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Risk Management

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SIPIL MESIN ARSITEKTUR ELEKTRO

MANAJEMEN RiSIKO DALAM PROYEK KONSTRUKSI
Mastura Labombang*

Abstract
Risk is the variation in things that may happen naturally or the possibility of occurrence of events beyond that expected of a threat to property and financial benefits due to hazards that occur. Risk management is an approach taken against risks is to understand, identify and evaluate the risk of a proyek.Tujuan of this study is to know about risk management in project construction. The method used is the study of literature on risk management in construction projects with reference to relevant theories. The study shows that risk management is very important to do for every construction project to avoid losses on cost, quality and project completion schedule. Conduct response actions carried out against possible risks (risk response) by: holding risk (risk retention), reduce the risk (risk reduction), transfer of risk (risk transfer), to avoid risk (risk avoidance). Key words : Risk management, construction project

Abstrak
Risiko adalah variasi dalam hal-hal yang mungkin terjadi secara alami atau kemungkinan terjadinya peristiwa diluar yang diharapkan yang merupakan ancaman terhadap properti dan keuntungan finansial akibat bahaya yang terjadi. Manajemen risiko merupakan Pendekatan yang dilakukan terhadap risiko yaitu dengan memahami, mengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi risiko suatu proyek.Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang manajemen risiko pada proyek konstruksi. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur tentang manajemen risiko pada proyek konstruksi dengan mengacu kepada teori-teori yang relevan. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa manajemen risiko sangat penting dilakukan bagi setiap proyek konstruksi untuk menghindari kerugian atas biaya, mutu dan jadwal penyelesaian proyek. Melakukan tindakan penanganan yang dilakukan terhadap risiko yang mungkin terjadi (respon risiko) dengan cara : menahan risiko (risk retention), mengurangi risiko (risk reduction), mengalihkan risiko (risk transfer), menghindari risiko (risk avoidance). Kata Kunci : Manajemen resiko, proyek konstruksi

1. Pendahuluan Proyek konstruksi merupakan suatu bidang yang dinamis dan mengandung risiko. Risiko dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap produktivitas, kinerja, kualitas dan dan batasan biaya dari proyek. Risiko dapat dikatakan merupakan akibat yang mungkin terjadi

secara tak terduga. Walaupun suatu kegiatan telah direncanakan sebaik mungkin, namun tetap mengandung ketidakpastian bahwa nanti akan berjalan sepenuhnya sesuai rencana. Risiko pada proyek konstruksi bagaimanapun tidak dapat dihilangkan tetapi dapat dikurangi atau ditransfer dari satu pihak kepihak lainnya (Kangari,

* Staf Pengajar Jurusan Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Tadulako, Palu

Jurnal SMARTek, Vol. 9 No. 1. Pebruari 2011: 39 - 46

1995). Bila risiko terjadi akan berdampak pada pada terganggunya kinerja proyek secara keseluruhan sehingga dapat menimbulkan kerugian terhadap biaya, waktu dan kualitas pekerjaan. Para pelaku dalam industri konstruksi sekarang ini makin menyadari akan pentingnya memperhatikan permasalahan risiko pada proyekproyek yang ditangani, karena kesalahan dalam memperkirakan dan menangani risiko akan menimbulkan dampak negatif, baik langsung maupun tidak langsung pada proyek konstruksi. Risiko dapat menyebabkan pertambahan biaya dan keterlambatan jadwal penyelesaian proyek. Oleh karena besarnya dampak yang ditimbulkan, maka tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengetahui manajemen risiko pada proyek konstruksi, dengan melakukan studi literatur yang mengacu kepada teori-teori yang relevan.

2. Tinjauan Pustaka 2.1 Risiko Risiko merupakan variasi dalam hal-hal yang mungkin terjadi secara alami didalam suatu situasi (Fisk, 1997). Risiko adalah ancaman terhadap kehidupan, properti atau keuntungan finansial akibat bahaya yang terjadi (Duffield & Trigunarsyah, 1999). Secara umum risiko dikaitkan dengan kemungkinan (probabilitas) terjadinya peristiwa diluar yang diharapkan (Soeharto, 1995). Jadi risiko adalah variasi dalam hal-hal yang mungkin terjadi secara alami atau kemungkinan terjadinya peristiwa diluar yang diharapkan yang merupakan ancaman terhadap properti dan keuntungan finansial akibat bahaya yang terjadi. Secara umum risiko dapat diklasifikasikan menurut berbagai sudut pandang yang tergantung dari dari 40

kebutuhan dalam penanganannya (Rahayu, 2001) : 1) Risiko murni dan risiko spekulatif (Pure risk and speculative risk) Dimana risiko murni dianggap sebagai suatu ketidakpastian yang dikaitkan dengan adanya suatu luaran (outcome) yaitu kerugian. Contoh risiko murni kecelakaan kerja di proyek. Karena itu risiko murni dikenal dengan nama risiko statis. Risiko spekulatif mengandung dua keluaran yaitu kerugian (loss) dan keuntungan (gain). Risiko spekulatif dikenal sebagai risiko dinamis. Contoh risiko spekulatif pada perusahaan asuransi jika risiko yang dijamin terjadi maka pihak asuransi akan mengalami kerugian karena harus menanggung uang pertanggungan sebesar nilai kerugian yang terjadi tetapi bila risiko yang dijamin tidak terjadi maka perusahaan akan meperoleh keuntungan. 2) Risiko terhadap benda dan manusia, dimana risiko terhadap benda adalah risiko yang menimpa benda seperti rumah terbakar sedangkan risiko terhadap manusia adalah risiko yang menimpa manusia seperti risiko hari tua, kematian dsb. 3) Risiko fundamental dan risiko khusus (fundamental risk and particular risk) Risiko fundamental adalah risiko yang kemungkinannya dapat timbul pada hampir sebagian besar anggota masyarakat dan tidak dapat disalahkan pada seseorang atau beberapa orang sebagai penyebabnya, contoh risiko fundamental: bencana alam, peperangan. Risiko khusus adalah risiko yang bersumber dari peristiwaperistiwa yang mandiri dimana sifat dari risiko ini adalah tidak selalu bersifat bencana, bisa dikendalikan atau umumnya dapat diasuransikan.

Manajemen Risiko dalam Proyek Konstruksi (Mastura Labombang)

Contoh risiko khusus: jatuhnya kapal terbang, kandasnya kapal dsb. 2.2 Jenis risiko Risiko-risiko yang terdapat pada proyek konstruksi sangat banyak, namun tidak semua risiko-risiko tersebut perlu diprediksi dan diperhatikan untuk memulai suatu proyek karena hal itu akan memakan waktu yang lama. Oleh karena itu pihak-pihak didalam proyek kontruksi perlu untuk memberi prioritas pada risiko-risiko yang penting yang akan memberikan pengaruh terhadap keuntungan proyek. Risiko-risiko tersebut adalah (Wideman, 1992) : • External, tidak dapat diprediksi (tidak dapat dikontrol): • a)Perubahan peraturan perundangundangan, b) Bencana alam : badai, banjir, gempa bumi, c) Akibat kejadian pengrusakan dan sabotase, d) Pengaruh lingkungan dan sosial, sebagai akibat dari proyek, e) Kegagalan penyelesaian proyek • External, dapat diprediksi (tetapi tidak dapat dikontrol): • a)Resiko pasar, b) Operasional (setelah proyek selesai), c) Pengaruh lingkungan, d) Pengaruh sosial, e) Perubahan mata uang, f) Inflasi, g) Pajak • Internal, non-teknik (tetapi umumnya dapat dikontrol): • a)Manajemen, b) Jadwal yang terlambat, c) Pertambahan biaya, d) Cash flow, e)Potensi kehilangan atas manfaat dan keuntungan • Teknik (dapat dikontrol): • a)Perubahan teknologi, b) Risiko-risiko spesifikasi atas teknologi proyek, • c) Desain • Hukum, timbulnya kesulitan akibat dari : a)Lisensi, b) Hak paten, c) Gugatan dari luar, d) Gugatan dari dalam, e) Hal-hal tak terduga

Menurut Flanagan & Norman (1993), risiko-risiko dalam proyek konstruksi adalah : a. Penyelesaian yang gagal sesuai desain yang telah ditentukan/penetapan waktu konstruksi b. Kegagalan untuk memperoleh gambar perencanaan, detail perencanaan/izin dengan waktu yang tersedia. c. Kondisi tanah yang tak terduga d. Cuaca yang sangat buruk. e. Pemogokan tenaga kerja. f. Kenaikan harga yang tidak terduga untuk tenaga kerja dan bahan. g. Kecelakaan yang terjadi dilokasi yang menyebabkan luka. h. Kerusakan yang terjadi pada struktur akibat cara kerja yang jelek. i. Kejadian tidak terduga (banjir, gempa bumi, dan lain–lain) j. Klaim dari kontraktor akibat kehilangan dan biaya akibat keterlambatan produksi karena detail desain oleh tim desain. k. Kegagalan dalam penyelesaian proyek dengan budget yang telah ditetapkan Sumber–sumber risiko (Flanagan & Norman, 1993) : 1) Timbulnya inflasi, 2) Kondisi tanah yang tidak terduga, 3) Keterlambatan material, 4) Detail desain yang salah, seperti ukuran yang salah dari gambar yang dibuat oleh arsitek, 5) Kontraktor utama tidak mampu membayar/bangkrut, 6) Tidak ada koordinasi 2.3 Proyek konstruksi Proyek konstruksi adalah suatu rangkaian kegiatan yang hanya satu kali dilaksanakan dan umumnya berjangka pendek serta jelas waktu awal dan akhir kegiatannya. Dalam rangkaian kegiatan tersebut, ada suatu 41

Jurnal SMARTek, Vol. 9 No. 1. Pebruari 2011: 39 - 46

proses yang mengolah sumber daya proyek menjadi suatu hasil kegiatan berupa bangunan. Proses yang terjadi dalam rangkaian kegiatan tersebut tentunya melibatkan pihak-pihak yang terkait baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung Menurut Ervianto( 2002), proyek konstruksi mempunyai tiga karakteristik yang dapat dipandang secara tiga demensi yaitu : 1) Bersifat unik : tidak pernah terjadi rangkaian kegiatan yang sama persis (tidak ada proyek yang identik, yang ada adalah proyek sejenis), proyek bersifat sementara dan selalu melibatkan grup pekerja yang berbeda-beda 2) Dibutuhkan sumber daya : setiap proyek konstruksi membutuhkan sumber daya yaitu tenaga kerja, uang, peralatan, metode dan material. 3) Organisasi : setiap organisasi mempunyai keragaman tujuan di dalamnya terlibat sejumlah individu dengan keahlian yang bervariasi. Langkah awal yang harus dilakukan adalah menyatukan fisi menjadi satu tujuan yang ditetapkan organisasi Dalam proses mencapai tujuan proyek telah ditentukan tiga

batasan/kendala (triple constraint) yaitu besar biaya (anggaran) yang dialokasikan, mutu dan jadwal yang harus dipenuhi.

3. Pembahasan Manajemen risiko merupakan Pendekatan yang dilakukan terhadap risiko yaitu dengan memahami, mengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi risiko suatu proyek. Kemudian mempertimbangkan apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap dampak yang ditimbulkan dan kemungkinan pengalihan risiko kepada pihak lain atau mengurangi risiko yang terjadi. Manajemen risiko adalah semua rangkaian kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan risiko yaitu perencanaan (planning), penilaian (assessment), penanganan (handling) dan pemantauan (monitoring) risiko (Kerzner, 2001). Tujuan dari manajemen risiko adalah untuk mengenali risiko dalam sebuah proyek dan mengembangkan strategi untuk mengurangi atau bahkan menghindarinya, dilain sisi juga harus dicari cara untuk memaksimalkan peluang yang ada (Wideman, 1992).

Identifikasi Risiko

Penilaian kembali setelah beberapa waktu

Apakah risiko ini dapat dipengaruhi? Ya A

No

Tidak perlu pertimbangan lebih lanjut

C

B

Gambar 1. Diagram Alir Manajemen Risiko
Sumber: Duffield dan Trigunarsyah,1999

42

Manajemen Risiko dalam Proyek Konstruksi (Mastura Labombang)

B

A

C

Evaluasi dampak terhadap proyek (Evaluasi Risiko)

Pengaruh yang dapat diabaikan

Risiko dianggap penting

Tentukan siapa yang bertanggung jawab terhadap risiko (Alokasi Risiko)

Jika bertanggung jawab atas risiko ini, apakah anda akan memindahkan risiko ini kepada pihak lain (Pengurangan risiko)

Gambar 2. Diagram Alir Manajemen Risiko (lanjutan)
Sumber: Duffield dan Trigunarsyah,1999

3.1 Identifikasi risiko Untuk mengidentifikasi risiko, pertanyaan yang perlu dijawab adalah siapa yang terlibat dalam penilaian risiko dan mengapa? Jenis risiko apa yang mempengaruhi suatu proyek? Sumber-sumber utama timbulnya risiko yang umum untuk setiap proyek konstruksi, menurut Duffield dan Trigunarsyah (1999) adalah : • Fisik : kerugian atau kerusakan akibat kebakaran, gempa bumi, banjir, kecelakaan dan tanah longsor • Lingkungan : kerusakan ekologi, polusi dan pengolahan limbah, penyelidikan keadaan masyarakat • Perancangan : a) Teknologi baru, aplikasi baru, ketahanan uji dan keselamatan, b) Rincian, ketelitian dan kesesuain spesifikasi, c) Risiko perancangan yang timbul dari pengukuran dan penyelidikan, d) kemungkinan perubahan terhadap rancangan yang telah disetujui, e) Interaksi rancangan dengan metode konstruksi • Logistik : a) Kehilangan atau kerusakan material dan peralatan



• • • •





dalam perjalanan, b) ketersediaaan sumber daya khusus, c) pemisahan organisasi Keuangan : a) ketersediaaan dana dan kecukupan asuransi, b) penyediaan aliran kas yang cukup, c) kehilangan akibat kontraktor, supplier d) fluktuasi nilai tukar dan inflasi, e) perpajakan, f) suku bunga, g) biaya pinjaman Perundang-undangan : perubahan disebabkan perundang-undangan atau pemerintah Keamanan properti intelektual Hak atas tanah dan penggunaan Politik : a) Risiko politik dinegara pemilik proyek, supplier dan kontraktor, peperangan, revolusi dan perubahan hukum, b) ketidakpastian dari kebijakan pemerintah Konstruksi : a) kelayakan metode konstruksi, keselamatan, b) hubungan industrial, c) tingkat perubahan dari rancangan awal, d) cuaca, e) kualitas dan ketersediaan manajemen dan supervisi, f) kondisi yang tersembunyi Operasional : a) fluktuasi permintaan pasar terhadap produk dan jasa yang 43

Jurnal SMARTek, Vol. 9 No. 1. Pebruari 2011: 39 - 46

dihasilkan, b) kebutuhan perawatan, c) keandalan, d) keselamatan pelaksanaan, e) ketersediaan pabrik, f) manajemen. Jenis risiko yang terpenting bagi setiap pihak yang terlibat dalam sebuah proyek tergantung pada berbagai tahapan proyek dan peran serta tanggung jawab dari berbagai pihak. 3.2 Evaluasi risiko Evaluasi risiko proyek tergantung pada Trigunarsyah,1999): 1) Probabilitas terjadinya frekuensi kejadian 2) Dampak dari risiko terjadi. pada suatu ( Duffield dan risiko tersebut, tersebut bila

• Tingkatan risiko yang dapat diterima adalah dimanan Indeks Risiko berada dalam zona 1 yaitu dampak yang rendah terhadap proyek dengan probabilitas kejadian sedang, atau probabilitas rendah dengan dampak yang berarti pada proyek • Tingkatan risiko yang tidak dapat diterima berada pada zona 2 dimana dampak yang tinggi pada proyek dengan kemungkinan kejadian yang besar atau dampak yang terlalu besar bagi proyek • Tingkat risiko yang dianggap dapat diterima akan tergantung sekali kepada pengambil keputusan berada pada zona 3. Biasanya tidaklah praktis menganalisis setiap jenis risiko secara rinci. Perlu ditentukan suatu tingkatan dimana kontribusi dari risiko terkecil berikutnya dapat diabaikan bila dibandingkan dengan total risiko yang lebih besar secara kumulatif. Akurasi dari setiap evaluasi atau analisis risiko hanya akan seakurat data yang menjadi dasar bagi perkiraan probabilitas dan frekuensinya. Probabilitas terjadinya suatu risiko biasanya didasarkan kepada data historis, sedangkan dampak terhadap proyek akan melibatkan analisis teknis dan finansial. Untuk melakukan analisis risiko secara efektif, menurut Burby (1991) dalam Duffield dan Trigunarsyah (1999) harus mempertimbangkan hal-hal berikut : a) Analisis yang dilakukan harus difocuskan pada kerugian finansial langsung daripada gangguan pelayanan atau kematian dan kerugian b) Tingkat ketidakpastian dalam setiap perkliraan output harus dapat dinilai c) Akurasi dari analisis harus sesuai dengan akurasi data dan tahapan proyek

Dalam membandingkan pilihan proyek dari berbagai risiko yang terkait sering digunakan “ Indeks Risiko”: Indeks Risiko = Frekuensi x Dampak

Gambar 2. Probabiliats vs terhadap proyek
Sumber :

dampak

Duffield dan Trigunarsyah,1999

Dari gambar 2 bahwa : 44

di atas dapat dilihat

Manajemen Risiko dalam Proyek Konstruksi (Mastura Labombang)

d) Biaya dan usaha dalam melakukan analisis harus serendah mungkin yang dapat diserap oleh anggaran proyek. 3.3 Alokasi risiko Alokasi risiko seringkali merupakan permasalahan yang sulit. Pertanggung jawaban atas suatu risiko membawa kemungkinan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan atau kerugian. Secara tradisional para pemilik proyek telah mencoba memindahkan sebanyak mungkin risiko kepada pihak lain, dan yang umumnya penerima risiko dalam tahapan konstruksi suatu proyek adalah kontraktor, dan kontraktor seringkali memindahkan risiko yang diterimanya kepada sub-kontraktor atau perusahaan asuransi. Biaya proyek secara keseluruhan akan meningkat apabila risiko proyek tidak dialokasikan kepada pihak yang memiliki kendali terhadap risiko tersebut. Jika kontraktor harus bertanggung jawab terhadap seluruh risiko konstruksi dari suati proyek, ada dua pilihan yang tersedia untuk mendapatkan kompensasi terhadap tanggung jawab ini yaitu : 1) Menaikkan nilai penawaran awal untuk menciptakan imbalan yang sesuai 2) Menghindari risiko tersebut pada penawaran awal dengan memberikan batasan atau kualitas tertentu, atau mengajukan perubahan lingkup kerja jika dan bila terjadi hal-hal yang tidak menguntungkan. Penanganan risiko sebaiknya dimulai pada tahapan awal proyek, dengan tujuan alokasi risiko kepada pihak-pihak yang memiliki kendali terhadap risiko terkait pada setiap tahapan proyek. Potensi keuntungan bagi pemilik dana harus sepadan dengan tingkat risiko yang dihadapi. Pemerintah

berkewajiban untuk melindungi masyarakat umum terhadap risiko finansial dan sosial dari suatu proyek. 3.4 Respon resiko Respon risiko adalah tindakan penanganan yang dilakukan terhadap risiko yang mungkin terjadi. Risiko-risiko penting yang sudah diketahui perlu ditindak lanjuti dengan respon yang dilakukan oleh kontraktor dalam menangani risiko tersebut. Metode yang dipakai dalam menangani risiko (Flanagan & Norman, 1993): 1) Menahan risiko (Risk retention) Merupakan bentuk penanganan risiko yang mana akan ditahan atau diambil sendiri oleh suatu pihak. Biasanya cara ini dilakukan apabila risiko yang dihadapi tidak mendatangkan kerugian yang terlalu besar atau kemungkinan terjadinya kerugian itu kecil, atau biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk menanggulangi risiko tersebut tidak terlalu besar dibandingkan dengan manfaat yang akan diperoleh. 2) Mengurangi risiko (Risk reduction) Yaitu tindakan untuk mengurangi risiko yang kemungkinan akan terjadi dengan cara: a. Pendidikan dan pelatihan bagi para tenaga kerja dalam menghadapi risiko b. Perlindungan terhadap kemungkinan kehilangan c. Perlindungan terhadap orang dan properti 3) Mengalihkan risiko (Risk transfer) Pengalihan ini dilakukan untuk memindahkan risiko kepada pihak lain. Bentuk pengalihan risiko yang dimaksud adalah asuransi dengan membayar premi. 4) Menghindari risiko (Risk avoidance) Menghindari risiko sama dengan menolak untuk menerima risiko yang

45

Jurnal SMARTek, Vol. 9 No. 1. Pebruari 2011: 39 - 46

berarti menolak proyek tersebut.

untuk

menerima

Fisk,

E.R.1997. Construction Project Administration Fifth Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey.

4. Kesimpulan a) Dalam setiap proyek konstruksi sangat penting dilakukan manajemen risiko untuk menghindari kerugian atas biaya, mutu dan jadwal proyek. risiko merupakan b) Manajemen Pendekatan yang dilakukan terhadap risiko yaitu dengan memahami, mengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi risiko suatu proyek. Kemudian mempertimbangkan apa yang akan dilakukan terhadap dampak yang ditimbulkan dan kemungkinan pengalihan risiko kepada pihak lain atau mengurangi resiko yang terjadi. c) Penilaian risiko yang dilakukan meliputi : Identifikasi risiko, memahami kebutuhan atau mempertimbangkan risiko, menganalisis dampak dari risiko tersebut/evaluasi risiko, menetapkan siapa yang bertanggung jawab terhadap risiko tertentu (alokasi risiko). d) Melakukan tindakan penanganan yang dilakukan terhadap risiko yang mungkin terjadi (respon risiko) dengan cara : menahan risiko (risk retention), mengurangi risiko (risk reduction), mengalihkan risiko (risk transfer), menghindari risiko (risk avoidance). 5. Daftar Pustaka Duffield, C & Trigunarsyah, B. 1999. Project ManagementConception to Completion. Engineering Education Australia. (EEA). Australia. Ervianto,A.U dan Joshua, M. (2001). Manajemen Proyek Konstruksi. Andi, Yogyakarta

Flanagan, R & Norman, G.1993, Risk Management and Construction. Blackwell Science, London. Kangari, R. 1995. Risk Management Perceptions and Trends of U.S. Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. ASCE. December. Kerzner, H. 2001. Project Management. Seventh Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. Rahayu, P.H. 2001. Asuransi Contractor’s All Risk sebagai Alternatif Pengalihan Risiko Proyek Dalam Industri Konstruksi Indonesia. Seminar Nasional Manajement Konstruksi 2001. Fakultas Teknik Universitas Katolik Parahyangan. Bandung. Soeharto, I. 1995. Manajemen Proyek dari konseptual sampai operasional. Erlangga. Jakarta. Well-Stam, D Van, et.al., 2004. Project Risk Management: an essential tool for managing and controlling project, Kogan Page, London and Sterling VA. Wideman, Max.R.1992. Project And Program Risk Management: A Guide To Managing Project Risk Opportunities. Project Management Institute. Amerika.

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...Paula Abadía Risk management Companies in every part of the world are exposed to many different threats and unexpected things; these are called risks. Risks can be any factor affecting the performance of projects, and causing a negative effect on them. In order for companies to be successful, they should always take into consideration the process of risk management. Risk management is a logical process or approach that seeks to eliminate, or at least minimize the level of risk associated with a business operation. It ensures that an organization identifies and understands the risks to which it is exposed. This process also guarantees the creation and implementation of effective plans, to prevent losses or reduce the impact if a loss occurs. Risk management has five main steps. First, identify and analyze exposures. Companies need to asses not only key risk areas, but also every single risk area that can harm their business. Along with this step of identification and analysis, the likelihood and impact of the risks should be measured. Companies should rank risks in order of importance, before moving to the next step. The second step is examining risk management techniques. In this step, companies must develop all the possible options that can help to manage risks successfully. The third step is the selection of the risk management technique. The chosen technique must be based on the previous analysis that the company should have done, so that it is the best alternative for...

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