...1-3 I. Introduction In lab 1, the heart rate and blood pressure were established. The principles that govern each of them are those of the heart. The heart rate (HR) is each full beat, or each pump, the heart does; this is recorded in beats per minute (bpm). The blood pressure (BP) is the amount of resistance the heart works against the arterial walls during each pump. My hypothesis for this lab was that my subject would have the same HR and BP for each of the locations and different methods used. I stated this because, at rest, the heart should be working at the same level no matter the position; although one position might slight lessen the heart’s workload. This is important in terms of my subject’s health and fitness because it means he has a normal, young strong heart. Per minute, it is important for the numbers to be lower because it means his heart is not working too hard but can supply his body with a sufficient amount of blood. In lab 2, the establishment of HR and BP were taken to another level and recorded during different exercises. The principles of this are that my subject’s HR and BP would gradually increase throughout exercise. Physiologically, this is because of the increased demand of oxygen in the working muscles. An increase of HR and BP is the heart’s response to these demands; a faster HR means that the heart is supplying the body with blood at a quicker rate; the higher BP is the high pressure the heart is working against because of the faster HR...
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...he sexual response cycle has four different phases that both male and females experience although normally at different times. The term sexual response cycle describes the changes that occur in the body as women and men become sexually aroused. The sexual response cycle includes both myotonia and vasocongestion. Myotonia is muscle tension that causes facial grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet as well as the spasms of orgasm. Vasocongestion is the swelling of the genital tissues. (Nevid and Rathus,2005) The four distinct stages that occur in the sexual response cycle are the excitement phase, orgasmic phase, plateau phase, and the resolution phase. The excitement phase is the first phase of the sexual response cycle. The excitement phase is characterized by stimulation. The female excitement is characterized by vaginal lubrication which can start anywhere from 10 to 30 seconds after sexual stimulation. The excitement phase can last anywhere from a few minutes to many hours some of the characteristics of the excitement phase are; muscle tension, heart rate quickens, accelerated breathing, skin can/may become flushed, nipples become erect/hardened, vaginal lubrication, the blood flow to the genitals increase which result in in swelling of the woman’s clitoris and labia minora which is the inner lips and the erection of the men’s penis, women’s breast become fuller, vaginal walls begin to swell, and the man’s testes swell his scrotum tightens and he begins secreting a lubricating...
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...M2 - Discuss the probable homeostatic responses to changes in the internal environment during exercise. What is homeostasis? Homeostasis is defined as “maintaining a constant internal environment.” [1] The term internal environment refers to the area and components inside an individual’s body e.g. this consists of the blood, tissue fluid, body cell contents and all of the metabolic processes that occur. Constant means an ongoing process and too regulate and control. Homeostasis controls a range of conditions and physiological processes in the body such as body temperature, water content and blood glucose concentration. For example the homeostasis concept means that if it detects that the internal body’s temperature is too hot, the body will begin to sweat and loose heat to its surroundings to bring it back to its optimum temperature. Homeostasis works alongside the negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback system The negative feedback system is a mechanism that occurs and works with homeostasis to help regulate the internal environment. Below is a generalised negative feedback cycle that can be applied to variables in homeostasis. The first stage is detecting a stimulus in the variable. For example the variable could be body temperature and a stimulus is when there is a change or imbalance in the internal environment so this would mean an increase or decrease in body temperature (+/- 37°c). Secondly this change is then detected by a receptor (sensor); a receptor is...
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...and blood glucose concentration. Homeostasis aims for normal functions and values from the body, such as temperature and blood glucose levels. When those values are either lower or higher than normal, homeostasis brings the functions back within normal values. Internal environment Concept of negative feedback Homeostatic Mechanisms for regulation of the Heart Rate Heart Rate The medulla controls the heart rate. It sends and receives messages in the form of chemicals or hormones from the thousands of nerves running through the medulla, in an area called the medullary pyramids. The medulla constantly receives messages from the nerves, which are communication pathways from muscles, organs and other parts of the body. Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep. The measurement of heart rate is used by medical professionals to assist in the diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training The beating frequency (heart rate) is controlled by the balance of stimulation coming from the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Both nervous inputs to the heart converge on a small area of tissue on the right atrium. ...
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...excess carbon dioxide. In order to fulfil this function there is an increase in respiratory activity. This increase in respiratory activity leads to an increase in cardiovascular activity. The primary role of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. When exercising the skeletal muscles require more oxygen to aid in metabolic processes and the heart has to beat harder and faster to ensure the muscles have sufficient oxygen. The aims and objectives of this practical experiment were to record the effects of exercise or work on cardiovascular parameters and to record the effects of exercise on body temperature. The cardiovascular parameters measured in this lab include, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), duration of the PR segment and RR interval. Materials and Methods: The materials and methods were followed as per EQ4058 Equine Exercise Physiology Practical Manual, Lab 4 the Effect of Exercise on the Human Cardiovascular System. Results: Table 1 shows the results obtained when group b measured the cardiovascular values of a subject at rest, after 5 minutes exercise, after 10 minutes exercise, after 15 minutes exercise, after 5 minutes post pull and 10 minutes post pull up. The values measured in this experiment include the heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, the mean arterial pressure, temperature, duration of the PR segment and the...
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...The Sexual Response Cycle What is sexual response? It is described as the physical and emotional changes that occur in the body as men and women get sexually aroused during sexual activities such as intercourse and masturbation. The sexual response is characterized by vasocongestion and myotonia. Vasocongestion is the swelling of the genitals with blood. It causes the penis to erect and the area surrounding the vagina to swell. Myotonia is muscle tension. It causes facial grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and spasms of orgasms. The sexual response cycle has four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution. Both men and women experience these phases, although the timing usually is different. Men and women do not usually have an orgasm at the same time. The intensity of the sexual response and the time spent in each phase varies from person to person. Understanding these differences may help partners better understand one another’s bodies and responses, and enhance the sexual experience. The excitement phase is the first phase of the sexual response. It causes males to become erect in three to eight seconds after sexual stimulation begins. The scrotal skin thickens and becomes less baggy, and the testes increase in size and become elevated. For the female in the excitement phase, the vagina lubricates ten to thirty seconds after sexual stimulation begins. The clitoris swells and the vaginal lips become flattened and spread open. The inner part of the vagina...
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...functions were mentioned in the text, although already fairly summarized, there are a few functions that needed additional notation. Vasocongestion and myotonia breaks down and characterizes the sexual response cycle. By definition, Vasocongestion is a term for the swelling of genital tissues with blood. Myotonia, by definition, is simply muscle tension caused by sexual stimulation/arousal. As you read you will come to find that both men and women share these two main functions of sexual stimulation that, as stated earlier, characterize the Sexual Response Cycle. (Nevid 2005) Four Phases in the Sexual Response Cycle Excitement Phase is the Sexual Response Cycle’s very first phase. For a female, the excitement phase can be seen by the “vaginal lubrication”, seductive movement in body language, enlargement of breasts and the nipples start to erect. In more scientific terms, “Vasocongestion” occurs which is basically the swelling of the genitalia and breast. For a male, their penis becomes erect, the scrotal skin thickens and the testes increase in size and may be elevated. For both the male and female, their skins may start to appear to be a “rosy sex flush”, nipples become erect, heart rates and blood pressures quickly increase, and breaths become deep. Plateau Phase is the Sexual Response Cycle’s second phase which is also known as the “preparation for orgasm” phase. In females “vasocongestion”, as mentioned in phase one, swells the outer part of the vagina, then contracts “vaginal...
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...insulin. Insulin is a hormone needed to permit sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy. It is also sometimes known as juvenile diabetes, because it usually developed in children and teenagers, but now found to be developed at any age. ORGAN SYSTEMS/ORGANS AFFECTED The organ systems/organs affected are: • The cardiovascular system: Organs: The heart and Blood vessels • Nervous system: Nerve damage (neuropathy) • Urinary system: Kidney damage (nephropathy) • Eye damage CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM In the cardiovascular system, the organs affected are, the heart and blood vessels. Those diagnosed with type...
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...Altered Phys. Notes Lecture 1: (September 17, 2015) What does physiology mean? * Normal function of a living thing, human cell, tissue, organ , system What is Pathophysiology? * Abnormal function caused by an adverse event/stimulus * The event can be mechanical/chemical/radiation/etc. * It has a negative impact on function How relevant is A&P to Patho? * Pretty relevant * You know when something is wrong with the human body if you know how it functions when its healthy * You need to know what’s normal to appreciate what’s different Cell and tissue biology * If you can understand what is happening in a cell, you can see what is happening in a tissue, (tissue is group of cells performing a similar function) * Injuries can be caused by chemical, intentional or unintentional, etc. Sub-lethal (reversible), or lethal (irreversible) * Cellular aging is a normal part of cell life Structural and functional changes leading to cell death or decreased capacity to heal * Different cells age at different rates * Skin cells get replaced every day, red blood cells get replaced every 4 months * There are 5 million blood cells travelling in the human body at a time Adaptation: how a cell responds to stimulus (ex. Pregnancy), to escape and protect themselves from injury Normal cells meet injury it could do one of two things * It could say, I’m going to change myself so I can stay healthy adaptation * If the adaptation doesn’t...
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...Associate Level Material Appendix B Sexual Response Cycles Use your own words to complete the table below with the experiences and changes in anatomy of males and females during the various sexual response phases. |Stage of Masters |Male Experience |Female Experience | |and Johnson |and Anatomy |and Anatomy | |Sexual Response Cycle | | | |Excitement Phase |The male will achieve a penal erection after |Physical and or psychological stimulation is | | |stimulation. Physically and psychological |what brings the increased blood flow to the | | |stimulation. The Vascongestion in a man is what |vagina. Because of the increases blood flow | | |causes the erection in the male penis. Because of |the walls of the vagina, there is a fluid | | |this there is blood flow which increases in the |that is like sweating that lubricates the | | |Corpora Cavernosa. The male scrotum begins to |females vagina. This means that at the ...
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...Associate Level Material Appendix B Sexual Response Cycles Use your own words to complete the table below with the experiences and changes in anatomy of males and females during the various sexual response phases. |Stage of Masters |Male Experience |Female Experience | |and Johnson |and Anatomy |and Anatomy | |Sexual Response Cycle | | | |Excitement Phase |During the experiment phase, the male will become |During the experimental phase, the female is | | |sexually aroused by mental or physical |sexually aroused by physical or mental | | |stimulation. This will result in a penile |stimulation. Increased blood flow to the | | |erection, which is due to the increase in blood |vagina will lubricate the vaginal walls, | | |flow to the corpora cavernosa. |which causes swelling of the female’s | | | |external genitals. The vaginal lips spread ...
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...experiment preformed in lab is part of a physical examination in which the heart rate is counted. The experiment was to take a blood pressure reading and determining if a person have a normal or abnormal blood pressure before and after exercising. First part of the experiment is to take a pulse palpitation. This is the process of feeling a pulse with ones fingertips. This is preformed to asses rate, rhythm, and regularity of heartbeat. Most common place to take a pulse is the wrist. The wrist is where the radial and ulnar artery come together. There are other places to take a pulse reading which include the neck, leg and foot but most productive is the wrist in a majority of people. The next step is to listen to the heart sounds known as auscultation. There are four variables that are checked during this experiment. First, the heart rate which refers to the number of beats per minute. The second will be the heart rhythm which refers to the pattern and regularity of the heart beat. While listening to the heart rate and rhythm there are two additional sounds to listen for. The s1 and s2 sounds which are a lub and dub sounds. The first heartbeat sound,s1, is caused by the closure of the atrioventricular valve and the second,s2, is the closure of the semilunar valve. The procedure of this experiment includes a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope. The stethoscope is to listen to the sounds of the heart beats. The cuff of the sphygmomanometer is placed around the upper arm to determine...
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...The Sexual Response Cycle September 18th, 2011 PSY210 The sexual response cycle is important to understand, as both male and female should learn more about the opposite sex’s cycle. Men and women are very different in several ways; however, their sexual response cycles are very similar. There are four phases to the sexual response cycle, beginning with the excitement phase, then the plateau phase, on to the orgasm phase, and finally ending in the resolution phase. One may experience a sexual dysfunction in his or her life, but no fear there are several common methods of treatment to help resolve the issue. One may find it interesting after reading and understanding the sexual response cycle and how each phase works for both males and females. The first phase in the sexual response cycle is the excitement stage. The excitement stage is characterized by erection in the male, vaginal lubrication in the female, myotonia, which cause facial grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and then the spasms of orgasm, and increase in heart rate in both male and female. The excitement phase can cause erection in young men as soon as 3 to 8 seconds after sexual stimulation begins. The scrotal skin also thickens, becoming less baggy. The testes increase in size and become elevated. In the female, excitement is characterized by vaginal lubrication, which may start 10 to 30 seconds after sexual stimulation begins. Vasocongestion, which cause erection in the penis and swelling of...
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...Associate Level Material Appendix B Sexual Response Cycles Use your own words to complete the table below with the experiences and changes in anatomy of males and females during the various sexual response phases. Stage of Masters and Johnson Sexual Response Cycle Male Experience and Anatomy Female Experience and Anatomy Excitement Phase The male during the excitement phase experiences an increased heart rate, as well as breathing. The male’s penis usually becomes erect during this stage, as it prepares for coitus. However, the male’s penis could lose and regain its erection several times during the excitement phase. In addition, the males testicles drawn up towards the perineum. The male’s scrotum tends to tighten up as well. The female during the excitement, also experiences an increased heart rate, and increase in breathing. The female’s nipples become erect, especially if they are stimulated. The female begins to produce vaginal secretion, as the vagina prepares for coitus. Interestingly enough, a female’s uterus begins to elevate, and the vagina begins to expand in preparation for coitus. Plateau Phase During the plateau phase, the male has increased circulation in the penis, as the male prepares for orgasm. During this time, the heart rate could become more elevated than in the excitement phase. In addition, there is an increase of sexual pleasure, as the body is more stimulated during this time. During this phase, the male’s...
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...Rehn Tommy, Munkvik Morten, Rud Bjarne, Nymark Bernt, Lunde Per Kristian, Sjaastad Ivar, Sejersted Ole, Halle Jostein, Normal training response in skeletal muscle of post-infarction heart failure patients, European Journal of Sport Science , 2013. 2 (13), 231-239. Introduction/Purpose Congestive heart failure patients express an inability to exercise at the capacity of healthy individuals but more precisely experience reduced muscle fatigue resistance. This study was designed to elicit a clearer understanding as to whether skeletal muscle in CHF patients has a normal training response relative to both Coronary Artery Disease patients and healthy subjects following induced bouts of endurance training. Directly comparing the variables of a CHF group to a control group, in respect to aerobic capacity adaptations through endurance training, was the primary objective of this research. Researchers hypothesized, both CHF patients and normal subjects, would increase the aerobic capacity of the muscle in a similar manner. Methods 10 patients with post–infarction CHF and 13 healthy subjects were included in the study. An additional 9 people with coronary artery disease (left ventricular systolic function), were included as a second control group. Various quantitative measurements were collected, such as, ejection fraction, VO2 peak, mean peak torque, heart rate, CSA (cross sectional area of muscle), muscle fiber circumference/area and capillary length, to be used for comparative...
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