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Risk and Risk Management

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Risk and risk management 1. Credit Risk –
The risk of loss of principal or loss of a financial reward stemming from a borrower's failure to repay a loan or otherwise meet a contractual obligation. Credit risk arises whenever a borrower is expecting to use future cash flows to pay a current debt. Investors are compensated for assuming credit risk by way of interest payments from the borrower or issuer of a debt obligation.
The higher the perceived credit risk, the higher the rate of interest that investors will demand for lending their capital. Credit risks are calculated based on the borrowers' overall ability to repay. This calculation includes the borrowers' collateral assets, revenue-generating ability and taxing authority (such as for government and municipal bonds).

1) Total loans to assets
The loans to assets ratio measures the total loans outstanding as a percentage of total assets. The higher this ratio indicates a bank is loaned up and its liquidity is low. The higher the ratio, the more risky a bank may be to higher defaults.
This figure is determined as follows:
Loans to Assets = ( Loans / Total Assets )
2) Nonperforming loans/total loans
Nonperforming loans, or NPL, are loans that are no longer producing income for the bank that owns them. Loans become nonperforming when borrowers stop making payments and the loans enter default. The exact classification can vary from institution to institution, but a loan is usually considered to be nonperforming after it has been in default for three consecutive months.
Banks often report their ratio of nonperforming loans to total loans as a measure of the quality of their outstanding loans. A smaller NPL ratio indicates smaller losses for the bank, while a larger (or increasing) NPL ratio can mean larger losses for the bank as it writes off bad loans.
NPL ratio refers to the ratio of non-performing

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