...Retrospective Analysis of Personality Written By: Keisha G. Roberts Tulane University Dr. Bernard Curry PSY 105: Introduction to Psychology December 2, 2015 Abstract “Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other is understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole.” (Encyclopedia of Psychology) In this essay, I will explore the traits in my personality that have changed and the traits that have remained unchanged over the years. I will also explore how nature and nurture have shaped my personality, the inaccuracies and biases that I find and compare my findings to systematic studies that are considered more valuable than individual accounts. Retrospective Analysis of Personality As far back as I can remember, three personality traits stick out to me, being very observant, sarcastic and introverted. I was always very observant, quiet and shy. I didn’t have many friends as a kid due to me being so quiet. Now that I think about it, I never really wanted a lot of friends when I was younger. I was very mature for my age meaning, when other kids would be outside doing what most kids in those days did, I would be in my room curled up with a book or drawing. I watched how my peers would act, and most of...
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...RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF PERSONALITY Student’s name Prof’s name Course title Date The personality of an individual is not a static condition but rather a dynamic one which is affected by the environment as well as the nature of the individual. Changes in the personality of a person is inevitable especially in a continuously changing environment. That person requires new mechanisms to be able to cope with the environmental changes. However, some personalities are consistent even with these changes. The events we experience in our lives are very crucial in shaping our personalities.There are however other factors that were very crucial to the same. The most important of them all is culture. Culture is one of the most influential factors and is the values, beliefs and norms shared by a specific group of individuals. The way we behave and live in the society is influenced by our culture thus having a great impact in our personality development. This is evident with most people hailing from the same area have many similar personality traits (Kohler E, 2002). As a child I was naïve and always made several mistakes in life. Sometimes I would even try to do something I had been warned not to do just to know the reason for been denied that chance. Trusting individuals was a problem as the people I was open to were my parents and some close relatives. This trait has changed over time and nowadays I have close friends with whom I can share my troubles with within my age group. I...
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...In my youth, my mother told me that my personality was extremely trusting and warm. I suppose you could say that I was the perfect example of a sunny personality. She said I would even make strangers smile and my respectful nature was always a huge bonus winning over even the crankiest individual. That of course all ended when I endured the cruelty of public school’s relentless bullies, life’s hardships, molestations, and financial difficulties. My personality hardened, I became withdrawn, less trusting, bitter, and unapproachable. I could not stand to be around a lot of people, share my things, or tolerate strangers touching me. My life became miserable and I developed a deep depression which made me fear being too happy. I knew that anytime I would have a somewhat good day the next day was always bad or some type of negative situation would arise. The bright and sunny personality I had so long ago was gone and in its place sat the personality of a slightly disturbed and angry individual. An individual fighting each day for an ounce of justice or succumbing to depression fearing what lay ahead. It is difficult to pin point which aspects of my personality have stayed consistent, what little remained of my youth must be the small bits of sunny personality I have towards someone long after I get to know them. Though my personality remains unapproachable and hard, those that do take the time to talk to me find warmth and kindness often making them feel the need to...
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...Retrospective Analysis of Personality Retrospective Analysis of Personality Reflection of My Life History Growing up in Gary, Indiana, I moved to Houston, TX when I was 10 years old when my parents got a divorce. Being in a new city away from all of my childhood friends, I was very shy and reserved. My mom made me go to Sunday school at church each weekend and I believe this was to allow me to meet new friends. I never liked Sunday school or going to church as a kid or even playing any sports. Then around my freshman year of high school I decided to try out for football, mainly because my best friend talked me into it. I was one to follow the crowd by the time I became a teenager and that got me into a lot of trouble. For example, sneaking out of my bedroom window with my mother’s car keys to go for a joyride with my buddies at the age of 14. There was no father figure in my home, so I would either go to my best friend or my coaches to fill that void. I was the exact opposite of a leader. Finally by the time I reached my senior year, my personality started to take a turn for the better. As a senior football player with 3 years of experience, I became a leader on the team. After high school, I joined the Army National Guard and that was another culture shock for me. Going through this experience taught me further leadership skills and proved to myself that I could accomplish anything that I put my mind to. Later in life I met my wife and she was a woman that loved...
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...7, 2015 Retrospective Analysis of Personality Retrospective Analysis of Personality Through the years I wondered what made me change my personality towards the way I look at things but now I see why I drastically made these changes due to the different people and environments I have been. I have changed in too many ways to recount all of them, but a few I will list. In this essay I will discuss the aspect of my life that has and has not changed, analyze the role of nature and nurture within my personality and discuss why most memories are bias, which makes systemic scientific more valued than individual accounts. Psychologists strive to understand how personality develops as well as how it influences the way we think and behave. This area of psychology seeks to understand personality and how it varies among individuals as well as how people are similar in terms of personality. While there is no single agreed upon definition of personality, it is often thought of as something that arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life. It encompasses all of the thoughts, behavior patterns, and social attitudes that impact how we view ourselves and what we believe about others and the world around us. Understanding personality allows psychologists to predict how people will respond in certain situations and the sorts of things they prefer and value. In retrospect, three traits, openness, extraversion, and agreeableness of my personality, have increased...
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...Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, Vol. 74, No. 5, 1337-1349 Copyright 1998 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0022-3514/98/$3.00 Do People Know How They Behave? Self-Reported Act Frequencies Compared With On-Line Codings by Observers Samuel D. Gosling, Oliver E John, and Kenneth H. Craik University of California, Berkeley Richard W. Robins University of California, Davis Behavioral acts constitute the building blocks of interpersonal perception and the basis for inferences about personality traits. How reliably can observers code the acts individuals perform in a specific situation? How valid are retrospective self-reports of these acts? Participants interacted in a groupdiscussion task and then reported their act frequencies, which were later coded by observers from videotapes. For each act, observer-observer agreement, self-observer agreement, and self-enhancement bias were examined. Findings show that (a) agreement varied greatly across acts; (b) much of this variation was predictable from properties of the acts (observability, base rate, desirability, Big Five domain); (c) on average, self-reports were positively distorted; and (d) this was particularly true for narcissistic individuals. Discussion focuses on implications for research on acts, traits, social perception, and the act frequency approach. "You interrupted my mother at least three times this morning" exclaims Roger. "That's not true," responds Julia, " I only interrupted...
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...Assignment 1: Retrospective Analysis of Personality Patricia Wall Strayer University Introduction to Psychology Dr. Jacquot March 6, 2016 Retrospective Analysis of Personality Personality makes us who we are. Each individual’s personality is unique, no one is the same because our personality is shaped by many varying influences. Some personality traits stay the same over the years, while others change and evolve as we gain wisdom and understanding in life. Both nature and nurture shape our personalities. Like our personalities, our memory is unique, too. Our memories can be inaccurate due to biases that influence our ability to recall the past. Our memories are so inaccurate that the science of psychology places more emphasis on scientific studies than relying on a person’s memories and personal experience. There are aspects of my personality that have changed as I have gotten older. I no longer see a situation as having happened only one way. I have learned to look at the various perspectives of a situation. I have learned that things are not always what they seem and not to make judgements. When I was younger I had a need to be around my friends to be happy. Now, I no longer feel that need as I have settled down in life and started focusing on raising children and bettering myself. I have noticed that I have more compassion for other people and the situations they find themselves in...
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...Evaluating the Research Process HCS 465 Evaluating the Research Process The article “Are abnormal premorbid personality traits associated with Alzheimer’s disease?-A case-control study” is very informative for those researching such cases. This paper will provide an explanation as to how the research for the above article was conducted. Research is a vital process that consists of very specific stages which result in new conclusions. These stages consist of selecting an issue to conduct research on, formulate a hypothesis, reviewing the provided information, identifying each different aspect, providing an explanation, and analyzing the information/data in order to formulate a conclusion. Just as the article is titled, this is a case-control study. Each participant and informant which will be explained provided consent, whether it was written or verbal. This design of research was utilized to identify and provide factors which are believed to possibly play a role in certain medical conditions. As any other research is conducted and hypotheses are formed, a comparison must be made to establish the case. In this study, there were 217 participants which have onset Alzheimer’s disease. Out of the 217 participants, there were 57 males and 160 females. This portion of participants was grouped between the ages of 67 to 98 years of age. The control groups were made up of 76 siblings who do not have the same condition, Alzheimer’s. This group consisted of 32 males and...
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...chapter includes conceptual literature , research literature and summary CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE: ''Personality'' is a dynamic and organized set of characteristics possessed by a person that uniquely influences their environment, cognitions, emotions, motivation and behavioral science in various situations. The word ''personality’’ originates from the Latin persona, which means mask. Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking , feeling and behaving . The study of personality focuses on two broad areas One is understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts , feelings, social adjustments, and behaviors consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes. It also predicts human reactions to other people , problems , and stress. There is still no universal consensus on the definition of '' personality'' in C. Gordon Allport ( 1937) described to major ways to study personality the nomothetic and the Idiographic. Nomothetic psychology seeks general loss that can be applied to many different ...
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... * SWOT analysis * Break-even analysis Break Even | = | Fixed Costs | | | (Unit Sales Price-Variable Costs) | | | | * Consumer Behavior: describe the 5 steps, high vs. low involvement 1. Need Recognition 2. Information Search 3. Evaluation of Alternatives 4. Purchase 5. Post-purchase behavior * Diffusion of innovation: describe each group on the adoption curve * Marketing Research: primary vs. secondary data, qualitative vs. quantitative methods Primary Data: Information that is collected for the first time; used for solving the particular problem under investigation. Secondary Data: Data previously collected for any purpose other than the one at hand. Qualitative Methods: * Depth Interviews * Focus Groups * Projective Tests * Observational Methods * Metaphor Elicitation Quantitative Methods: Experimental & control/comparison groups. Manipulate independent variable across groups. •Independent & dependent variables, control/comparison conditions •Not casual or retrospective observation * Experiments- Pricing, Natural * Test Markets * Product Life Cycle: describe the stages, marketing tasks at each stage * PLC * Overall goal and tasks of each stage (excluding Promotion) * Pricing: Types of pricing, CLV Types: * Profit/Cost oriented approaches * Break even analysis *...
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...Teamwork and Team Performance - Case Study 3/23/2013 Contents 1. Group Development 3 2. Problem Identification 3 3. Retrospective Evaluation 4 4. Reflection 5 1. Group Development There are five stages of group development in which a team passes through: Forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. The group for this case study is currently, 1 week before the due date, in both the norming stage and performing stage. They have adapted to the absence of Mike and are motivated to finish the analysis in an effort to achieve a good grade. Each member has completed their part except Mike, who has just handed in notes to Christine. All of the other members have looked past any turmoil of Mike and either adapted to that or ignored him. Managing a team through these five stages will increase the overall effectiveness of that team; therefore understanding the different stages could have assisted Christine. If she knew what each stage entailed ahead of time, she could have anticipated certain issues or attempted to resolve them. In the beginning Christine should have laid out the group rules, assigned all the tasks, and allowed the members to introduce themselves and get to know one another. I think she did a good job leading them into scheduled meetings; however, Mike was just a complainer about the early meeting. When tension arose in the group, because Mike was upset seeing the group members having a good time and mingling without him...
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...refuted several of Freud’s key points and placed an even greater emphasis on the unconscious. Freud and Jung were the key figures of the psychoanalytic approach to psychology; however their theories differed on several key points (Nystul, M., 2005). Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the seed for many subsequent theorists’ work. His main assertion was that human behavior and personality derived from the unconscious conflict that arose in individuals’ unconscious (Fayek, 2005). He postulated that the unconscious was a combination of the id, which was the primal drive for all human needs (e.g., sex, hunger), the superego, which could be likened to the internalization of societal values and standards (e.g., the conscience), and the moderating ego that was the rational part of thought that controlled the impulses of the id and superego. Anxiety arose when individuals were confronted with fears of danger within reality (Shill, 2004). Neurotic anxiety occurred when individuals were confronted with dangers that arose in childhood, and can be connected to his five stages of psychosexual development, where personality developed. The five stages of psychosexual development were connected to erogenous zones that children were fixated on until their needs were met and were able to move on developmentally. The five stages include oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages of development. The id relied on the stimulation of these zones until...
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...MGMT-591 Smith Leadership & Org Behavior Case Study The Forgotten Team Member: A Case Analysis Shon Gregory 11-26-2012 Group Development Just as all people go through phases of change in their lifecycle, childhood, adolescence, adult, and old age, teams also go through development/lifecycle phases as well. Depending upon the stage of development that a team is in, issues, challenges, and opportunities should be handle differently. Those phases are Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning. In our Case Study, The Forgotten Team Member, our team is in the storming phase. By understanding the phases and identifying the current stage that Christine’s team is in, would help Christine in being the Team Coordinator of her class project team. Problem Identification According to our text, the storming stage is characterized by high emotions and tension, it is the most tumultuous period of team the development. Coalitions and cliques start to emerge, individuals start to jockey for positions of status, and obstacles that prevent the team for achieve start to become present. (Schermerhorn 156-157). This true for Christine’s team. Although she was appointed leader of the group, Steve, the businesslike personality, made sure that he was keeping the group on task, a role generally performed by the leader. Mike’s social loafing is starting to make him feel as an outsider to the group, he’s passive-aggressive behavior further emphasizes his outsider status...
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...Yolande` Williams Week 3: OB Skills Workbook: Case 7 – The Forgotten Team Member May 23, 2011 Part 1: Group Development 1. How could an understanding of the stages of group development assist Christine in leadership situations such as this one? Christine must first have an understanding that a group is defined as a collection of people who interact with one another, accept rights and obligations as members and who share a common identity. In Christine accounting group, their goal is to compose a well-written analysis. This 5-member group is a dynamic bunch because of the different mix of personalities. Because of the dynamics, the variety of perceptions and work attitudes that affect the group processes and development cannot be prevented. With this understanding, Christine would have been able to key in on certain clues on how to handle the different circumstances of her team. Through the forming stages the group would have been given a chance to get to know one another and what is acceptable behavior. In the storming stage, members are able to address their differences. Group members are able to understand one another’s interpersonal styles and ways to accomplish team goals all while satisfying personal needs. In the norming stages, members address their differences and tensions tend to loosen up. With the performing stage member work as a team and their skills and values are developed and needed to successfully accomplish the team’s work. More importantly...
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...refuted several of Freud’s key points and placed an even greater emphasis on the unconscious. Freud and Jung were the key figures of the psychoanalytic approach to psychology; however their theories differed on several key points (Nystul, M., 2005). Freud’s psychoanalytic theory was the seed for many subsequent theorists’ work. His main assertion was that human behavior and personality derived from the unconscious conflict that arose in individuals’ unconscious (Fayek, 2005). He postulated that the unconscious was a combination of the id, which was the primal drive for all human needs (e.g., sex, hunger), the superego, which could be likened to the internalization of societal values and standards (e.g., the conscience), and the moderating ego that was the rational part of thought that controlled the impulses of the id and superego. Anxiety arose when individuals were confronted with fears of danger within reality (Shill, 2004). Neurotic anxiety occurred when individuals were confronted with dangers that arose in childhood, and can be connected to his five stages of psychosexual development, where personality developed. The five stages of psychosexual development were connected to erogenous zones that children were fixated on until their needs were met and were able to move on developmentally. The five stages include oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages of development. The id relied on the stimulation of these zones until...
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