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Résumé de «Distraction and Placebo»

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Les psychologues Jason T. Buhle, Bradford L. Stevens, Jonathan J. Friedman et Tor D. Wager, avait comme but d'évaluer que les effets conjoints de l'exécution d'une tâche de mémoire de travail exécutif et le traitement placebo sur la douleur thermique. Selon d'autres études, le placebo est tout de même une naissance et un additif thérapeutique pour les médecins praticiens. Plusieurs théories assument que les effets d'un placebo reflètent simplement un biais de la part du participant. La tâche de l'équipe est d'essayer de réduire la douleur par deux façons, soit par un placebo ou soit par une tâche difficile sur la mémoire et de voir s'ils mettent les deux ensembles, le niveau de réduction de la douleur que les gens ont sentent sera additionné. Pour l'étude, 33 participants sont venus pour 4 différentes sessions, 14 hommes et 19 femmes. Tous payer 12 $ par heure avec des primes de performance la première journée, les expérimentateurs on mit de la chaleur sur une plaque de métal et on modifier l'intensité pour la perception de douleur de chacun en utilisant une échelle de douleur de 1 à 100, où 10 est bas, 50 est modéré et 90 est haut. Les participants ne passait pas au jours 2 et 3 si la relation entre leurs évaluations de la douleur et les températures appliquées étaient incompatibles, s’ils ne pouvaient pas faire la tâche «3-back» ou si leur température modérée calibrée est supérieure à 50 °C. La deuxième et troisième journée, il eu une session placebo où certaines personnes on mit de la crème pour la peau régulière et ils ont été dit que cette crème était une crème très puissante, mais un analgésique tout de même sécuritaire. Les autres participants de la session contrôle ont seulement été dit qu'ils on mit une crème pour les mains avec aucun effet analgésique. Chaque session (placebo et contrôle) ont eu deux séries de cinq blocs dans lesquels ils ont été demandés d'évaluer le niveau de la douleur qu'ils ressentaient. En un seul passage, les bénévoles ont été invités à effectuer une tâche de mémoire difficile, appelée une tâche «3-back», ce qui ferait appel à leur mémoire de travail et d'attention. La tâche «3-back» consistait à montrer une série de lettres sur un écran, les participants avaient à dire si la lettre est le même, ou non, que la lettre montré trois lettres avant. Dans la deuxième manche les participants ont été demandés de regarder une croix sur un écran. Pour chaque blocs de la douleur les participants ont été administrés par les chercheurs puis évalué par les participants. Ils ont été dit que chaque application était de différente intensité, mais en réalité ils étaient toujours la même. Pour la dernière session, ceux qui avaient eu la crème ordinaire on eu la crème « analgésique » et vice versa. La procédure est la même. Comme résultats, les participants ont eu moins de douleur que pendant les essais placebo ou avec la tâche «3-back» que lorsque ils ont juste regardé fixement la croix. Ensemble, les deux effets s'additionnent, ils n'ont pas d'interaction ou interférer les uns avec les autres. Selon les auteurs des théories récentes de l'analgésie placebo ont poussé que les processus exécutifs sont impliqués dans la transformation des attentes en soulagement de la douleur. Toute fois, ces théories ont largement compté sur des preuves indirectes de l'implication de neurones du cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral. L'expérience a pu trouvé que le traitement placebo et la demande exécutif a réduit la douleur de façon substantielle. Les résultats suggèrent que l'implication du cortex frontal dans l'analgésie placebo n'implique pas l'engagement de l'attention exécutive et la mémoire de travail. On peut conclure que l'effet placebo ne nécessite pas l'attention exécutive ou de mémoire du travail pour soulager la douleur.

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