...difficult. The onset of memory loss may come on suddenly or be more gradual. It can be permanent or temporary, depending on the cause. Memory loss is also referred to as amnesia. Memory loss is defined as the inability to recall past events. Short-term memory loss is the inability to recall events that occurred recently. Long-term memory loss is the inability to recall events that happened in the distant past. Also there are effects of memory loss after a stroke may include: Alzheimer's disease, and amnesia First, The memory loss associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) may have multiple cognitive components. Working memory appears to be impaired due to failures of a Central Executive System. Secondary Memory, on the other hand, is affected due to poor encoding or meditational processes. An analysis of the performance of 71 AD patients on tests related to these neuropsychological constructs revealed that they could indeed be dissociated. In fact, individual patients were identified with significantly different, and unique, patterns of impairment which were consistent with the two-component model. These data, therefore, lend preliminary support for the notion of multiple cognitive impairments being responsible for the memory loss in AD Second, ECT is a common cause of severe retrograde amnesia, doe example, destruction of memories of events prior to an injury. The potency of ECT as an amniotic exceeds that of severe closed head injury with coma. It is surpassed...
Words: 448 - Pages: 2
...that the reader only gets to know one kind of reality, according to the perception of Hannah Luckraft. A.L. Kennedy’s decision to tell the whole story as a first-person-narrative, leaves the reader with no other information than one can learn from Hannah Lurckraft’s point of view. If we take it for granted that Hannah Luckraft is an alcohol addict, major doubts about the validity of the information occur. An alcohol addict may suffer from the Korsakoff's syndrome (cf. Kopelman 2012: 150), a neurological disorder that causes amnesia. In order to decide whether Hanna suffers from the Korsakoff's syndrome, too, we have to take a closer look at the symptoms that describe that disorder. Arthur P. Shimamura and Larry R. Squire state, that “the two main indications according to Korsakoff are called anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories and to learn new information. On the other hand retrograde amnesia is a severe loss of existing memories.” (cf. Shimamura 1986: 165) The human brain developed several methods to fill the ‘gaps’ in our memory. According to D. Kopelman and his co-authors, one of the most common replacements for real memory is confabulation, where the patient invents ’fiction’ and these false recollections often represent real...
Words: 1292 - Pages: 6
...5/30/2014 SSCI206 Unit 4 Individual Project Sensory, short-term and long-term memories are all a part of the first step in the human memory model. After the basic steps of memory function come the types of memory and how they’re used in retaining information. Encoding happens first in order to determine how information is remembered on each acquired basis. Once the information is encoded it is then stored and each memory can be in more than one place. When the memory or information is ready to be used it is then retrieved and brought to a conscious level. Next, “the retrieval process relies greatly on the encoding process and the cues or techniques used to get the material through the encoding process” (Introduction to psychology, 2011). Spacing out the repetition of information can help with the retrieval and storing of information. When a student considers cramming for a test, often times the material is not retained properly and forgotten by the time he is ready to use the information. Interference theory states that old or current information remains until new information comes into play. There are two types of interference theories retroactive and proactive interference. Retroactive interference is when new information interferes with the ability to retain older information and proactive interference is when the old information prohibits new information to retention (Introduction to psychology, 2011). Cramming...
Words: 524 - Pages: 3
...Psychology Paper #2 (Amnesia) Retrograde amnesia is a form of amnesia where patients are unable to remember things, people, places, etc. that happened before they suffered from amnesia. Susie claims that she was in a car accident a few months ago and suffered a severe blow to the head, and now she cannot remember much from the months before the accident. Susie also mentions that she used to be a very good artist but now when she picks up a paintbrush, it feels unfamiliar to her and she can no longer draw adequately. However, she can still recall facts about art history. After hearing this testimony from Susie I have come to the conclusion she is suffering from retrograde amnesia. I would also say that Susie’s nondeclarative LTM seems to be affected the most. Nondeclarative memory (also called implicit memory) is memory that is independent from conscious recollection or without conscious recall. This type of memory is where you would find your motor skills, and since Susie says she can remember facts about art but does not remember how to draw or paint well, leads me to believe that here implicit memory is affected more then her explicit memory. Tom on the other hand is suffering from anterograde amnesia. Anterograde amnesia is when someone is unable to recall new memories or events after the event that caused their amnesia. Tom says that after his surgery he does not remember anyone coming to visit him, even though his friends and family insist they came many times...
Words: 831 - Pages: 4
...and then once it is practiced often it is stored into long-term memory available for retrieval and instant application (Carlson, 2010). For example, in order to learn how to ride a bike you constantly practice being able to steady yourself while pushing the peddles in order to move forward. By the time you learn how to ride the bike you have practiced the skill so much that it is imprinted in your long term memory. Region of Brain Damaged The area of the brain that was damaged is the hippocampus; this was due to the total amnesia that was a result from his illness. The hippocampus is the region of the brain that relocates memories from the short-term memory to the long-term memory. “Wearing is not capable of forming new memories because his memory only last between 7 and 30 seconds” (MedLibrary, 2002, p. 1). Loss of Memory for Things Wearing only has moment –to-moment consciousness because he has not only retrograde amnesia but also anterograde amnesia, Wearing can still remember how to play the piano and conduct a choir, but he has no memories of receiving an education in music. Wearing can play the piano but once he stops he has not memory that he played and starts to shake intermittently. This shaking is a physical sign of the lack of ability to control his emotions. According to Medlibrary (2002) “Wearing’s brain is still trying to fire information in the form of action potentials to neurostructures...
Words: 598 - Pages: 3
...information from his mind were fruitless. He could easily answer her questions regarding his childhood and early adult years, but the indefinite expanse of time since then was bereft of memories. In fact, from moment to moment Henry feels almost as though he has just awakened from a deep sleep, with the fleeting remnants of a dream always just beyond his grasp. Each experience, dull or dramatic, evaporates from his memory within a few dozen heartbeats and leaves no trace. For over fifty years Henry has lived with anterograde amnesia, a form of profound memory loss which prevents new events from reaching his long-term memory. As a result his only memories are those he possessed prior to his amnesia, and the small window of moments immediately preceding the present. The amnesia frequently depicted in fiction is a very rare retrograde variety known as dissociative fugue, where one’s identity and all memories prior to the pivotal event are compromised. In contrast, anterograde amnesia does not deprive the sufferer of their identity, their past, or their skills; it merely prevents new memories from forming. As a consequence one’s final memories are frozen in perpetuity, often accompanied by a constant sensation that one has just awoken from an “unconscious” state which filled the intervening time. Henry’s handicap is the unintended result of experimental brain surgery performed in 1953. In his late teens the highly intelligent student began to experience frequent grand mal seizures, characterized...
Words: 1561 - Pages: 7
...Anterograde amnesia is the inability to retain new information, after a mental shock or a brain injury, while the long-term information is retained. It is a subgroup of amnesia together with Retrograde Amnesia, which refers to a mental disorder that makes it impossible for the victim to remember the long-term memories for the events before the tragic incident while fresh memories are easily created. Amnesia refers to memory loss, both the past and new information, caused by factors that interfere with the memory storage parts in the brain, the limbic system with its subcomponents, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, the thalamus and the epithalamus. The incidences of the recent and current events are forgotten and made impossible to retrieve....
Words: 1640 - Pages: 7
...remember the accident and retain new memories. Therefore, she continued to live the day of the accident and did not know that time had passed by. She met Henry who fell in love with her and started to understand more about her condition. Lucy suffered from anterograde amnesia and slight partial graded retrograde amnesia. Parkin (2000) defined anterograde amnesia as the inability to retain new information in short term memory (STM) or the inability to convert STM to long term memory (LTM). She could retain her LTM like her childhood and family. However, those memories which were the most recent before the accident were likely to be lost due to the effect known as Ribot Law (Parkin, 2000). Amnesia is mostly caused by traumatic head injury during car accidents where the brain is impaired. Lucy suffered anterograde amnesia when she was involved in an accident. In the case study of K.C (Rosenbaum et al., 2005), he had severe memory loss after he was involved in a motorcycle accident. His brain was severely damaged due to large lesions in the hippocampal regions which resulted in an acute loss of memory. There are also medical causes of amnesia. Consumption of benzodiazepines to treat anxiety can cause anterograde amnesia to occur (Mejo, 1992). A possible explanation is that memories are not converted into long term storage and thus are not consolidated by the hippocampus. The hippocampus is an important part of the brain which is involved in memory consolidation. Scoville and...
Words: 339 - Pages: 2
...psychological sources will be implemented to direct and assist the patient in understanding her condition as well as steps which should be taken in order to alleviate the symptoms experienced as a result of chronic drinking and nutrient deficiencies. This case study provides a critical review of the effects of alcoholism as traditionally defined within the medical or "disease" model of alcoholism. A detailed case study of memory deficiency is presented. The sequence of events in this case study is used to illustrate the possibilities of side effects of chronic alcohol abuse, namely Korsakoff syndrome. Highlights of the medical model of Korsakoff syndrome are then presented, with particular attention devoted to the key concepts of anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Lastly, suggestions for treatment and prevention of further damage will be presented. Introduction: Korsakoff Syndrome is a brain disorder usually associated with long-term heavy drinking and thiamine deficiency. Individuals with Korsakoff Syndrome tend to have profound deficits in their ability to recall recent events, or in what is termed their “explicit memory.” In Patient F43, Korsakoff Syndrome has not yet been...
Words: 304 - Pages: 2
...Leonard suffered from Anterograde amnesia which is medical condensation; the loss of his memory, many people with this condition which is cause by an extreme blow to the head. Which is the one cause of amnesia (schoolwork helper), the lock of that specific memory of his wife’s being murdered is big part of the more commonly short-term memory lost. Anterograde prevented him from retaining new memories in the medical field this one of the most troubling brain injury. He had only minutes before it was gone he used shape to write down info, all of this took place in after his wife’s rape murder in his brain, but she wasn’t murder he’s memories couldn’t last for longer, with his short duration of memory caused a lots in time to be lost for the chapter of Leonard, until they are forgotten he would never be able to remember. He lasts all of short term memory’s, which became a big problem in the movie he couldn’t keep his memory for long time, learn or mirroring new things, he had no concept of time itself....
Words: 738 - Pages: 3
...Professor B Cameron MacKenzie In Memento Mori by Nathan Nolan, at the beginning of the story, the protagonist wakes up in a mental hospital with little known information about him , other than that his wife is dead and he is diagnosed with Amnesia and can not remember anything past 10 minutes, remarking himself as the “ten-minute man”. He leaves numbers of notes and pictures around the room to remind him that the daily activities such as brushing his teeth, also often reminding him that he went to his wife’s funeral and that his brain has been damaged. Earl is also the first person narrator within the short story; the notes are him philosophically explaining what happened with his condition and how his memory is so fresh that he can never forget his wife’s rape and murder. These series of notes later during the story become more motivational and congratulatory. Nathan Nolan also shows an interesting way of Earl’s character development alternating between the both first person and third person perspective of how Earl looks at himself and his “backwards amnesia”. The writer leads the reader to go into his position of having amnesia and creating a sense of us having his short term memory loss. His physical body consists of tattoos of information, instructions, and a sketch of a man’s face which we assume is murderer of Earl’s wife. One tattoo has the words “I RAPED AND KILLED YOUR WIFE”. The short story tells us other little...
Words: 426 - Pages: 2
...Retrograde amnesia is one the main types of amnesia out of the many types. Even though this is one type of amnesia, there is more than one type of retrograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is pretty broad compared to other types of amnesia yet it isn’t the most common type. Retrograde amnesia causes memory loss to either one event or multiple events. It can even affect some past memories instead of events. As stated before, there are multiple types of retrograde amnesia. They fall into a few different categories, it is either temporally graded, focal, isolated, or pure retrograde amnesia. Each one has certain effects but are still similar is some ways. Pure retrograde amnesia is basically retrograde amnesia in its pure form. It is a type of behavior...
Words: 433 - Pages: 2
...His ability to perceive what he saw and heard was unimpaired. But he did not seem to be able to retain any impression of anything for more than a blink. Indeed, if he did blink, his eyelids parted to reveal a new scene. The view before the blink was utterly forgotten. Each blink, each glance away and back, brought him an entirely new view. I tried to imagine how it was for him. . . . Something akin to a film with bad continuity, the glass half empty, then full, the cigarette suddenly longer, the actor’s hair now tousled, now smooth. But this was real life, a room changing in ways that were physically impossible. In addition to this inability to preserve new memories, Clive had a retrograde amnesia, a deletion of virtually his entire past... Every day he wakes up he does so unaware of his condition, yet his procedural memory remains intact allowing him to play the piano and even learn new music. This all suggests a very modular brain in which specific functions are carried out independently by separate parts of the brain. It is a truly sad state of existence for this man. The only thing that gives me pause is that he remembers his wife. It is clear that he loved his wife enough to remember her. There's nothing sad about this individual's condition. In a sense, Clive is blessed. Clive will never struggle in life due to his unwillingness to accept what is; that is, accept reality. His brain can literally not record time greater than thirty-seconds. He will always live in the present...
Words: 473 - Pages: 2
...Introduction Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is a clinical syndrome described in middle-aged or elderly patients. It is characterized by abrupt onset of anterograde amnesia usually accompanied with repetitive questioning. Usually attacks last minutes to hours with no other neurological deficits. The ability to form memories is generally recovered (1). There are multiple views as to why TGA occurs. One theory is that it is due to thromboembolic cerebrovascular disease although TGA has also been observed in epilepsy, after head injury and in association with tumors, hemorrhages and drug overdose (2). In addition, certain precipitants have been noted to precede TGA including vigorous exercise, sudden temperature change or emotional instability...
Words: 257 - Pages: 2
...did Henry know that Lucy suffers from short term memory loss since the day Lucy and her father had an accident but Henry didn’t see this as a threat since he has already fell for Lucy, since then Henry would always do everything to make Lucy fall in love with him all over again each and every day. Reaction: In the movie 50 first dates Lucy suffered from anterograde amnesia according to my research it is when a person loses the capacity to form new memories (called Goldfield Syndrome in the movie) from an accident. This cause to damage her temporal lobe especially her hippocampal region and to forget a part of her memory of anything between the day of the accident and the present. Because she is incapable of converting short-term memories (can be called "working memory" which refers to our ability to hold on to information we are currently thinking about etc.) into long-term memories (in which data can be stored for long period of time). Lucy’s memories gained or experience prior to the accident is intact including people’s names, past events, where she lives, etc. In reality people who suffer from anterograde amnesia have trouble forming short-term memories after 10 minutes or so, making it impossible for Lucy to remember things from earlier in the day. In the movie, she is able to remember everything from the day up until she goes to sleep. Once she wakes up, she forgets everything that happened the previous day everything she learned experienced after is new. Despite the...
Words: 411 - Pages: 2
