s structure and bonds. From this experiment students should be able to better understand cellular respiration and why it occurs, like how it happens and how the organism benefits from cellular respiration. Also it should be understood what substances cellular respiration occurs on more easily and which substances take longer, and why that is because of what they are composed of. Hypotheses For this experiment there were two substances to be brought in and experimented with, substances that were tried were pure honey and water. 1). 50 ml of pure honey will produce 10 cm of carbon dioxide. 2). 25 ml of pure honey diluted with 25 ml of water will produce 7 cm of carbon dioxide. Introduction There are two processes to remove energy, that is aerobic and anaerobic. Anaerobic is the process of fermentation and requires no oxygen. Aerobic is cellular respiration and requires oxygen. Going further into aerobic is the process of cellular respiration is the process which energy is removed in the form of ATP, this process requires oxygen and a food source. All Oxygen using organisms perform cellular respiration. There are 3 major steps to cellular respiration: 1). Glycolysis- It...
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...Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the primary way that chemical energy is taken from food and turned into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP energy. ATP is the energy used to guide cells. Cellular respiration is a process that happens in a cell constantly. Without ATP energy, cells would not be able to function. The human race as well as plants and animals would die without this energy. In the process of cellular respiration, oxygen is required. A cell has to exchange two gases with its surroundings. The cell takes in oxygen in the form of the gas O2 and in turn, gets rid of waste in the form of the gas carbon dioxide, or CO2. This is similar to the process that the human body goes through. O2 is inhaled. O2 is carried to cells where it is used in cellular respiration. Carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular respiration, is diffused from the cells and delivered to the blood and goes to the lungs where it is exhaled (Campbell). Cellular respiration is considered a very important process in cells. It protects the cell from harmful increases in temperature as well as provides the cell with a pathway of transferring energy in a controlled environment. The goal of cellular respiration is to break down carbohydrates into glucose, and use the glucose to produce ATP energy. Cellular respiration is made up of one glucose molecule which is added to six oxygen molecules. This equates to six carbon dioxide molecules, six water molecules, and 36-38 molecules...
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...CELLULAR RESPIRATION • or energy metabolism refers to the chemical breakdown of nutrients by the cell to produce energy needed by the body • the energy released from the breakdown of nutrients is not directly used by the body but used to synthesize ATP • an opposite process of photosynthesis • breaking down of carbohydrates in order to produce ATP molecules, represented as: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP • divided into four individual sub-pathways: - anaerobic stage, Glycolysis - a transition reaction connecting glycolysis with the krebs cycle - an electron transport chain Structure of Mithochondrion • double membranes organelle found in almost all living cells • the inner membrane is folded to form little shelves called cristae • the inner space filled with gel-like fluid is called the matrix, containing numerous enzymes • the transition reaction and the krebs cycle occur in the matrix while electron transport chain occurs in the cristae Glycolysis • takes place in the cytoplasm of every living cells • anaerobic stage of cellular respiration • breakdown of glucose to two molecules of 3-carbon compound, pyruvic acid with net gain of ATP molecules and 2 NADH • begins with energy investment step that requires two separate reactions and uses two ATP resulting to two C3 molecules • ends in energy harvesting steps wherein oxidation occurs by the removal of electrons which are accepted by NAD, and the generation of four ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
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...CELLULAR RESPIRATION • or energy metabolism refers to the chemical breakdown of nutrients by the cell to produce energy needed by the body • the energy released from the breakdown of nutrients is not directly used by the body but used to synthesize ATP • an opposite process of photosynthesis • breaking down of carbohydrates in order to produce ATP molecules, represented as: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP • divided into four individual sub-pathways: - anaerobic stage, Glycolysis - a transition reaction connecting glycolysis with the krebs cycle - an electron transport chain Structure of Mithochondrion • double membranes organelle found in almost all living cells • the inner membrane is folded to form little shelves called cristae • the inner space filled with gel-like fluid is called the matrix, containing numerous enzymes • the transition reaction and the krebs cycle occur in the matrix while electron transport chain occurs in the cristae Glycolysis • takes place in the cytoplasm of every living cells • anaerobic stage of cellular respiration • breakdown of glucose to two molecules of 3-carbon compound, pyruvic acid with net gain of ATP molecules and 2 NADH • begins with energy investment step that requires two separate reactions and uses two ATP resulting to two C3 molecules • ends in energy harvesting steps wherein oxidation occurs by the removal of electrons which are accepted by NAD, and the generation of four ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
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...Cellular respiration begins with glucose. Glucose is the primary fuel used in glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration. This molecule is found in the gel-like substance called cytoplasm that fills the cell. In glycolysis, glucose undergoes phosphorylation by ATP. The ATP is converted back to ADP. The glucose molecule is rearranged and undergoes a second phosphorylation by ATP. The second ATP is also converted back to ADP. Glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is split into 2 three-carbon molecules of PGAL. As oxidation takes place, NAD picks up a hydrogen atom from each molecule to form 2NADH. Phosphorylation takes place again. For each molecule, 2ADP combine with two phosphates to form a total of 4 ATP, and pyruvic acid molecules are formed. A net gain of 2 ATP have been formed. As the pyruvic acid molecules make their way toward the mitochondria, two more molecules of NADH are formed. A carbon atom also breaks off and combines with two oxygen atoms to produce the waste product carbon dioxide. As a result of these reactions, each pyruvic acid molecule is transformed into a two-carbon compound called an acetyl group. The two acetyl groups combine with a molecule of coenzyme A each to form two acetyl coenzyme A molecules. These molecules are processed in a complex pathway called the Krebs cycle. As the Krebs cycle progresses through both pyruvic acid molecules, six molecules of NADH, two molecules of ATP, and additional carbon dioxide are all formed. FAD ...
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...Cellular Respiration Class, today we are going to be talking about a really cool way your body breaks down food molecules into carbon dioxide and water! First, let’s understand what exactly this means. This process is called Cellular Respiration. This happens when food molecules, such as glucose (sugar in your body) breaks down into carbon dioxide, which is an odorless gas in the air, and water. And I’m sure you all know what water is, correct? (Giggle) That’s what I thought! Now that we all understand what that means, we are going to find out what happens next! Oh boy, who’s excited? Me too! Here we go! Once the molecules are oxidized into carbon dioxide and water, the energy released is trapped in a form ATP (which I’ll be discussing in just a few minutes) so it can be used by all the energy-consuming activities of the cell! We all know what a cell is correct? We all have cells in our body that help us function and stay alive! Well, when this happens, it occurs in two parts! First, the glucose breaks down to pyruvic acid. And everyone remembers what glucose is, right? That’s right, the sugar in our bodies! So let’s figure out of pyruvic acid is! It is a yellowish acid that occurs in metabolic processes, which is necessary for life! So it is very important for this part to happen, correct? There is another part of this we are going to be discussing next. The next step is when it completely oxidizes the pyruvic acid into the carbon dioxide and water! What color is the pyruvic...
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...Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration — Objectives — Equation for Cellular Respiration — Electron Carriers and Redox Reactions — Process of Cell Respiration — Glycolysis — Prep Reaction — Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) — Electron Transport Chain — Fermentation — The Ingredients — You already know what is needed for Cellular Respiration Food + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide+ Water +ENERGY! C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 +H2O + ATP — Redox Reactions (the shuffling of electrons) • Most of the reactions involved in the process are possible because of the redox reaction of NAD, an electron carrier • Oxidation – a reaction in which a substance loses electrons C6H1206 CO2 • Reduction – a reaction in which a substance gains electrons O2 H2O • Oxidation always occurs with reduction = Redox Reaction — NAD: An Electron Carrier — NAD+ gains an electron to become NAD — NAD gains a hydrogen to become NADH — This can also occur with the electron carrier FAD — Cellular Respiration — The means in which the cell produces energy — Often consists of 4 Steps: — Glycolysis — Prep Reaction — Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) — Electron Transport Chain — Glycolysis • Occurs in the cytosol • Begins with a molecule of glucose (a 6 carbon sugar) • Uses the energy of 2 ATP to split the stable glucose into 2 unstable molecules each containing 3 carbons • Now all processes...
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...CELLULAR RESPIRATION • or energy metabolism refers to the chemical breakdown of nutrients by the cell to produce energy needed by the body • the energy released from the breakdown of nutrients is not directly used by the body but used to synthesize ATP • an opposite process of photosynthesis • breaking down of carbohydrates in order to produce ATP molecules, represented as: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP • divided into four individual sub-pathways: - anaerobic stage, Glycolysis - a transition reaction connecting glycolysis with the krebs cycle - an electron transport chain Structure of Mithochondrion • double membranes organelle found in almost all living cells • the inner membrane is folded to form little shelves called cristae • the inner space filled with gel-like fluid is called the matrix, containing numerous enzymes • the transition reaction and the krebs cycle occur in the matrix while electron transport chain occurs in the cristae Glycolysis • takes place in the cytoplasm of every living cells • anaerobic stage of cellular respiration • breakdown of glucose to two molecules of 3-carbon compound, pyruvic acid with net gain of ATP molecules and 2 NADH • begins with energy investment step that requires two separate reactions and uses two ATP resulting to two C3 molecules • ends in energy harvesting steps wherein oxidation occurs by the removal of electrons which are accepted by NAD, and the generation of four ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation ...
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...Design Lab: Respiration The Effect of Heavy-Duty Exercise on the respiration of Homo Sapiens (Humans) Research Question: What is the effect of heavy-duty exercise (cardiovascular and other activities) on the respiration of humans? Background Information: In this experiment, trials will be conducted consisting of humans run up a set of stairs up and down 3 times as fast as they possibly can in order to put pressure on oxygen need to increase respiration needs. This will test the effect of a set exercise on the respiratory needs of a human. After this, they will have to do a set of 10 push-ups and 15 jumping jacks. If 10 push-ups are not possible, a substitute of 15 curl-ups should be administered instead. Hypothesis: When exercise is complete, the respiratory needs of one human should be significantly higher than it was previous to the exercise. Independent Variable: Human fitness level, exercise set Dependent Variable: How fast the human goes Controlled Variable: Temperature, time for exercise, amount of oxygen in air Materials: * Piece of paper for general observations as well as data recording * 4-6 humans * Timer (ipod, clock, something) * Water (if needed for human) Procedure: 1. Use the stairs next to the Biology classroom, select one human to go first and rotate turns until all humans have gone or until necessary data is gathered 2. Record the rate of exhales of the human (normal breathing) for 30 seconds and any other general...
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...Title: To investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration. Introduction: In this experiment, we are going to investigate how the rate of respiration is affected by changes of temperature. Hypothesis: I think that the rate of respiration increases as the temperature increases; on the contrary, the rate of respiration decreases as temperature decreases. The reason is that as temperature increases until a certain point, acetyl-CoA works most efficiently, so that the amount of O2 and Co2 will increase as well. For instance, body temperature maintains constantly around 37℃. At this temperature, human beings can work more efficient than other extreme high or extreme low temperature. Experimental Design: Independent variable: Different temperatures (Inside & Outside) Dependent variable: The rate of respiration (Change in O2 & Change in Co2) Controls: * Timer * Pressure * Type + Number of worms * Volume of container * The initial amount of O2 and Co2 Materials: * 8 worms * 2 O2 sensors * 2 Co2 sensors * 2 Biochampers (250 ml) * 2 Thermometers * 2 Timers * 2 Lab Quest Minis * 2 Laptops Risk Assessment: Procedure: Put 4 worms in a biochamper inside the classroom. Set up O2 sensor and Co2 sensor in the biochamper. Set up O2 sensor, Co2 sensor and thermometer on the Lab Quest Mini, and then on the laptop. Wait for 2-3 minutes for Co2 inside to be even. Start the timer for 40...
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...Photosynthesis and Respiration and the Links Shawna Smith November 24, 2013 IP2-SCIE206-Biology Photosynthesis and Respiration and the Links The sun plays a vital role in the survival of life on our planet. We all use its light for many reasons. We use it to create energy for some of our basic needs. There are other ways to create energy for some of our daily life, and other living things can create energy by no light source. The energy is produced by photosynthesis and respiration. This helps the cells in every living organism. Photosynthesis is one of the ways that energy is produced. Photosynthesis is only preformed by plants because they contain chlorophyll. “Photosynthesis is the process by which plant cells capture and process the sun’s energy to make this energy available to all living things” (Educational Board [EB], 2012). Photosynthesis happens when the sunlight is captured by the chlorophyll, carbon dioxide enters through the stomata and water enters through the roots. Photosynthesis produces glucose and water. The carbon dioxide is produced by animals which breathe it out and the glucose, which is sugar, is produced by the process of photosynthesis. This production is helpful to both the plants and animals. The oxygen produced as a by-product is used by the animals and humans. The bi-product produced by the animals and humans is used by the plants. They benefit both and help each of them survive. “Photosynthesis occurs in two stages are called the light...
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