TOLEDO CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

IPIL-IPIL (Leucaena leucocephala) LEAVES AS AN ALTERNATIVE MOSQUITO LARVICIDE

An Investigatory Project Presented to the
FACULTY MEMBERS
Of
TOLEDO CITY SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL
Ilihan Heights, Toledo City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Coarse Requirements in
Reseach II

by:
Rhenzon Alpas
Eduardo Habon
Llahona Fajardo
Researchers
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement…………………………………………………..v
Abstract…………………………………………………………….vi-vii
I. Introduction a. Background of the Study …………………………….2 b. Statement of the Problem…………………………….2 c. Significance of the Study…………………………….3 d. Scope and Limitation…………………………………3 e. Review of Related Literature…………………………3-5 II. Materials and Methodology a. Materials……………………………………………...6 b. Procedure……………………………………………..6 III. Results and Discussion……………………………………7-8 IV. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation a. Summary……………………………………………...9 b. Conclusion…………………………………………….9 c. Recommendation……………………………………..10 V. Bibliography……………………………………………….11
Vi. Appendix……………………………………………………..12

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research paper is made possible through the continuous tributes, support and advice that people generally gave the researchers. First and foremost, they would like to thank God above all for his guidance to help the researchers. Thanks for the protection you gave for them to be able to conduct their experiment, and for them to think well in times of adversities and trials. Thanks for answering their prayers and for working your mysterious ways that lead them to success. Thanks for giving them the will to pursue their research to overcome their trials. The researchers would like to thank their Research II adviser Mr. Isagani Lumangtad for giving them the never-ending ideas and suggestions in their study. Thanks for giving them the support and consideration in their research and also thanks for giving them the strength and making them feel strong. Sir, thank you for the trust you have given to them, the trust to succeed in their research, and thank you for the corrections you have provided in order for our study to be as accurate as possible. The researchers would like to thank their teachers, classmates, and friends for the support. To the teachers, thank you for giving your time allotted for your subject in order for them to conduct their experiment. To their friends and classmates, thank you for always being there, for encouragement they needed and for the suggestions in our research. And finally, to the researchers’ families for always being right on their side, not only for the financial support but for the moral support they needed most. Thank you for your understanding and consideration.

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Biochemistry Biotechnology Botany Chemistry Computers Earth& Space Sciences Engineering Environmental Mathematics Medical Science Mathematics Medical Science Microbiology Physics Zoology

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Mosquitoes are one of the major problems in our community because they are the carriers of the many diseases especially Dengue. According to the Department of Health (DOH), at least 42,207 dengue cases, 193 of them fatal, had been recorded from January to the first week of June 2013. The researchers made further studies on how to drive away the mosquito-carrying borne diseases and developed this topic. The researchers decided to control the growth on the mosquitoes while they are in their larval stage. Leucaena leucocephala(commonly known as Ipil-ipil in the Philippines) contains mimosine, a toxic non-protein free amino acid otherwise chemically similar to tyrosine. Mimosine arrests dividing cells in the late G1 phase by inhibiting DNA replication initiation. Because of this, the researchers decided to use Ipil-ipil leaves to make an extract in killing mosquito larvae.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The main objective of this study is to produce an alternative mosquito larvicide. Primarily, it aims to: * To know if the amount of extract to be tested could affect the results. * To determine the efficacy of ipil-ipil leaves extracts as an alternative larvicide compared to commercial ones.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study helps everyone to ensure their own health against mosquitoes that carry diseases such as malaria, filarial, yellow fever, and dengue. This makes larvicide available for everyone since the people won’t need to buy commercial larvicides since the process in making this artificial larvicide is easy.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS This study is only limited to the use of Ipil-ipil(L. leucocephala) leaves extracts as an alternative mosquito larvicide. This study was conducted during the 1st semester of school year 2014-2015 in Toledo City Science High School, Ilihan Heights, Toledo City within one week and three days. The variables for this study were the amount of extract applied and the number of larvae died on the experiment.

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and studies after the thorough and in-depth search done by the researchers.
This is the study of the researcher Camille Flojo. In their study, they focus more on the effects of Ipil-ipil coil in the mosquitoes using different setups. The first setup is coil made of Ipil-ipil leaves, the second setup is coil made of Ipil-ipil seeds, and the third setup is a coil made of Ipil-ipil leaves and seeds. From the 10 -minute observation for the effectiveness of the Ipil-ipil coil, 6 out of 10 mosquitoes were exterminated using the first treatment (with Leucena glauca Linn leaves), and 9 out of 10 mosquitoes were exterminated using the second(with Leucenaglauca Linn seeds) and third treatment(both leaves ,seeds) Based on their results, using Ipil-ipil leaves and seeds can kill 9 out of 10 mosquitoes in 10 minutes. Using the ANOVA: Two-Factor without Replication, the F-value in columns did not exceed the critical value, thus the null hypothesis is accepted. Based in their findings and analysis of variances it can be concluded that there is no significant difference in the physical properties and effectiveness of the organic mosquito coil made from the pulverized form of L. glauca Linn leaves and seeds as compared to the commercial mosquito coil.Source:http://www.slideshare.net/CamilleFlojo/organic-mosquito-coil-making(August 26, 2014)
According to some research, the extract of the ipil-ipil leaves and seeds can be used as insecticide specifically for cockroaches. It is also use for killing cockroaches. Based on the observations and data gathered by the researcher, on day one, one out of three cockroaches died with ipil-ipil seeds extract and two of the cockroaches survived while on the commercial insecticide, all of the cockroaches died. On day two, the results remain the same just like on day one. On the third day, there was improvement shown since two cockroaches died out of three. However, the commercial insecticide still showed consistency on its effect on cockroaches. This means that there's a big possiblity that the insecticide out of ipil-ipil seed extract can kill or stop the highly increasing number of pests such as cockroaches.Source: http://cababaros-research.blogspot.com/(Aug. 30, 2014) Another study conducted by the researchers which is the possibility of producing an acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax that can be an alternative to the present commercial floor wax in terms of its use in a concrete smooth cemented pavement. Three floor waxes were compared; two were Ipil-Ipil floor waxes from young and mature leaves and the third one is the commercial floor wax .The floor waxes from young and mature leaves of Ipil-Ipil were statistically compared in their acceptability as basis for determining the more acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor wax in terms of five quality attributes ± color, odor, texture, luster, general acceptability. The samples of this study consisted of two (2) Ipil-Ipil trees randomly and purposively selected from the town of Marabut, Samar, Philippines. The respondents involve in this study consisted of 15 janitors of the Leyte Normal University who responded to Ipil-Ipil floor wax Acceptability Measure. The pertinent findings of this study are (1) both the two Ipil-Ipil floor waxes from young and mature leaves were acceptable floor wax in terms of color, odor, texture, luster, general acceptability when applied in a concrete cemented smooth pavement and (2) there is no significant difference between the acceptable Ipil-Ipil floor waxes from young and mature leaves and the commercial floor wax in terms of effectiveness/acceptability in a concrete cemented smooth pavement .The results further verifies that the Ipil-Ipil floor wax is at par with the commercial floor wax and can be a potential alternative in terms of acceptability and effectiveness of its use in a concrete smooth cemented pavement. Source: http://www.scribd.com/doc/80516514/Ipil-Ipil-as-an-Alternative-Source-of-Floorwax-Lazaro-Et-al(Aug. 28. 2014)

SYNTHESIS According to some study of the L. glauca Linn leaves and seeds as commercial mosquito coil. It primarily focuses more on the effects of Ipil-ipil coil in the mosquitoes using different setups. The UNOVA test results that it did not in F-value in the critical value, thus the null hypothesis is accepted. Another study that ipil-ipil leaves and seed can be used as insecticide specifically for cockroaches. It can stop the highly increasing number of pests specifically for cockroaches. Another study also suggested that making an alternative floor wax by the use of Ipili-ipil. It states that there is no significant difference between the acceptable Ipil-ipil floor waxes from young and mature leaves and the commercial floor wax in terms of effectiveness in a concrete cemented smooth pavement.

CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

Materials * * Mortar and pestle * 20 branches of Ipil-ipil leaves * 1 teaspoon * 1 strainer * 4 cups * 40 mosquito larvae * 2 plates * Commercial products

Methodology
The researchers prepared a container and the water they used was stagnant water with particles in it. The reason of it was to breed mosquitoes. They sundry the Ipil-ipil leaves within 1 week. Then they pounded the leaves of the Ipil-ipil and the same as the commercial one with the use of mortar and pestle to get the extract out of it. After 4 days in experimenting, the mosquito’s eggs were hatched. The researchers collected 40 mosquito larvae with the use of a spoon and made trials 1& 2 for the commercial extracts and trial 1&2 for the Leucaena leucocephala extracts. The mosquito larvae were distributed equally by 10 on the setups. The commercial extracts were applied in trials 1&2; 2 teaspoons of commercial extracts were applied in trial 1 while only 1 teaspoon of commercial extracts was applied in trial 2. Same as in trials 1 &2, where the Ipil-ipil leaves extracts were applied; 2 teaspoons in trial 1 and only 1 teaspoon in trial 2. The researchers put the setups in a place where there are no mosquitos and the researchers observed it for 7 days.

CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of Commercial Extract against mosquito larvae | Trials | Amount(in teaspoon/s) | Mosquito Died(10) | Standard Deviation | 1 | 2 | 9 | 2.83 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 3 |
ACTIVITY OF LEUCAENA LEUOCOCEPHALA AGAINST MOSQUITO LARVAE
TABLE 1.1

Effect of Leucaena leucocephala against mosquito larvae | Trials | Amount(in teaspoon/s) | Mosquito Died(10) | Standard Deviation | 1 | 2 | 8 | 2.65 | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2.83 |
TABLE 1.2

The table shows the insecticidal activity of Leucaena leucocephala and the commercial product against mosquito larvae in different setups. Trial 1, applied with 2 teaspoons of commercial extract killed 9 out of 10 mosquito larvae while in trial 2, applied with 1 teaspoon of commercial extract, killed 8 out of 10 mosquito larvae. Trial 1, applied with 2 teaspoons of L. leuococephala, killed 8 out of 10 mosquito larvae while in trial 2, applied with 1 teaspoon of L.leuococephala, killed 7 out of 10 mosquito larvae.

Result of T-test value T=0.42 The researchers used T-test with the used of two tables with different setups for them to compare the critical value which is 6.197 and calculate the results. It shows that the result of the t-test value was less than the average critical value. It means that there is no significant difference between the commercial product and the Ipil-ipil extract. It means that Ipil-ipil extract can be substituted for the commercial product.

The overall observations show that the L. leucocephala extract is an effective alternative growth of mosquito larvae.

CHAPTER IV

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY The insecticidal activity of Leucaena leucocephala extract and the commercial extract were examined using mosquito larvae. The researchers based the result of Leucauna leucocephala leaves in each setup. In setups A & B which the researchers put commercial extracts while in setup C & D the researchers put Leucauna leucocephala extracts. They were examined by the amount of extracts in each set up. It was seen that the extract of Leucaena leucocephala can be substituted by the commercial products. Based on the results made by the researchers, it was proved that the L. leucocephala leaves were effective in controlling the growth of mosquito larvae.

CONCLUSION

The fact that the calculating results were null hypothesis was accepted. The researchers concluded that the insecticidal activities of Ipil- ipil leaves were classified as substitute for commercial product. The extract of Leucaena leucocephala can stop or control the evolution of mosquito larvae and it can even decrease the population of mosquito larvae stayed in the stagnant water by the use of an alternative mosquito larvicide.

RECOMMENDATION

The mosquito larvae that will be tested should be limited to a specific species. Other extraction methods should also be employed to identify the best extraction method to be used. Experiment should be given sufficient period of time to attain more accurate convincing results. Another process which is finding another extract that is more effective against the mosquito to be used in order to mixed up for greater chance and quality of the product. Other larvae of different species (such as fly) should be experimented in order to know if these extract will be effective against other species. An experiment using mosquito eggs as subject is also needed to know if they have the same response as of the larvae.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Date Accessed: August 26, 2014 http://www.slideshare.net/CamilleFlojo/organic-mosquito-coil-making
Date Accessed: August 28, 2014 http://www.scribd.com/doc/80516514/Ipil-Ipil-as-an-Alternative-Source-of-Floorwax-Lazaro-Et-al
Date Accessed: August 29, 2014 http://www.studymode.com/essays/Mosquito-Repellent-Draft-46053804.html Date Accessed: August 30, 2014 http://cababaros-research.blogspot.com/ Date Accessed: September 1, 2014 http://www.wildernesscollege.com/plants-that-repel-mosquitoes.html Date Accessed: September 2, 2014 http://avrotor.blogspot.com/2012/01/return-of-ipil-ipil-shows-natures.html Date Accessed: September 3, 2014 http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e06.htm APPENDIXES