...GM591: Leadership and Organizational Behavior LIFE STYLES INVENTORY When proceeding with this life style survey, I was convinced that my “primary” style and/or my “back up” style will be far transparent from being Conventional and Oppositional. Moreover, in reviewing more in depth towards the final results, some of the outcomes are not exactly what I was expecting. In areas I thought should have resulted in a superlative score it barely met expectation in my scheme of things. Conventional-oriented has been revealed to be my “primary” style as the scoring was in the 98 percentile. I am by far not a manager that sees rules as more important than ideas. In fact, I do have a conservative behavior; however, it does not keep me away from trying new things. When working in a job I have always set goals and guidelines to be successful at my job skill. It has always persevered because I either was promoted at a rapid rate or acknowledgement went to me for an outstanding job. When working on a new job task that has been thrown my way, I get exhilarated from the new at all times. This describes more of an achievement-oriented “primary result” and what I was expecting at the end. At work, I am not seen as manager that will do things “by the book.” However, I am typically concerned with doing what is expected, but I am seeing as a manager that has high abilities to motivate subordinates to set goals and...
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...Journal 2 When it comes to me and negotiation I fall under the category of avoidance. I will say that if there is a way to avoid a major conflict or future conflict I usually take the steps to do that. There are also many times when I personally find things not worthy of a major discussion. I would rather take care of things that are going to have a major impact rather than little complications that pop up here and there. Time management is something that I focus on, so there are times where I do avoid issues that could be solved and they end up turning into a bigger situation then they needed to be. When I thought about this I realized that being an avoider could actually be a big disadvantage. When I continually avoid all the smaller issues that are occurring they have the potential to turn into one huge issue. That large issue will probably end up taking a lot more time to resolve, and could result in the relationships that I have being hurt. If you are not willing to sit down and have discussions with your counterparts or even people on your side, you risk the chance of them not wanting to work with you at all. Once that happens it will be a lot harder to get a deal done when the time comes for a negotiation of some sort. Another disadvantage of being an avoider is the fact that if you are constantly avoiding situations that could be resolved with a little bit of negotiation nothing will ever get done or get changed. When you look at some of the traits of an...
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...Five Conflict Management Styles Here are the five conflict management styles according to Thomas, K.W., and R.H. Kilmann: Accommodating – This is when you cooperate to a high-degree, and it may be at your own expense, and actually work against your own goals, objectives, and desired outcomes. This approach is effective when the other party is the expert or has a better solution. It can also be effective for preserving future relations with the other party. 1. Avoiding - This is when you simply avoid the issue. You aren’t helping the other party reach their goals, and you aren’t assertively pursuing your own. This works when the issue is trivial or when you have no chance of winning. It can also be effective when the issue would be very costly. It’s also very effective when the atmosphere is emotionally charged and you need to create some space. Sometimes issues will resolve themselves, but “hope is not a strategy”, and, in general, avoiding is not a good long term strategy. 2. Collaborating – This is where you partner or pair up with the other party to achieve both of your goals. This is how you break free of the “win-lose” paradigm and seek the “win-win.” This can be effective for complex scenarios where you need to find a novel solution. This can also mean re-framing the challenge to create a bigger space and room for everybody’s ideas. The downside is that it requires a high-degree of trust and reaching a consensus can require a lot of time and effort...
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...Life Style Inventory Results Management 591 Leadership and Organizational Behavior Anne Hallcom September 16, 2012 The LSI, life styles inventory, measures twelve specific patterns of thinking that are broken down into three categories: constructive, passive/defensive, and aggressive/defensive. Constructive styles reflect self- thinking to receive your own satisfaction, develop relationships to work with people, and task completion. Passive/defensive styles reflect self- protecting thinking to ensure security needs with people. Aggressive/defensive styles reflect self-promoting thinking to maintain position through security needs by task-related activities. After taking the LSI survey my primary and secondary styles of thinking fall under aggressive/defensive thinking. My limiting style of thinking falls under passive/defensive thinking. My primary thinking style, power, measures your self-worth to a degree that we can control and dominate others. Power thinkers lack confidence in others and try to establish their feelings of self-importance. Power thinkers are characterized to be aggressive and to have a rigid way of thinking. Power thinkers have a high need for control, power, prestige, and status. Power thinkers dictate the actions of others and they are threatened by undermined authority. Consequently, the qualities I found to be true about me regarding power is that I have a lot of aggression, lack confidence in others, and I have a high need of control and influence. At...
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...1.0 introduction The Thomas Kilmann Model is simple tool that provides practice scenario of particular methodologies to managing conflict viably. The exploration upheld TKI offers a commonsense approach to launch safe and nonemotional discourse to resolve conflict. That is the reason its perfect for utilization in such a variety of diverse situations. It can additionally enhance organizational profit by helping individuals pick up knowledge into their own particular and others' conduct which thus helps them settle on better decisions about conclusions. The TKI is directed in simple to-utilize online and self-scorable configurations. Conflict is an inescapable part of human relationships. Where responsibility to mission and extended periods with negligible assets converge, not-for-profit work environments might be overflowing with conflict trades. Conflict can go out from administering varying viewpoints and clearly inconsistent concerns. Assuming that we can acknowledge it as a regular part of our zealous scene, it might be simpler to work with than in the event that we need (or wish!) conflict to never resurface. 2.0 Introduction of Thomas Kilmann Models. The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument is intended to evaluate an individual conduct and behavior in certain scenarios. "Conflict Situations" are the scenarios in which the concerns of two individuals seem, by all accounts, to be incongruent. Conflict is a social culture...
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...APPLE TAX AVOIDANCE SCHEME DOUBLE NON-TAXATION April 2015 1 Apple International Structure Source: New York Times 2 Taxation Principles RESIDENCE: • Incorporation • Place of Management -> Case of Ireland SOURCE: • Source jurisdiction is generally expected to have priority, but the concept of source is generally poorly developed in domestic tax legislation • Notion of permanent establishment, head office and transfer pricing rules 3 Double Irish Arrangement • The Double Irish Arrangement is a tax avoidance strategy that some multinational corporations use to shift income from a higher-tax country to a lower-tax country. • It is called Double Irish because it requires two Irish companies to complete the structure. One of these companies is tax resident in a tax haven 4 Apple Operations International (AOI) • AOI, the company's primary offshore holding company, made up 30% of Apple's total world profits. • Residence: Irish and U.S. tax residency rules: • Ireland uses a management and control test to determine tax residency. • United States determines tax residency based upon the entity’s place of formation. • AOI is incorporated in Ireland, it is not tax resident in Ireland, because AOI is neither managed nor controlled in Ireland. Because AOI was not incorporated in the United States, AOI is not a U.S. tax resident under U.S. tax law either. 5 Apple Sales International (ASI) (1) • The second...
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...Adult Entertainment: The Effect it has on Local Politics, Taxes, & Society Lindsey M. Chapman BUS 670: Legal Environment Professor Kim Stock-Foster May 21, 2012 While planning the development and growth of any city, most government officials do not keep the idea of adult entertainment type businesses at the top of their list or in the front of their minds; however almost any and every city of any size will have to encounter this type of business at some point in time. Adult entertainment type businesses come with their own type of issues when it comes to tax laws, business permits, and so forth, but in the past these types of businesses have been able to utilize their First Amendment Rights to defend their style of business, but when these types of businesses are utilizing local tax money to protect and defend their businesses when is enough, enough? It is well known that many people will turn to adult entertainment, not only for entertainment but for work for the simple fact of making a significant amount of money in a very short time; however what kind of impact do these types of businesses have on local governments and societies when the majority of the employees do not pay any taxes on their income? The following paper will describe the effects that adult entertainment businesses have on local governments, the tax laws, and the effects these taxes have on the society of the environment the business is in. Throughout history there have been many...
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...avoid taxes without evading them illegally and suffering consequences. However, in the case presented by Tanina Rostain. KPMG has used tax shelters as a form of tax evasion rather than tax avoidance. My goal in this paper is to discuss how the concept of Groupthink and Rationalization played a role in the partners decisions, point out when tax avoidance becomes tax evasion, Describe how CPA firms can provide high quality tax consulting for their clients without crossing the line into tax evasion, and Finally analyze why KPMG (as an organization) failed to prevent this scandal from occurring at their firm. First of all, when discussing concepts like "Groupthink" and "Rationalization" I prefer to start with a brief definition. "Groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment”(Irving). While " Rationalization is a defense mechanism that involves explaining an unacceptable behavior or feeling in a rational or logical manner, avoiding the true reasons for the behavior"(Cherry). As we can see from these definitions, the tax partners in KPMG showed popular symptoms' of groupthink which are: * "Illusion of invulnerability –Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks. * Collective rationalization – Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions. * Belief in inherent morality – Members believe in the rightness of their cause...
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...of tax shelters, tax avoidance, tax evasion, and tax flight (Kirchler, Maciejovsky, & Schneider, 2003). While this suggests a tolerance based on legal concerns, there exists a growing accountability for corporate social responsibility, “whereby organizations consider the interests of society by taking responsibility for the impact of their activities on customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, communities, and others stakeholders, as well as their environment” (Guliani, 2014, p. 1117). Part of this includes, “companies paying their due taxes and obeying the law” (Guliani, 2014, p. 1120). In order to analyze the ethicality of tax shelters, this paper will introduce a variety of corporate tax shelters, discuss corporate tax shelters in relation to tax avoidance and tax evasion, explore the impact of corporate tax shelters on stakeholders, and examine the affect corporate social responsibility has on tax liability. A Legal and Ethical Examination of Corporate Tax Shelters As each business embarks on a pursuit for profit, companies often find opportunities to reduce tax liabilities in the form of corporate tax shelters. Corporations should be aware that when reducing tax liability, they must consider the legality and the morality of their actions. While the concept of tax shelters has gained negative connotations throughout the years, “tax shelters are transactions or arrangements that generate tax losses without incurring economic losses or risk” (Lisowsky, 2010, p...
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...Personal Thinking Styles Pursuant to my Life Styles Inventory (LSI): Self-description results my primary personal thinking style is “Avoidance” with a percentile score of 55% and my back-up thinking style is “Conventional” with a percentile score of 50%. As I reviewed my circumplex I became rather disturbed as I tried to understand the “Avoidance” scale. The LSI description of Avoidance states that the this thinking style is defined by tendencies of denying responsibility and your behavior, feelings of guilt and an obsession of your own concerns. I have trouble relating to these characteristics as I hardly stray from responsibility if it’s warranted or of having guilty feelings and am definitely not obsessive over my own concerns. In fact, I always own up to my responsibilities and/or any mess ups either at work or at home. I have not been in a role of a manager yet have supervised a number of interns and I have never been threatened by or with any responsibilities pushed upon me. In fact, I almost always took same on with confidence and a sense of dedication. I do agree with the assessment that at times I may not give myself full credit where I completely deserve it; I have attributed this more to humility than to insecurity. Although I am not hard on myself for mistakes and misjudgments I do, however, tend to dwell on things far longer than necessary. For example, if during a presentation I stumbled in answering a question I would live with the embarrassment of same...
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...(802.1Qau - Congestion Notification). Congestion is defined as the condition in which demand exceeds available network resources (i.e., bandwidth or buffer space) for a sustained period of time. Congestion control deals with the resource allocation and traffic management mechanisms that avoid or recover from conditions causing congestive situations. (McDysan, Spohn (1999). The methods for congestion control in frame relay involve congestion management and avoidance. Congestion management attempts to make sure the network never experiences congestion. One method of management attempts to avoid congestion entirely. This involves network designers allocating proper resource allocation which may include changes to: * Physical trunk capacity * Virtual Path Connection (VPC) Bandwidth * Allocated Buffer Space The way in which a network allocates resources may be a balance between economic implementation cost and the degree of guaranteed Quality of Server (QoS). Congestion avoidance attempts to avoid severe congestion while at the...
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...Choice of Mortgage Products: A Behavioral Investigation Masaki Mori International University of Japan Julian Diaz III and Alan J. Ziobrowski Georgia State University Nico B. Rottke European Business School Using data from three countries that differ economically, culturally, and geographically, this study examines the role of Prospect Theory’s reflection effect, a psychological factor, in combination with Uncertainty Avoidance (UA), a cultural factor, on the choice of mortgage products. Experiments were conducted using business professionals in the United States, Germany, and Japan. The results suggest that risk-averse people tend to become more risk seeking, leaning more toward adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) when choosing a mortgage type, and that this psychological effect may underlie the mortgage choices of people who tend to choose ARMs, even across countries with different cultures. Keywords: Adjustable-rate mortgage, Fixed-rate mortgage, Prospect theory, Uncertainty avoidance, Experiment INTRODUCTION In terms of household risk management, the choice of a residential mortgage is one of the most significant decisions to make. At the end of second-quarter 2005, the value of outstanding U.S. residential mortgages was $8 trillion, 65% of the 2005 GDP (Federal Reserve Board of Governors [2005] In Germany, the residential mortgage debt ratio as a percentage of GDP was 51% at the end of 2006 (European Mortgage Federation). In Japan, the value of outstanding residential...
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...What is Risk? A. Uncertainty Concept—risk traditionally has been defined as uncertainty B. Objective Risk 1. Defined as the relative variation of actual loss from expected loss 2. Declines as the number of exposure units increases 3. Is measurable by using the standard deviation or coefficient of variation C. Subjective Risk 1. Defined as uncertainty based on one’s mental condition or state of mind 2. Difficult to measure II. Chance of Loss A. Objective Probability 1. A priori—by logical deduction such as in games of chance 2. Empirically—by induction, through analysis of data 2 Rejda • Principles of Risk Management and Insurance, Tenth Edition B. Subjective Probability—a personal estimate of the chance of loss. It need not coincide with objective probability and is influenced by a variety of factors including age, sex, intelligence, education, and personality. C. Chance of Loss Distinguished from Risk—although chance of loss may be the same for two groups, the relative variation of actual loss from expected loss may be quite different. III. Peril and Hazard A. Peril—defined as the cause of loss B. Hazard 1. Physical hazard—physical condition that increases the chance of loss. Examples are icy streets, poorly designed intersections, and dimly lit stairways. 2. Moral hazard—dishonesty or characteristics of an individual that increase the chance of loss 3. Morale hazard—carelessness or indifference to a loss because of the existence of insurance 4. Legal...
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...treated as an individual. The implication is showed in the reward system; the rewards are going to be given to the individual. Where in the other hand, collectivist mindset represent the group instead of themselves. Each mindset should be treated accordingly. Power Distance (who is making the decision) Culture that are low power distance sharing of power is a must. The employees are expected to be involved in the decision making. Managers need to learn how to make the decision via power sharing. People with high power distance mindset tends to operate under instructions. Leadership management style needs to be customized. Uncertainty Avoidance; how decision is made High uncertainty avoidance = Low risk taker and vice versa. The decisions are made quickly as the quickest as possible manner is important. Low uncertainty avoidance= high risk taker Masculinity (equality in the workplace) Managers needs to understand when they are working in the Masculine culture, they need to accept it not to change it. For example: no female managers to middle east. Long term short term Planning, setting goals, target, and objectives. Short term wants to achieve everything in the shortest period as possible. QUESTIONS 3 1st part: current theories give reason to motivate people. 2nd part: whether the framework will work motivating * Maslow’s needs * McLalend Goal setting theories and rules setting theories are content and process theory. Why motivation always connected to satisfaction...
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...Sensitivity and Risk-Taking Behaviors of Working Students Research Paper In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements in Technical English By: Alnas, Kyle Bryan J. Balisacan, Meashelle Jan P. Sato, Shomi P. Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents the literature and studies made by various educators which are found relevant to the present study. Relevant, related literatures were reviewed and analyzed to give support to the study undertaken. This chapter presents the discussion made by the different authorities which served as the backbone of the present research inquiry. Anxiety Sensitivity and Risk Taking Behavior Risk-taking refers to participation in behaviors that could lead to an undesirable or dangerous outcome (Byrnes, Miller & Schafer, 1999). Although risk-taking can be adaptive when the benefits of a behavior outweigh the costs or are more probable than the undesirable outcome, it can also be maladaptive when the opposite is true. Reason and judgment are used when assessing risk to determine if the potential gain of a behavior outweighs potential loss (Kahneman, 2003), and research suggests that personality and individual difference variables influence risk perception and risk taking behavior. (Dewberry, Juanchich & Narendran, 2013; Kozhevnikov, 2007). Studies have shown that the Big-5 personality factors (i.e., openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) exhibit different relationships with risk-preference...
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