...Special Report Dexia AM Risk Arbitrage Process February 2010 A Focus on the Kraft / Cadbury deal TRANSACTION HISTORY Kraft approach September 7th - Kraft approached Cadbury Possible hostile offer at 745p per share: 300p cash + 0.2589 KFT Cadbury’s board rejected proposal November 9th - Put up or shut up deadline Kraft Formal Offer November 9th - Formal offer on the initial same terms December 14th - Cadbury published defense document January 2nd - Press rumor: Ferrero, Hersey or Private Equity fund could bid Speculation that Nestlé could be a white knight Potential counter bidders: Hershey January 8th – Kraft sells Pizza Business to Nestle for 3.2bn USD Nestlé said they won’t bid for Cadbury Warren Buffet criticized excess use of Kraft’s shares in Cadbury deal. January 18th – Last day for Kraft to revise offer (in the absence of a counter bid) Kraft Revised Offer January 19th - Kraft increasing bid for Cadbury to 850p per share New deal terms are: 500p + 0.1874 KFT + 10p special Dividend Cadbury’s board has recommended the improved offer January 25th – Ferrero and Hersey said they won’t bid for Cadbury February 2nd – Kraft offer is declared unconditional OUR RECOMMENDATION Set up the risk arbitrage spread at -6% flat Recommended position size 2% for DRA and 4% for DLSRA Fit with diversification of portfolio: high quality deal (top players and high quality assets) Expected return 6% flat / 15% annualized ©Dexia Asset Management - Editorial Date: 02 Mar. 10...
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...BS3102 – Financial Management Lecturer: Anh Tran Coursework 1 – Case 5 – 24/11-‘13 Andre Deimling Arman Gabass Carl Dahl Enrico Mellis Philip Koenig BS3102 – Financial Management Lecturer: Anh Tran Coursework 1 – Case 5 – 24/11-‘13 Andre Deimling Arman Gabass Carl Dahl Enrico Mellis Philip Koenig General Electric’s Proposed Acquisition of Honeywell General Electric’s Proposed Acquisition of Honeywell Investment Decisions Analysis of Investment Decisions Analysis of Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Strategic Considerations 4 Political Complications 4 Personalities Involved 4 Valuation Methods 5 Early Closing of Positions 6 Situation Analysis 6 Investments Effects on Closing Positions on the 1st March 2001 7 Late Closing of Position: 8 Investments Effects on Closing Positions after the 1st July 2001 8 Arbitrage Spread 9 Conclusion 11 Executive Summary The proposed merger between General Electric (GE) and Honeywell has been praised by the Companies and up until 1st of March 2001 been called “the cleanest deal you’ll ever see” by Welch, CEO of GE. On the 1st of March the antitrust regulator, The European Commission (EC), announces that they will perform a full review over the potential merger. If GE were to acquire Honeywell, they could become a dominant player in the Aerospace industry. This fact is underlying reason for EC’s review as their main objectives are to prevent market dominance, as effects of un-proportional...
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...Abbot - Alza Case - Term Papers - Baskakov 13/2/21 上午12:38 Hi rogercheng64 Essays Book Notes Citation Generator More Search 990 000 Essays Essays » Business & Economy » Marketing & Advertising Abbot - Alza Case Report | By baskakov, Jun 2012 | 4 Pages (860 Words) | 63 Views| This is a Premium essay for members like you Risk arbitrage (or merge arbitrage) is a trading strategy related to M&A transactions. For example, if an M&A transaction is carried out by means of share exchange between the buzzer and the target, then an arbitrageur may short sell buyer’s stocks and purchase stocks of the target. Until the acquisition is completed, the stock of the target typically trades below the purchase price. After the merger is completed, the target's stock will be converted into stock of the acquirer based on the exchange ratio predetermined in the merger agreement. The arbitrageur delivers the converted stock into his short position to complete the arbitrage. In an efficient capital market, the price of the target and acquirer will fully and immediately reflect the terms of the merger. However, risk arises from the possibility of deals failing to go through. Such possibility put the risk in the term “risk arbitrage”. Green circle had USD 500 million in AUM with 5% upper bound of position in a distinct investment (or 25 million). Smith arbitrage position was within the bounds or 13.5 million in short Abbot and 12.5 million in long position for Alza stocks...
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...HBS Case 9‐202‐024 Strategic Capital Management, LLC Instruction for the Case Report The case report carries 10 marks and should follow the structure suggested below. It should have at most 6 pages including the cover page, and should be printed with line space 1.5 lines and font size 12. The cover page should contain the name of the group, student name and ID number. There is one mark for the clarity of the writing. Note that lecturers will help you to clarify conceptual issues but not specific case questions and calculations. The report is due at 5pm Friday March 29 in the submission box on Level 3 of Block D. No electronic submission will be accepted. Late submission carries point deduction: 5 marks for 1‐day (or less) overdue, 8 marks for 2‐day overdue, and all 10 marks for 3‐day (or more) overdue. Exception will be considered only for medical reasons. Case Report Structure: I. Case background (0.5 mark) II. III. Create a table with the key dates, events, and decisions to be made. Investing in hedge funds (1 mark) Key differences with mutual funds in terms of investment strategy, risk, and reward. Arbitrage opportunity (2 mark) Was there an arbitrage opportunity on Dec 9? What should be the arbitrage transactions (long or short in each stock, number of Ubid shares for each share of Creative Computers)? Elena is required to post cash collateral for her short position. Should she borrow to purchase Creative Computers (CC)...
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...HBS Case 9‐202‐024 Strategic Capital Management, LLC Instruction for the Case Report The case report carries 10 marks and should follow the structure suggested below. It should have at most 6 pages including the cover page, and should be printed with line space 1.5 lines and font size 12. The cover page should contain the name of the group, student name and ID number. There is one mark for the clarity of the writing. Note that lecturers will help you to clarify conceptual issues but not specific case questions and calculations. The report is due at 5pm Friday March 29 in the submission box on Level 3 of Block D. No electronic submission will be accepted. Late submission carries point deduction: 5 marks for 1‐day (or less) overdue, 8 marks for 2‐day overdue, and all 10 marks for 3‐day (or more) overdue. Exception will be considered only for medical reasons. Case Report Structure: I. Case background (0.5 mark) II. III. Create a table with the key dates, events, and decisions to be made. Investing in hedge funds (1 mark) Key differences with mutual funds in terms of investment strategy, risk, and reward. Arbitrage opportunity (2 mark) Was there an arbitrage opportunity on Dec 9? What should be the arbitrage transactions (long or short in each stock, number of Ubid shares for each share of Creative Computers)? Elena is required to post cash collateral for her short position. Should she borrow to purchase Creative Computers (CC)...
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...32 Number 3 August 2003: 349–380 Long-Term Capital Management and the sociology of arbitrage Donald MacKenzie Abstract Arbitrage is a key process in the practice of financial markets and in their theoretical depiction: it allows markets to be posited as efficient without all investors being assumed to be rational. This article explores the sociology of arbitrage by means of an examination of the arbitrageurs, Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM). LTCM’s 1998 crisis is analysed using both qualitative, interview-based data and quantitative examination of price movements. It is suggested that the roots of the crisis lay in an unstable pattern of imitation that had developed in the markets within which LTCM operated. As the resulting ‘superportfolio’ began to unravel, arbitrageurs other than LTCM fled the market, even as arbitrage opportunities became more attractive, causing huge price movements against LTCM. Three features of the sociology of arbitrage are discussed: its conduct by people often personally known to each other; the possibility and consequences of imitation; and the limits on the capacity of arbitrage to close price discrepancies. It is suggested that by 1998 imitative arbitrage formed a ‘global microstructure’ in the sense of Knorr Cetina and Bruegger. Keywords: arbitrage; economic sociology; imitation; Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM); globalization; risk. Introduction Of all the contested boundaries that define the discipline of sociology...
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...Characteristics of risk and return in risk arbitrage Purpose of this paper is to analyze 4750 mergers from 1963 to 1998 to characterize the risk and return in risk arbitrage. After the announcement of a merger or acquisition the target company stock typically trade at discount to the price offered by the acquiring company. The difference is known as arbitrage spread, called merge arbitrage referred to an investment strategy making profit from this spread. If merger is successful the arbitrageur will capture the arbitrage spread, if not he will lose money. Previous papers have concluded with that investors make money from this strategy. These finding suggest that financial market are not efficient in the pricing of firms. There are other to explanations one is that transaction and other practical limitations prevent investors from realizing these extraordinary returns. The second it that risk arbitrageurs receive a risk premium to compensate the risk of deal failure. Effect of transaction cost Construct to different series of risk arbitrage returns. The first series is calendar time value weighted average of return to individual mergers ignoring transaction cost and other practical limits. The second portfolio return series mimics the return from hypothetical risk arbitrage index manager. It includes transaction cost, consisting both broker commission and price impact associated with trading less than perfectly liquid securities. And include also practical constraint. When...
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...Multiples Historical Equity and Bond Returns The Selection of Comparable Firms Screening Engines Calculating Multiples Unlevered (or Enterprise) Multiples Beware of Price-to-ebitda Ratios P/E Ratios and Dividends Price-to-sales Multiples During the Internet Bubble Multiple Comparison Methods and Chain Letters Asset-based valuation: Break Up Values Firms Trading as Market Values less than Net Assets No Arbitrage: the Law of One Price How Share Prices are Arbitraged Negative Stub Values Expectational Arbitrage and the Risk of Arbitraging The Cost of Arbitrage: Why There Might Appear to be an Arbitrage Opportunity When There is None. Dealing with Risk in Active Investing Readers’ Corner Appendix to Web Page: Formal Analysis of Abnormal Returns, No-arbitrage, and Market Efficiency What this Chapter is Doing Chapter 3 does three things: First, it looks at three valuation and investment approaches that use financial statement information, but in limited, suspect or impractical ways, and points out the pitfalls in these methods: o The Method of Comparables o Screening Analysis o Asset-Based Valuation Second, it outlines the architecture of fundamental valuation approaches that employ all available information, and illustrates...
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...Wahe Guru Satnaam Case Report Structure: I. Case background (0.5 mark) • Create a table with the key dates, events, and decisions to be made. |Keys Date |Events |Decisins to be made | |1998 |Closing of seven retail store of creative computers and |Development of Ubid Website | | |selling of factories excess and other reburised goods through| | | |internet | | |6/07/1998 |Selling of 20% of Ubids equity in Intial public Offerings and|Increasing the market awarness about Ubid | | |remaining 80% to be dustributed among the share holders | | |3/12/1998 |Ubid Intial Public Offerings took place |Sold 1.817 million share at $15 | |4/12/1998 |Ubid recognised as publicly traded company |Market Capitalization | |9/12/1998 |Elena Kings first investment as a hedge Manager |To invest the funds in appropriate internet company for | | | ...
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...Multifactor model 2 2.0 Arbitrage pricing theory (APT) 2 3.0 Multifactor Models (APT) and Testing 4 Reference 7 Multifactor model Estimation of returns on security and APT on International level demonstrating Factors Those are statistically significant 1.0 Multifactor model Pardalos (1997) defines multifactor model as a financial model which uses multiple factors during computation to explain a given market phenomena or at a given equilibrium market prices. The model is also useful in explaining both the individual and portfolio market securities. This is capable through comparison of two or more factors which are being analyzed to determine the relationship between the securities performance and the variables. Formula can be used to express the relationship Return on equity (Ri), Market return (Rm), factor search (F 1, 2…) 2.0 Arbitrage pricing theory (APT) The relationship between literature theories and the stock market behavior is the Asset Pricing model (Levy and Thierry 2005). Consigli and Wallace (2000) in their study, indicates that both are used in whenever securities are being given price and the individual assets risk are also being priced and can also be used in between portfolio to give a more insights of business activities and behavior hence helps in calculating related discounts security interest rates and also helps investors to take calculated risk before making decisions...
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...Risk Arbitrage: Abbott Labs & Alza 1) How does risk arbitrage work? What are the risks and opportunities associated with this strategy? Risk arbitrage, or merger and acquisition arbitrage, is one of three types of arbitrage strategies. Two types of mergers are possible: a cash merger and a stock merger. Cash Merger Opportunities Acquirer proposes to purchase the shares of the target for a certain price in cash. Until the acquisition is completed, the stock of the target usually trades below the purchase price. An arbitrageur buys the stock of the target and makes a gain if the acquirer ultimately buys the stock. Stock-for-Stock Merger Opportunities Acquirer proposes to buy the target by exchanging its own stock for the stock of the target. An arbitrageur my then short sell the acquirer and buy the stock of the target. This is called “setting a spread.” After the merger is completed, the target’s stock will be converted into stock of the acquirer based on the exchange ratio determined by the merger agreement. The arbitrageur delivers the converted stock into his/her short position to complete the arbitrage. Risks Associated with M/A Arbitrage Risks arise from the possibility of deals failing to go through. Obstacles may include either party's inability to satisfy conditions of the merger, a failure to obtain shareholder approval, or failure to receive antitrust and other regulatory clearances. 2) Green circle shorted 312,000 Abbott shares and longed 260,000 Alza...
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...American Finance Association Limited Arbitrage in Equity Markets Author(s): Mark Mitchell, Todd Pulvino, Erik Stafford Source: The Journal of Finance, Vol. 57, No. 2 (Apr., 2002), pp. 551-584 Published by: Blackwell Publishing for the American Finance Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2697750 Accessed: 08/01/2010 15:26 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=black. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Blackwell Publishing and American Finance Association...
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...American Standard is: a) Hedging. b) Speculating. c) Locking in an arbitrage profit. Answer: Part a) Hedging is the correct answer. ------------------------------------------------- 2) American Standard Co. has a 90 day £62,500 receivable. American Standard’s bank, Bank of America, suggests a put option contract that matures in 90 days. American Standard purchases one put option contract, where one contract corresponds to a quantity of £62,500. American Standard is: a) Hedging. b) Speculating. c) Locking in an arbitrage profit. Answer: Part a) Hedging is the correct answer. Because in this case, the American Standard Co is sure about the money to be received and wants to hedge against the exchange rate risk which is hedging. ------------------------------------------------- 3) American Standard Co. has a 90 day £62,500 receivable. American Standard’s bank, Bank of America, suggests a call option contract that matures in 90 days. American Standard purchases one call option contract, where one contract corresponds to a quantity of £62,500. American Standard is: a) Hedging. b) Speculating. c) Locking in an arbitrage profit. Answer: Part a) Hedging is the correct answer and not locking in an arbitrage profit, because in this case, the American Standard Co is sure about the money to be received and wants to hedge against the exchange rate risk which is hedging. ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...scientifically measure the potential returns on an investment. The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) are two of such models. The purpose of this essay is to critically compare the Arbitrage Pricing Theory with the Capital Asset Pricing Model as used by fund managers in the United Kingdom. Captial Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) When Sharpe (1964) and Lintner (1965) proposed the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), it was seen as a leading tool in measuring if an investment will yield in positive or negative returns. It attempts to explain the relationship between investment risk and expected reward of risky securities (Ushad, 2011; Reilly and Brown, 2011; Heshmat, 2012). The CAPM helps to determine the required rate of return for any risky asset (Reilly and Brown, 2011). “The CAPM states that the expected return on a security or a portfolio equals the rate on a risk-free security plus a risk premium” (Heshmat, 2012: 504). It indicates that the expected return on an asset has a positive linear relationship with the non-diversifiable risk of the security (beta) (Heshmat, 2012). Ushad (2011) explains that the CAPM is based on the premise that higher returns should be associated with higher beta risks. It is usually calculated as follows: E(Ri)= Rf + βi (E(Rm) - Rf). (Ushad, 2011). Where, E(Ri) = return required on financial asset i Rf = risk-free rate of return βi = the sensitivity of the asset’s return to the market E(Rm) = average return on...
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...Chapter 18 A SURVEY OF BEHAVIORAL FINANCE ° NICHOLAS BARBERIS University of Chicago RICHARD THALER University of Chicago Contents Abstract Keywords 1. Introduction 2. Limits to arbitrage 2.1. Market efficiency 2.2. Theory 2.3. Evidence 2.3.1. Twin shares 2.3.2. Index inclusions 2.3.3. Internet carve-outs 3. Psychology 3.1. Beliefs 3.2. Preferences 3.2.1. Prospect theory 3.2.2. Ambiguity aversion 4. Application: The aggregate stock market 4.1. The equity premium puzzle 4.1.1. Prospect theory 4.1.2. Ambiguity aversion 4.2. The volatility puzzle 4.2.1. Beliefs 4.2.2. Preferences 5. Application: The cross-section of average returns 5.1. Belief-based models 1054 1054 1055 1056 1056 1058 1061 1061 1063 1064 1065 1065 1069 1069 1074 1075 1078 1079 1082 1083 1084 1086 1087 1092 ° We are very grateful to Markus Brunnermeier, George Constantinides, Kent Daniel, Milt Harris, Ming Huang, Owen Lamont, Jay Ritter, Andrei Shleifer, Jeremy Stein and Tuomo Vuolteenaho for extensive comments. Handbook of the Economics of Finance, Edited by G.M. Constantinides, M. Harris and R. Stulz © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved . 1054 5.2. Belief-based models with institutional frictions 5.3. Preferences N. Barberis and R. Thaler 6. Application: Closed-end funds and comovement 6.1. Closed-end funds 6.2. Comovement 7. Application: Investor behavior 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5. Insufficient diversification Naive diversification Excessive trading The selling decision...
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