...Future of Corrections Heather Rhodes Angie Guzman Lady Cruz Jessica Olguin University Of Phoenix CJA/394 February 8, 2012 There has been a great amount of change in the philosophy and practices of sentencing and corrections in the past 30 years. In the first seven decades there was a strong emphasis on rehabilitation that lasted until 1970’s. The focus on rehabilitation gave way to the focus on fairness and justice which was considered the “just deserts” model. Then the sentencing practices moved on toward a crime-control model which became extremely popular in the 1980s and 1990s. These changes lead to the sentencing practices that are used today and focus on four major goals; retribution this refers back to the just deserts model meaning that people who break the law deserve to be punished. The three other goals deterrence, incapacitation and those most favored one rehabilitation all of these have their own effective emphasizing methods used to protect the public. The get tough on crime perspective is where the sentencing stage is at currently this has caused an increase in prison populations. As the population and the population of minority groups in the justice system continue to grow it is likely that we will move toward a treatment orientation, and community corrections will be enhanced and expanded. Retribution is one of the first philosophies corrections followed. This model refers back to the just desserts model, basically that people who break...
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...The Philosophy of Corrections Israel Nava For CJUS230, B01-DLP Professor Paul Rickert Liberty University September 5, 2008 Introduction The Purpose of Corrections Appropriate purpose of corrections. Rules are set in society to maintain a sense of order and security within the community. When these rules are broken, alternatives must be set in place to handle the offenders. Thus, different forms of “punishment” were developed to deter others from breaking the rules. These philosophies include incapacitation, rehabilitation, deterrence, and retribution. While touching on the subject of the rest, retribution is quite possibly the most effective when it comes to handling societies’ problems. Incapacitation Preventing Crimes Restricting offenders. In the past, corporal punishment involved incapacitating the offender by making it impossible for him or her to commit further offenses of a like nature. For example, the hands of a thief were cut off; the eyes of a spy were gouged; rapists were castrated; prostitutes were disfigured to make them unattractive. According to Reid (2008), another form of incapacitation in earlier days was to brand the offender with a letter symbolizing the crime; thus, an adulteress was branded with the letter A. In modern times, incapacitation has been accomplished primarily through incarceration. [Incarceration] emphasizes maintenance of security and order through the subordination of the prisoner to the authority of the warden...
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...negligence that is deemed injurious to the public welfare or morals or to the interests of the state and that is legally prohibited. (Lexico Publishing, 2012) ”. Any act that is considered to be unlawful and where society has agreed upon a just punishment for such actions when these acts have been performed is considered to be a crime. These crimes may be violent crimes, white collar crimes, motor vehicle violations, even jay- walking or littering. One of the most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal is the crime-control model, which is a perception that stresses the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders. In the late 1960’s, this model was first brought to the attention of the academic community in Stanford University law professor Herbert Packer’s incisive presentation of the state of criminal justice. This model is sometimes referred to as Packer’s crime-control model. The other most common model of how society determines which acts are criminal is the due process model which is a criminal justice perspective the stresses individual rights at all stages of justice system processing. This process is intended to make sure that innocent people are not convicted of crimes. This is an essential part of the justice system in America. Facts are individually and carefully considered for each case to be determined. The police are required to identify the suspect’s rights during arrest, questioning, and handling. It also requires that the prosecutors...
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...Competing Theories of Corrections Ruth Cushman American Intercontinental University March 11, 2012 Competing Theories of Corrections Correctional theories are series of interrelated propositions or assertions that attempt to describe, explain, predict, and define criminal behavior. There are many different theories that have been created over the years to help explain the relationships between criminal behavior and punishment. The theories of corrections have no doubt changed and shifted over the years, the more people began to understand the rationale behind criminal behavior. Several centuries ago, criminal behavior was once thought to sin guided by the devil or evil spirits, and most often was punished by hanging, beheading, or burning the offender. Then, around the time of the American and French revolutions offenders began to be seen more as highly rational beings who intentionally chose their own courses of action (Schmalleger, 2012). Contemporary sentencing stems mainly from the Classical School theory. This theory stated that criminality, rather than being caused by evil or some higher beings, was actually the result of the bad choices people make of their own free will. The other competing theories of corrections besides the Classical School, prevalent in today’s prison system are retribution, deterrence, restorative justice, and rehabilitation. According to the Classical School theory, the punishment should...
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...or have already suffered the repercussions of that behavior. (Rainer, 2013) Furthermore, it is used in the field of criminal justice describing inmates who have been released, then rearrested or reconvicted. There are four correctional models that have been implemented to help reduce cases of recidivism. They include: Medical treatment model which refers to medical intervention prescribed medication aiming at reducing recidivism by reducing biological, biological impulses that led to a particular crime. Rehabilitation model which is based on assumptions that criminal activity or behavior is caused by some factors. Community model is whereby released inmates are kept under parole in their society whereby they do community service. Retribution as a form of correction that focuses on evaluating the weight of the crime and it considers punishment proportional to the crime committed. Justice model limits itself in the administration of punishment appropriate to severity of the crime committed and leads to imprisonment. Rehabilitation This is any measure taken with an aim of changing the offender’s character. It is a way of treating offenders via various psychological techniques, counseling, and training. This form of correction model is very effective. To increase its effectiveness the criminal justice should consider implementing measures in prisons so as to reduce rates of recidivism after release. According to experts, twenty percent of inmates have been found to...
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...already suffered the repercussions of that behavior. (Rainer, 2013) Furthermore, it is used in the field of criminal justice describing inmates who have been released, then rearrested or reconvicted. There are four correctional models that have been implemented to help reduce cases of recidivism. They include: * Medical treatment model which refers to medical intervention prescribed medication aiming at reducing recidivism by reducing biological, biological impulses that led to a particular crime. * Rehabilitation model which is based on assumptions that criminal activity or behavior is caused by some factors. * Community model is whereby released inmates are kept under parole in their society whereby they do community service. * Retribution as a form of correction that focuses on evaluating the weight of the crime and it considers punishment proportional to the crime committed. * Justice model limits itself in the administration of punishment appropriate to severity of the crime committed and leads to imprisonment. Rehabilitation This is any measure taken with an aim of changing the offender’s character. It is a way of treating offenders via various psychological techniques, counseling, and training. This form of correction model is very effective. To increase its effectiveness the criminal justice should consider implementing measures in prisons so as to reduce rates of recidivism after release. According to experts, twenty percent of inmates have been...
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...primarily for felony offenses, or those that are punishable by less than one year of incarceration. Mandatory minimum sentences, three strikes laws and sentencing guidelines frequently require specific sentences, with little consideration of personal factors regarding offenders, their crimes, and victims. The state and federal court system have similar and different objectives of punishment. The state and federal corrections system are affected as a system overall. There is a correlation between determinate and indeterminate sentencing when sentencing a criminal offender in the judicial process. What are the state and federal objectives of punishment? There are five major types of punishment. There are two types of deterrence: individual and general. Individual deterrence involves deterring someone that has already offended from reoffending. General deterrence is stopping those who would offend from offending because of the punishment that others are receiving. Retribution is the theory that the punishment is right because it is deserved. Retribution has been around for some time, it is better known to some as “an eye for an eye” or “a life for a life” in more cases. Rehabilitation is to bring back to life, through therapy and education. A goal of rehabilitation is to prevent habitual offending. Incapacitation is seen as a good consequence of punishment because while behind bars the...
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...appropriate punishment for a particular crime. It has rarely used science based methods, though it is beginning to see the benefits of such methodologies and will most likely implement more science base strategies in the years to come. Our current correctional system utilizes five general types of sentencing concepts to enact punishment on offenders, “retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restoration” (Schmalleger, 2014, p. 341). Each of these represents a different philosophy which stems from a different understanding of human nature. Retribution and incapacitation are the only ones that are truly forms of punishment. Deterrence is a philosophy based on the threat or fear of punishment, and restoration is a goal of sentencing to help make victims “whole again” (Schmalleger, 2014, p. 343). I will discuss rehabilitation later in this paper. Retribution is defined as “A just deserts perspective that emphasizes taking revenge on a criminal perpetrator or group of offenders” (Schmalleger, 2014, p. 341). This is the oldest form of punishment and is based solely on an emotional reaction to a transgression of sorts. Retribution is synonymous with revenge and retaliation, all...
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...Sentencing Paper Sentencing is really important in the criminal justice system. There are many reasons for sentencing in the United States. Sentencing is the result of punishment from the court. The major reasons for punishment is retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, compensation, and reform. The type of punishment for crimes has been debated by different leaders and law makers for centuries. The punishment for reform is intended to help the offender and society to change the wrongdoer a chance to contribute to society. The punishment for deterrence is intended to benefit society by preventing offenders that would-be from committing a crime. Punishment to extract compensation is intended to benefit the victim of the offender. Finally, retribution is the only object for punishment that is primarily intended to harm the offender. Individuals are sentenced to prison because they broke the rules and would have to serve their time. There are different sentencing guidelines for state and federal prisons. When a person has either pleaded guilty or has been found guilty of a crime, a judge has to decide a sentence that the offender must receive. Sentencing is imposing a criminal sanction by a judicial authority. Each year there are thousands of criminals that appear before a judge or judges to be sentenced for their crimes committed. Sentencing descriptions are primarily for felony offenses, or those that are punishable by less than one year of...
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...Purpose and History Paper John Eric Cabaluna CJA/234 06/18/2014 Instructor: Robbyn-Nicole Livingston “Corrections” is a term use to define the legal punishment of the criminals for the crimes they have committed. Before this term came, penology was used instead. Penology came from the word “penal” that was derived from the Latin term, “peonalis,” which means punishment. So, penology is simply the study of punishment. A philosopher named Francis Lieber was the first person who used the term penology. There are five theories of punishment that were recognized: (1) retribution, (2) general deterrence, (3) specific deterrence, (4) incapacitation, and (5) rehabilitation. Retribution is the imposition of sentence given to someone who committed a crime. An example is a criminal committing a murder will be imposed to a death penalty. General deterrence is the concept “that the choice to commit delinquent acts can be controlled by the threat of punishment,” (Juvenile Delinquency: The Core, 2005). Because the society is aware that the punishment is given to an individual who commits a crime; therefore, the people avoid to committing such acts. An example of general deterrence is the mandatory minimum sentences for certain drug-related offenses, which is mostly informing the public via media of crimes, etc. Specific deterrence is the concept that “if young offenders are punished severely, the experience will convince them not to repeat their illegal...
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...to analyze the process of the criminal justice system and it’s relationship to the law. According to CJi Interactive (2011) in University of Phoenix website, crime can be defined as “ conduct in violation of the criminal laws of the state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse”. Also explained by Cji Interactive (2011), the website explains how there is different ways or models of how people define criminal acts. Those models would be legalistic and sociological. The legalistic model states that a crime is made once there is already a law that prohibits such behavior. The sociological explains that an act against social rules is a crime because it threatens the order of society and could encourage harmful acts that disturb our human rights. Government structure is also a big part of our system. Our government uses the federal, state and local agencies to prevent crime. These agencies are structured by three components: the police, the courts, and corrections. Every single one of these components plays a huge part on handling crime in our country. As explained in the website www.Ehow.com (2012), first, the police departments throughout the United States work to enforce the law, maintain order and help citizens in need. Next, the court systems seek truth and justice for victims in the trials of suspects of crimes. These are in front of a jury or a judge. Finally, correctional facilities jump in to rehabilitate...
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...control, deterring and mitigating crime, or sanctioning those who violate laws with criminal penalties and rehabilitation efforts (Wikipedia 2015). The criminal justice system makes up a set of independent agencies that is establish by the government. The justice system divides into three categories: federal, state, military, and local government. The Justice system designed to enforce laws and punish those who violate the law by committing a crime. Crime known for an action that is consider as an offense that is punish by the law. There is no single cause of crime. If laws did not exist, crime will not exist. Society determines which acts are criminal acts by the consensus model and conflict model. The consensus model is when society determine if the crime is a criminal act by beliefs and values. The conflict model is when criminal acts are determine by political and economic views. In this essay, I will discuss the importance of the criminal justice system structure, components, and goals. The criminal justice system is similar to the social justice that concerns the violation of the criminal law. The structure of the government is broken down into three branches. The branches are legislature, judicial, and executive. The Legislature branches is made of both state and federal. The Legislature branch is the law making body of political unit, usually a national government that has power to enact, amend, and repeal public policy (Wikipedia 2015). The legislature branch also fix the...
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...Week Three Read Me First Correctional Policy and Procedures INTRODUCTION For centuries, societies had no trouble stating that the purpose of sentencing was punishment and that punishment was retribution. With the Age of Enlightenment and utilitarian thinking, society recognized three additional goals: deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. The relative importance of these goals became tied to conservative, liberal, or radical ideology. In assuming management of a prison, wardens are responsible for perimeter security and maintaining an orderly, secure internal environment. Wardens often regard themselves as administrators, rather than leaders. As wardens become more educated, the formal structure of modern prisons is likely to resemble a large, private organization with an established hierarchy and defined responsibilities. When governments confine people, they assume certain responsibilities toward them, including provision of constitutional living conditions, thus avoiding law suits and court interventions. Other management issues, such as classification, custody, and control, are also a high priority for modern prisons. During the last several decades, there has been a move toward professionalization in—moving from custody to control to care. Achieving scientific, uniform, and successful administration of public punishment through professional development is the goal of the American Correctional Association. In this professionalization effort, issues...
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...Week Three Read Me First Correctional Policy and Procedures INTRODUCTION For centuries, societies had no trouble stating that the purpose of sentencing was punishment and that punishment was retribution. With the Age of Enlightenment and utilitarian thinking, society recognized three additional goals: deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation. The relative importance of these goals became tied to conservative, liberal, or radical ideology. In assuming management of a prison, wardens are responsible for perimeter security and maintaining an orderly, secure internal environment. Wardens often regard themselves as administrators, rather than leaders. As wardens become more educated, the formal structure of modern prisons is likely to resemble a large, private organization with an established hierarchy and defined responsibilities. When governments confine people, they assume certain responsibilities toward them, including provision of constitutional living conditions, thus avoiding law suits and court interventions. Other management issues, such as classification, custody, and control, are also a high priority for modern prisons. During the last several decades, there has been a move toward professionalization in—moving from custody to control to care. Achieving scientific, uniform, and successful administration of public punishment through professional development is the goal of the American Correctional Association. In this professionalization effort, issues...
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...-Corrections is a booming business prisons + crime = profitable industry we have an Increasing number of people under correctional supervision 6 million people under the correctional system by the end of the century - Tough on Crime Political Stance popular public policy 20 million victimizations in 2009 repeat violent felons off of the streets treat minors as adults create mandatory sentencing laws reduce time-off-for-good-behavior - Shift in Public Opinion 4.3 million violent crimes 33 million personal theft crimes - 7.2 million 3% (1 in 33) of adults in the U.S. are under some sort of correctional supervision -Probation (community sentence) and parole are NOT the same thing -1.3% average annual increase from 2000 to 2009 But declined 1.3% in 2010 to 2009 “has the correctional population supervision increased or decreased from 2000 to 2009?” Answer: INCREASED - the majority of people in the corrections system are on PROBATION - Percentage breakdowns for types of offences: 9% Public Disorder (35% federal) DUI, indecent exposure, drunken disorderly, prostitution, etc. 18% Drug Offence (51% federal) 19% Property Offense (less than 10% federal) 53% Violent Offenses (less than 10% federal) - Regions highest to lowest South West Midwest Fed? North East - Top 5 States Federal Texas California Florida New York Notes From Ch. 1 in Textbook- - Penology the study of the use of punishment for criminal acts - Penitentiary typically used...
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