...What is reverse osmosis? What is reverse osmosis? Reverse osmosis is a special kind of diffusion. The word reverse means the opposite of the original direction of movement and osmosis is the movement of water molecules from where they are plentiful to less abundant over a selectively permeable membrane. Therefore, reverse osmosis can be define as when the solvent passes through the selectively permeable membrane from where they are less abundant to where they are in abundance. In other words, reverse osmosis is the flow water molecules opposing the natural direction of osmosis through a porous membrane. The reverse osmosis process happens after the osmosis process. Therefore, in order to fully grasp the process of reverse osmosis one has to understand the process of osmosis first. When a lower concentrated solution and a higher concentrated solution are separated by a selectively permeable membrane, water naturally moves across the membrane to the higher concentrated solution to dilute it. In time, the osmotic pressure will counter the diffusion process precisely and then the solutions will be at equilibrium. No net movement of water will be at this stage. This process is called osmosis. But, if there is an adequate amount of counter pressure applied to the concentrated solution to overpower the osmotic pressure, then osmosis will be reversed. The solution is now coerced through the selectively permeable membrane contrary to the natural flow of water. This is called...
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...REVERSE OSMOSIS PLANT (FRESH WATER GENERATOR) Introduction There are two reverse osmosis plant (fresh water generator) are installed onboard ship. One is fitted in Aux Machinery Room and other is fitted in Fwd Main Machinery Room. Each plant capacity is 15 tons /day. Purpose To generate fresh water to meet ship’s requirement. Major Parts and Function Centrifugal Pump: PK130 filter pump, delivers the feed water at a pressure of up to 4 bar through the cartridge filter and from there to the high pressure pump PP160. This centrifugal pump has its own integral electric motor. High-Pressure Pump: PP160 is a positive displacement pump. (plunger pump) this pump delivers feed to the PT modules at a pressure of up to 65 bar. (note: pressure is controlled by VS160). The pump is powered through a belt drive from a three-phase motor. Minimum feed pressure to this pump is 0.5 bars. Pulsation Damper: The pulsation damper fitted on the high-pressure pump discharge converts the pressure fluctuations, common for a plunger pump, into a steady pressure. It consists of a pressure vessel, internally separated by an diaphragm into two sections. The outermost section is filled with nitrogen at a pressure of 30 bar. The pulsation’s from the 3 plungers of the HP pump are absorbed by the gas pressurized membrane. It is normal to observe pulsation’s in the pointer of PI160 when pointer is rising through 25 to 32 bar, (resistance against gas pressure). Sand filter: The sand filter...
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...many different ways and steps. Generally thermal desalination is the process of warming seawater. Once the seawater is heated, it starts to collect water vapor (once the vapor starts to cools). The salt is removed and the water becomes drinkable Thermal desalination not only removes salt, it also removes other contaminants. Thermal desalination has been practiced for more than seventy years. Although the consumption of energy and costs are generally higher than the reverse osmosis and the electrical processes, it currently provides most of the processed drinking and processed water. The most common method for desalination is reverse osmosis. The reverse osmosis membrane is designed only to allow water to pass through the dense layer. “Reverse osmosis is a process where pressure is used to push the water solution through a membrane, with the membrane preventing the larger solutes (the salt) to pass through.” (Justin) This is a natural process. Reverse osmosis is dependent on flow rate and pressure. Reverse osmosis pressure can also recycle itself. The high pressured salt water is pushed out (very rapidly) through a large motor. The large motor then begins to re-harvests the force. The pressure can then be reused to pump the initial force of the water, thus recycling the energy. This saves...
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... Seawater has been strongly transformed to pure drinking water for personal drinking. Seawater properties are primarily salt. The eradication of the physical and chemical properties shift seawater into a current recyclable unit. Reverse osmosis and multi flash distillation are two approaches that a few countries are using to turn seawater into drinking water, but there are some risks and assets to this procedure that individuals should examine. Physical and Chemical Properties of Seawater Seawater has water and various salts. Atoms and molecules are present in the physical and chemical properties. Potassium, magnesium, sulfate, calcium and bicarbonate are seen in seawater alone. This is the salinity of seawater alone. Sodium Chloride is about 86% of the chemical compound. Magnesium sulfate is about 11%, 3% is related with the combination of potassium bromide and calcium bicarbonate. The moderate combination of all salts dissolved in seawater fluctuates somewhat. (Fischetti, 2007) The Mediterranean Sea has about 40,000 milligrams of salt per liter whereas the Pacific Ocean has about 33,000 milligrams of salt per liter. Conversion of Seawater to Drinking Water Seawater is converted into drinking water in two parts; Reverse Osmosis and Multistage flash distillation. Multistage flash distillation uses cold water and with high flash pressure it heats the water. When the water goes into a wide pillar that has somewhat less pressure (part 1), it steams quickly, sending...
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...to assist with a few of their set ups, but I moved quickly and ensured every mission that was given was completed with 110% competency. The first mission was to patrol a fuel pipeline and 12 pump stations leading from Kuwait to Iraq with 24 NCOs and Soldiers which I personally didn’t take part of since I was already in country. The mission consisted of three shifts patrolling the pipeline to ensure that it was not tampered with and if anyone was found on the route they were to be detained. Six Iraqi civilians who attempted to sabotage the pipeline were detained during a 30 day period. The next mission we were given was to set up a water purification and distribution site in Talil, Iraq. The Detachment set up five 3000GPH Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit’s (ROWPU) purifying over two million gallons of potable water. The Detachment supported the Iraqi civilians, the Italian, Turkish, Korean, and American Armies. This mission was continuous throughout the 2003-2004 deployment. The Detachment was then given several other missions, in which we moved to Alhillah, Iraq. Our unit was broken into separate forward operating bases (FOBs) to include Babylon, Diwayneha, Karbala, AnNajaf, and Scania. My team and I were tasked to set up an operational potable water purification and distribution site in AnNajf, Iraq. We supported the mission with one 3000GPH ROWPU, two 50,000 gallon potable...
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...suffering from a water drought, Cities are feeling the effects in the form of increased water fee’s and over use penalties. One of the solutions for the water shortfall would be to desalinate ocean water. The 1950s, idea was considered too expensive to implement. However the water shortages has prompted a resurgence into the technology. Desalination uses either thermal which include: multiple-effect distillation (In each stage the feed water is heated by steam in tubes. Some of the water evaporates, and this steam flows into the tubes of the next stage, heating and evaporating more water. Each stage essentially reuses the energy from the previous stage), and multi-stage flash evaporation. Or membrane technologies which include: reverse osmosis, electrodeionisation, and electrodialysis. [pic] [pic] The US has led the membrane market and most active desalination plants are privately owned usually for industrial use. While Saudia Arabia and the United Arab Emirates led the thermal. |[pic]Top 10 countries by total installed capacity since 1945 - DesalData.com | Desalination is expensive, energy-intensive, and can damage marine ecosystems. One aspect to water desalinization would be to use a natural system bioengineered process. Similar to using fish in treating brackish water. Developing nanomaterials and nanotechnologies, may reduce energy costs. Incorporation of both nanomaterials and nanotechnologies...
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...Definition: Reverse osmosis (RO) is a membrane-technology filtration method that removes many types of large molecules and ions from solutions by applying pressure to the solution when it is on one side of a selective membrane. The result is that the solute is retained on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure solvent is allowed to pass to the other side. To be "selective," this membrane should not allow large molecules or ions through the pores (holes), but should allow smaller components of the solution (such as the solvent) to pass freely. Process: Osmosis is a natural process. When two liquids of different concentration are separated by a semi permeable membrane, the fluid has a tendency to move from low to high solute concentrations for chemical potential equilibrium.Formally, reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane to a region of low solute concentration by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure. The largest and most important application of reverse osmosis is to the separation of pure water from seawater and brackish waters; seawater or brackish water is pressurized against one surface of the membrane, causing transport of salt-depleted water across the membrane and emergence of potable drinking water from the low-pressure side. A. The membranes used for reverse osmosis have a dense layer in the polymer matrix -- either the skin of an asymmetric membrane...
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...Lab 2 Cell Structure and Cell Transport-14 Name __ carson held__________________ Introduction: The cell is the basic unit of structure of all living organisms. The cell carries out the functions required for the organism to reproduce, protect itself, metabolize food, move, produce substances to support the entire organism. In this experiment, you will explore the cell membrane’s role in allowing materials to enter or leave the cell. This is a vital function of the cell membrane. Using the Physio Ex CD 9.0, you will be able to conduct experiments showing the important cell membrane processes of diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and active transport. The simulations will allow you to alter conditions to show the effect of concentrations, pore size, pressure, carrier, and ATP have on movements of materials through the cell membrane. Purpose: To conduct experiments showing the effects of concentration, ions, and particle size of movement through the cell membrane. Materials: Lab manual, PhysioEx 9.0 Procedure: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability in the lab manual. You will also need the PhysioEx 9.0 CD for this lab. Read over exercise overview and introduction. Complete the following questions from the exercise as you complete the simulation exercises. Go to Exercise 1 Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability on the CD. Follow the directions and complete each part. Answer questions or fill in tables as...
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...exact opposite of the adjusting entry made in the previous period." During the first month an expense is accrued which makes it an account payable. Even though the money to pay the bill is earned the same month the actual bill is accrued, it will not be adjusted to the following month. Reversing entry is what shows that the expense which was accrued last month is paid this the following month. Reversing entries has its advantages and disadvantages. One of the disadvantages of reversing entries is that they are two part entries. It is entered a certain way the first period and is then balanced with an entry which suffices the second month. This means that it is double work. If you forget to do the reverse entry when the bill is actually paid then you will end up with an error when trying to balance. One of the many advantages of using a reversing entry is that it helps you track how much money is spent on a certain bill over a certain period. For example if you spent a certain amount of money on cool-aid for your drink company over a period of time, you can track how much money you have spent and see the effect it had on the company during that time period. A lot of company decisions can be made by being able to track how much resources are used or bills that is accumulated then decide if it worth is or not. Reversing...
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...Draft Memo Date: Preparer: Group Reviewer: Professor Subject: Qualifying Like-kind Exchange Facts: Twinbrook Corporation purchased a larger manufacturing facility for $2,100,000. Three months after Twinbrook purchased the new facility, it sold the old facility to White Flint Corporation for $2,000,000. Issue: Can Twinbrook Corporation qualify for a like-kind exchange of its manufacturing facilities? If not, under what circumstances would the transaction meet the requirements of a like-kind exchange? Authorities: IRC § 1001 (c) IRC §1031 (a)(1) IRC §1031 (a)(3) IRC Reg. § 1.1031(k)-1(b)(2)(i)) Rev. Proc. 2000-37, 2000-2 C.B. 308 Rev. Proc. 2004-51, Conclusion: Twinbrook Corporation did a transaction that does not qualify as a like-kind exchange because they obtained the new property for three months before disposing the old property. However, the exchange could qualify for the like-kind exchange if they went through an exchange facilitator. Analysis: IRC §1031 (a)(1) states that a company would not recognize a loss or gain in a qualifying like-kind exchange. In this case Twinbrook Corporation would not recognize the loss if the transaction would qualify as a like-kind exchange. Both manufacturing facilities are classified as real property; therefore, the two facilities are considered like-kind property. The problem is that the company used cash as part of the transactions and did not go through a third party intermediary; therefore, Twinbrook Corporation...
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...Laboratory Exercise Osmosis and Diffusion “Osmosis and the Incredible, very Inedible Egg” **This is a fun thing to have your kids or significant other help with. Please note that this experiment takes several days to complete, so don't wait until the last minute to start!** I. Background: Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane. This is how water gets into and out of our cells. In this lab we will investigate the effects of different solutions on the water content of an egg. An egg will serve as our model of a cell. A. Remember, when comparing 2 solutions, the one with the greatest amount of stuff dissolved in it is called hypertonic while the one with the lesser amount of stuff dissolved in it is called hypotonic. Please get these terms straight in your mind before you start the experiment. B. Therefore, hypertonic solutions have less percentage of water in them than hypotonic solutions. Water, like everything else, moves from a greater concentration of itself to a lesser concentration of itself. C. In this experiment you will observe the movement of water into and out of an egg. To do this we will remove the minerals from the egg shell leaving only a membrane that is permeable to water. II. Supplies needed: 3 eggs 4 drinking glasses or clear containers Vinegar (about 2 cups) Foil or plastic wrap White Karo syrup (or any brand like it) Distilled water (actually...
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...Osmosis Experiment Diana Arrowood Grand Canyon University BIO-100L Biology Concepts September 16, 2011 Osmosis Experiment Directions Use the information below to complete the Osmosis Experiment. Materials 1 fresh baking potato Water Salt Four small containers (i.e., drinking cups or clear glasses) A metric ruler Methods and Procedure 1) Place 1 cup (236 ml) of water in each of the 4 containers. In 2 of the containers, add 1 tablespoon (14.8 ml) of table salt and mix well until dissolved. Label which containers have salt. Cut a fresh baking potato into 5 mm slices. Cut four rectangles 2.5 cm x 1 cm from the slices as close to the same size as possible. Measure the length and width of each rectangle in metric units and place one in each of the containers, keeping track of which measured slice went in which container. There will be two slices (duplicates) for fresh water and two for salt water. After 1 hour, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato and return it to the appropriate container. Note any physical changes. After 24 hours, remove and measure the length and width of each piece of potato. Note any physical changes in the potatoes and describe their appearance. Written Lab Report Introduction 1) Address the following questions: A) Define osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations...
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...Solute Concentration of Potatoes Carmen Chen Blk: 7 December 14, 2013 Purpose: to determine the concentration of solute in potatoes cytoplasm. Materials and Equipment: refer to the lab sheet. Observations: | |Concentration of sucrose|Initial mass |Final mass |Percentage change in | |Test tube # |solution ( |(g) |(g) |mass | | |mol/L) | | |(%) | |1 |1.0 |3.0 |-0.9 |-30% | |2 |0.9 |3.9 |-1.2 |-30.8 % | |3 |0.8 |3.2 |-0.7 |-21.9% | |4 |0.7 |3.5 |-0.8 |-22.9% | |5 |0.6 |3.3 |-0.6 |-18.2% | |6 |0.5 |3.0 |-0.3 |-1% | |7 |0.4 |3.1 |-0.2 ...
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...Abstract: The rate of osmosis was examined through an experiment. Dialysis tubes were used to simulate a cell membrane. Solutions of 0.20 % and 0.40% sucrose were placed in each tube. The bags were placed into water and let to sit for three intervals of fifteen minutes. In the first bag that had no sugar solution, it had an osmosis rate of -.04 g/min. In the second bag that had 20 percent sugar solution, it had an osmosis rate of .09 g/min and the bag that had 40 percent of sugar solution had an osmosis rate of .11 g/min. What was concluded from the results is that the more percent of sucrose solution, the higher the rate of osmosis will occur and the lower the percentage of sucrose solution, the lower the rate of osmosis. Introduction: In order to understand the process of osmosis, proper terms must be defined. The first term was osmosis itself, osmosis is defined as the passive transport that refers to the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane (Reece, 2009). Then of course, there are three different cases of osmosis which were defined. Hypertonic is a solution with a higher solute concentration. Hypotonic is a solution with a lower solute concentration. Isotonic is when the cells solute concentration is equal. The volumes were all made possible to increase or decrease via the plasma membrane, the plasma membrane defined as a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surrounding (Reece,2009) The dialysis tube represents the plasma membrane and...
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...What is dissolved oxygen? Dissolved oxygen alludes to the level of free oxygen not bonded to any existing molecule in the water or other liquid substances. It is an important parameter in assessing water quality because of its influence on the organisms living within a body of water. In limnology (lakes studies), dissolved oxygen is a crucial factor second only to water itself. A dissolved oxygen level that is too high or too low can harm aquatic life and affect water quality. Non-compound oxygen, or free oxygen (O2), is oxygen that is not bonded to any other element. Dissolved oxygen is the existence of these free O2 molecules in the water. The molecule of oxygen bonded in a water molecule (H2O) is in a compound and does not count toward dissolved oxygen levels (Rivsbech et al., 1988). Dissolved oxygen from the atmosphere Dissolved oxygen goes into the water through the air or as a byproduct of a plant. From the air, oxygen can slowly diffuse across the water’s surface from the nearby atmosphere, or be assorted in rapidly through aeration, whether natural or man-made. Water aeration can be brought about by wind (creating waves), fast-moving water, waterfalls, discharge of ground water or other systems of running water. Artificial sources of aeration differ from an aquarium air pump to a hand-turned waterwheel to a big dam. Dissolved oxygen is moreover produced as a surplus product of photosynthesis from algae, phytoplankton, seaweed and other water plants (Sherrard et al, 1979)...
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