CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the summary of related literature and studies that were gathered by the researchers from different references like the Internet, books and unpublished theses that were really a big help in relating this study. The gathered related information served as a starting point in evaluating and understanding the whole study. The following chapter shall review the current literature on energy related consumer behavior and attitudes to sustainable consumption. This section of the research also reviews the trends of previous research conducted on domestic energy use. The chapter shall finally delve into some of the instruments used to affect energy efficient consumer behavior, as well as the effectiveness of one or a set of instruments.
Related Literature Saving energy is one of the most fundamental things we can do as student of Bicol University to save money and help balance our budget. "This is an opportunity to cut expenses without affecting services; I encourage everyone to make energy conservation part of our daily routine", (President Curt Tompkins), [1]. The energy is conserved by the “law of conservation of energy”. It states that energy can be neither created nor be destroyed. Energy is a finite resource. The materials we derive energy from (oil, coal, electricity, etc.) can also harm the environment. By conserving energy you help to save parts of the environment. There are many ways to conserve energy. The most obvious is to not waste it. This can easily be done by shirring off lights when you leave a room, or turning off the computer or TV when it is not being directly used. Some other ways would be to recycle (it takes more energy to produce new cans, for example, than to re-use recycled ones) or re-use bottles or bags so that energy doesn't need to go into making new ones and the others aren't wasted.
Related Studies
This article reviews and evaluates the effectiveness of interventions aiming to encourage the students in Bicol University to conserve energy and reduce energy consumption. Energy conservation are considered key means for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and achieving other energy policy goals, but associated market behavior and policy responses have engendered debates in the economic literature. In the issue of energy conservation, the energy suppliers of electric power, city gas and others are included in the demand side of factories as one of energy consumers since they use resources (primary energy) to create products (secondary energy). Enhancing efficiency of energy consumption for private power generation and of energy production process (e.g., efficiency of power generation and improvement of power transmission in power plants) is also the target of energy conservation.
The term of energy conservation has various definitions. The term is often defined as “to reduce the consumption of non-renewable resources”. The efficient use of other energy such as coal and natural gas is not included in energy conservation. However, technologies that lead to oil-use reduction without influence upon energy use efficiency are called “energy conservation technologies,” including the use of new energy, for example. On the other hand, demand in many developing countries is not only reducing the use of non-renewable resources but also enhancing efficiency of energy use in the entire society. Thus, the term of “energy conservation” treated in the Guidelines means enhancing efficiency of energy consumption including coal, natural gas, and other energy as well as oil.
From the 1970’s onwards the research was partly driven by an environmental agenda, with the main interest in pollution control, energy conservation (Dwyer et al, 1993). An important aspect of the 1970’s energy conservation research was the use of various intervention measures such as education and information on energy 12 conservation (information campaigns), feedback on energy use (in-house meters). Several studies conducted between 1970 – 1980 included behavioral intervention studies, to modify environmentally conscious behavior (Dwyer et al, 1993).

Theoretical Framework
Energy is wasted each day due to lack of awareness among societies. Past research suggest that there are two main energy conservation methods technology fixed and behavioral approach. Technology fixed is based on instruments such as motion sensor control lighting and photovoltaic. Behavioral approach requires changes in human attitudes by using motivation, raising awareness and skill developing. This paper intends to explore the roles of behavioral approach in promoting energy conservation through raising energy awareness. Two related theories -- Information Processing Theory and Three Term Contingency were reviewed. The information processing theory explains how people perceive information from their environment, operates on it, integrate it with information available in the memory, and used the product as the basis for deciding how to perform. The three-term contingency theory was invented to experimentally analyze human and animal behavior, by dividing the behavior into three key parts which constitute - stimulus, operant response and reinforce/ punishment. A conceptual framework of energy awareness development process was proposed based on these two theories. The conceptual framework consists of nine phases-- energy awareness stimulus, transference methods, interpretation, comprehension, awareness, reinforcement, short term motivation, obedience and long term motivation. Energy awareness stimulus explains that employees can be stimulated to support an energy management program. Transference methods are techniques or tools that could effectively transfer the stimulus to the receiver. The stages of interpretation, comprehension and awareness are receiver dominant, meaning that these phases are beyond the control of the building or facility manager. Reinforcement phase is required to strengthen the association between a response and preceding stimuli. Short term motivation is whatever activities that make people to act voluntarily in a certain way and then to persist in the face of difficulty. The employees expected to be in the phase of obedience that shows the early success of the energy awareness development process. The long term motivation such as public recognition, personal pride and energy award should be introduced to the receivers so they can continuously practice energy conservation. Finally the paper explains that validations are required to determine the effectiveness of the conceptual framework and to identify desired improvement.