...language-training programs (Matson, J.L., & Sturmey, P., 2011). These verbal operants consist of mands, tacts, echoics, and intraverbals (Matson, J.L., & Sturmey, P., 2011). In an analysis of language for infants, Drash & Tudor acknowledged that the primary focus and type of language to teach in any language program is manding (Jennet, H., 2008). B.F. Skinner defined mands as a verbal operant where the response is reinforced by a specific consequence that is under the control of an aversive, deprived or satiated stimulus (Albert et al. 2012). The topography of a mand can have various characteristics; for instances it can include spoken words, making eye contact, using gestures or pointing, using sign language, picture exchange communication (PEC's) or augmentative devices (Albert et...
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...Chaining is an instructional method proven through research to be effective in behavior acquisition. It can be used in a variety of settings and for a variety of behaviors such as those related to employment, academics, and daily living. Behavioral chaining provides a means of linking several discrete behaviors to a more complex series of responses, and are usually established after repeated observation and are effective when used for instruction in self-help skills (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007). The rationale behind the behaviorist’s use of chaining with Brenda is that it is: (1) it is a process that teaches skills that can be performed independently later, (2) it is easily combined with other procedures such as prompting and instructions,...
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...MBA 525 - Module 3: Case Study Analysis Case Study: “The Third Battle of Bull Run: The Disney’s America Theme Park (B)” Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is to read a case study and identify the most significant business problem the company faced while assessing the various types of organizational communications used to manage the problem. Assignment: Your task is to read the case study, and after careful analysis, formulate a succinct response that is no longer than two double-spaced typed pages. You must also include a title page and separate reference page. Your response must include a clear identification of the most significant business problem facing Disney, prompting the public statement. Remember this is your educated opinion which must be supported with evidence. You may find the evidence needed in the case study, but you may also use credible external sources. In addition, your response must assess the various types of organizational communication Disney used to manage the problem. Examine the different audiences/constituencies and determine how the message differed or would have differed. It is important that your paper has the three sections— introduction with a thesis, body with support for the thesis, and a conclusion. Statement on graduate-level writing requirements Your writing reflects your ideas and communicates your understanding of the topic to the instructor. This assignment will be graded on the composition elements listed below...
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...anti-inflammatory hormones. This weakens the immune system leaving the body vulnerable to infection and illness. Raised levels of cortisol suppresses the TH1 immune response. Kiecolt-Glaser et al conducted a natural experiment into acute stress, the aim was to see if the stress of exams had an effect on the immune system. Blood samples were taken from medical students before and during the exam period, T-Cell activity was measured in the blood samples. The findings showed that T-Cell activity was significantly higher before exams which suggests that acute stress caused reduced immune system functioning. Showing that stress is linked to a weakening of the body’s immune system. A weakness of this study is that it lacks population validity, as it was carried out on medical students. This means that the findings may not be replicated in of individuals and caution should be taken when generalising the findings to the whole population because medical students might not be representative of everyone. Cohen carried out a study into chronic stress, looking at whether conflict in interpersonal relationships reduced immune system functioning. It was found that couples whose interactions are negative and hostile for longer than a month were at risk of developing illness when exposed to an infection as they had less adaptive immunological responses after these infections. They concluded that chronic stress caused a suppression of the immune systems functioning. A weakness of this study is it has...
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...Bibliography #3 Agius, M. M., & Vance, M. (2016). A Comparison of PECS and iPad to teach requesting to preschoolers with autistic spectrum disorders. Augmentative and Alternative Communication, 32(1), 56-58. doi:10.3109/07434618.2015.1108363 This article compares PECS with an iPad and speech generated device to test the efficacy of PECS. Three preschool aged children with limited speech and autism were assessed with a Detailed Test of Comprehension in order to measure their receptive language skills. During a 20-minute play and snack time session the children were recorded and a communication profile was created. After an alternative treatment design was chosen to be able to compare PECS and iPad conditions when used for responses. To measure responses, it was counted each time a participant, during the PECS condition, used a PECS symbol and every time they used the iPad during the iPad condition in order to answer requests. Results showed that both PECS and the iPad can be used for initial intervention and teaching children with limited speech. This article is useful for gaining insight into other communication devices compared to PECS. Annotated Bibliography #4 Lerna, A., Esposito, D., Coson, M., & Massagli, A. (2013). Long-term effects of PECS on social–communicative skills of children with autism spectrum disorders: A follow-up study. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 49(4), 478-485. doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12079 This article displays the results...
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...Chapter 7 1. A process by which organizations select objectives, establish processes to achieve objectives, and monitor performance is |a. |enterprise risk management | |b. |internal control | |c. |organizational governance | |d. |risk assessment | ANS: C 2. A process, effected by an entity’s board of directors, management and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may effect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives. |a. |enterprise risk management | |b. |internal control | |c. |organizational governance | |d. |risk assessment |...
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...and be able to complete every task. Giving them that motivation would increase their abilities to perform activities since they can achieve a lot more than what we think. Parent and teacher play a very important role in the support of these child since they are the ones taking care of them and teaching them new things and ways to behave. We basically use support to prevent problematic behaviors and minimize it. It all relies on the people who is related to the child. Minimizing the behavior includes teaching alternative and replacement behavior, and a response plan when the behavior occurs that should be more focused on minimizing the effectiveness of the behavior than punishing it. When diagnosing autism, practitioners and clinicians take in consideration depression, anxiety, obsessive- compulsive disorder, attention deficit disorder and nonverbal learning disability....
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...Use Cases Christopher Dole Professor Jennifer Merritt CIS210: Systems Analysis and Development 3 February 2013 A use case diagram demonstrates the uses and requirements of a process and its actors. When creating use case diagrams they should be simple and easy to understand so that all levels of outside users can see and understand the roles they have in the overall project (Chen, Slides 6,7). In my first use case we see a use case that addresses the actors and actions for an ATM withdrawal. The use case diagram is simplified and shows how a customer will use an ATM machine to request a withdrawal. It shows the initial interaction in which it is understood the customer will need to enter their ATM Card and provide their PIN to gain access to the account information that is magnetically stored on their card. The high level overview shows a real basic path of the customer requesting a withdrawal and the ATM sending the request to the bank where it receives a confirmation or denial of funds available and then a response is sent to the customer in the form of approval and funds dispersed or a denial. Both will provide a receipt to the customer with the updated balance information or reason for denial. This simple image would be something to provide an Administrator or the like who would be interested simply in the quick path of what is expected. The next UML diagram I included breaks the USE Case into a more specific pattern that shows the events that will take place within...
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...use of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) with students who have Autism. Aims The aim of my project was to gain knowledge of Applied Behaviour Analysis and its effectiveness in working with children with Autism. My focus questions ask • What are the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why it benefits children who are autistic? • What is involved in setting up an Applied Behaviour Analysis program in the classroom environment? Both focus questions have helped me to investigate ABA, implement strategies that ABA employ and reflect on the program as a whole. I became part of a withdrawal program established for the purpose of intensive early intervention based on the principles of ABA. Harris, (2002 p19) explains “Applied Behavior Analysis takes basic principles in behaviour science and emphasizes the intensity that is needed for particular children”. As I progressed through my journey I discovered that ABA was indeed an extremely effective intervention program for autistic children. I felt that the whole process was a huge learning curve which in turn has had positive affects on my future practice. PARTS OF THE REPORT Rationale Explains why I embarked on this particular topic, process I used in decided topic, list of research strategies to achieve aims, Kemmis & McTaggarts (1988) Action Research Planner model Process -What were the key principles underlying Applied Behaviour Analysis and how and why this benefits...
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...Directed Reading-Thinking Activity (DR-TA) EDUC 302 Instructional Practices for Reading Teachers Complete the template below. |Teacher Candidate: Gabrielle Brown | |Student Grade Level:1st | |Reading Selection (narrative, informational text, or story): Where Butterflies Grow by Joanne Ryder | |Directions | |See text page 215 and 363 for details and examples. If you are not presently teaching, you can still conduct this activity with at least three elementary aged | |children. | |Have students focus on the title and illustrations and ask them: | |“What do you think this story will be about?” | |“Why do you think so?” ...
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...Spiritual Needs Assessment Sherrie Gamble Grand Canyon University: HLT-310V February 7, 2015 Spiritual Needs Assessment This paper addresses an interview done with family member concerning their health related to their spiritual beliefs. An analysis of the interview and reflection on the interview results are also included. Use of the interview tool is evaluated for future use in doing spiritual assessments in order to provide holistic care for patients. The Interview The interview was done in the home of a 52 year old male of mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage. The tool used for this interview was based on the HOPE assessment tool (Anandaraja & Hight, 2001) along with a few questions from the Joint Commission website (2008). Because this writer has had a good relationship with the individual, questions and answers flowed fairly easily and readily, although some prompting was needed at times. The individual being interviewed was also feeling physically well on the day of the interview, which helped his mental and emotional focus. When body language indicated some distress in responses, the interviewer asked additional questions to more fully understand the body language in relation to the discussion. Although the interview went well, this writer determined that more time should have been allowed for the interview in order to gain further depth of the individuals spiritual beliefs and their impact on health. One barrier during this interview was...
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...baseline data regarding your perceived listening strengths and weaknesses and allow you to create a plan to improve these skills. At the end of the course you will complete a follow-up analysis. From your Janusik/Wolvin Student Listening Skills Inventory results, analyze the data and write the following report: 1. Briefly describe yourself as a communicator. Answer: As a communicator is to speak attentive to anyone. "How can I know what he/she wants?" Many people do not want to be rejected, criticized or guess incorrectly what others want. In addition, most people immediately say "yes" when someone asks a question. Because most of our interaction happens through conversation, a simple technique that can be used to communicate effectively are talking attentive. I, as a communicator, the point is really paying attention and not guessing what other people think. Speaking attentive means paying attention not only to what is said, but also to understand the response of his/her interlocutor. Ranging from facial expressions, body movements and postures. Give clues to whether the other people interested, restless, wandering eyes, and bored, confused or blank stares. 2. Summarize the results of the assessment. Answer: Reception: 19, Attention: 22, Perception: 17, Assignment of meaning: 23, Response: 21. The total is 102 means “You perceive yourself to be a good listener in the classroom, but there are some steps that could use improvement”. I excelled most in the Assignment of meaning...
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...hands and arms in motion. Gestures are considered as the most evocative form of nonverbal communication the speakers can employ. No other kind of physical action can enhance your speeches in as many ways as gestures. They clarify and support your words, dramatize your ideas, lend emphasis and vitality, help dissipate nervous tension, function as visual aids and stimulate audience participation. So gestures should be purposeful, meaningful and visible. "I am the most spontaneous speaker in the world because every word, every gesture, and every retort has been carefully rehearsed." George Bernard Shaw Types of gestures: There are four major types of gestures: 1) Descriptive gestures 2) Emphatic gestures 3) Suggestive gestures and 4) Prompting gestures Descriptive gestures: The certain gesture we use to describe something while speaking. These gestures are used to clarify or enhance a verbal message. They help the audience to understand comparisons and contrasts, and to visualize the size, shape, movement, location, function and number of objects. Emphatic gestures: The gestures we use while saying something in a strong way and without...
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...multiple forms of response. To fully address the limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior often experienced by students with intellectual disabilities, the teachers provide direct instruction in several skill areas outside of the general curriculum. These skills are more functional in nature but are essential for the future independence of the individual. Additional skill areas include money concepts, time concepts, independent living skills, self-care and hygiene, community access, leisure activities, and vocational training. Students learn these skills most effectively in the settings or activities in which they will be asked to apply these skills. Once the skills are mastered, then additional environments can be added to work towards generalization. Breaking down larger tasks into their specific component parts is an an effective technique for teaching any number of skills to students with intellectual disabilities. This type of task analysis can be taught using a variety of instructional supports, from physical and verbal prompting to observational learning. The Clinton Middle School Special Education teachers teach one concept or activity component at a time. They teach one step at a time to help support memorization and sequencing and teach students in small groups, or one-on-one, if possible. I also observed them using both physical and verbal prompting to guide correct responses and provide specific verbal praise to reinforce the responses. Regarding...
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...PRINCIPLES OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Do a Performance Improvement Analysis Measure the frequency of behavior (what the individual says or the physical movements made) and the outputs (the physical evidence of completed work produced by those behaviors) prior to any management change. This analysis can be done for just one behavior and output or for many by job category, department and organization. Through this analysis, one measures present performance, establishes standards, specifies why behavior is deficient, calculates the net economic value of improvement after the cost of solutions, and places them in priority order. The result of this analysis is identification of potentially high-payoff behaviors and outputs that can be improved - an important first step, because, surprisingly, key behaviors and outputs are often overlooked or undervalued in organizations. Introduce the procedures used in Performance Management and quantify the amount of change that occurs in specific time periods. Because the investment in changing behavior is often very low and the economic payoffs may be high, the potential high return on investment usually excites top management Be specific Describe and communicate desired performances and the standards for judging them in terms that are measurable, observable and objective. A description of the events that are signals prompting the response should be included. In training, coaching, measuring performance, feeding back performance data...
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