...Decision Making IT has been said that administration is the critical organizational process, making possible production, procurement, and the rest; that leadership is the heart of administration; and that decision making is the key to leadership. Inherent in these statements are some remarkably accurate characterizations of current administrative theory. One thing they seem to imply is a coherence and a unity in administrative theory which do not seem to exist. When one attempts to assay the literature dealing with a concrete administrative process such as decision making, he discovers this. Divergent approaches to the study of decision making show that there are conflicting conceptions of its nature and function. And these probably are symptoms of a more fundamental conflict in contemporary administrative theory. Administration and leadership as foci for study have traditionally been the concern of historians, occasional novelists, and students of management, public and private. A generation ago these people had articulated a consistent, rather comprehensive conception of leadership, and especially administration. The Papers of Gulick and Urwick, for example, were regarded by many of us as a major conceptual achievement setting forth a twentieth-century theory of organization. Even as these ideas were gaining acceptance, however, the concepts that would replace them were emerging. After World War I, even before the 'The authors wish to express their appreciation to Professor...
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...THE ARMY PROFESSION AND THE AMERICAN CULTURE USAACE NCOA SSG John Krimes 15Z SLC 14-002 SFC Holmes “You are all leaders! And since you have no one to lead, you will lead yourselves!” These are the words that our Drill Instructor screamed at us at boot camp. The Profession of Arms or the Army Profession is found on leadership (Dempsey, n.d.). The Army Profession is unlike any other profession. The people of the greatest world-power depend on its military and its ability to protect their lands and their way of life. The Army Profession has very little room for mistakes and must continuously improve its knowledge of the profession in the changing face of technologies, enemy tactics and a changing American culture. Just as a doctor takes an oath to preserve life, so does a member of the American Armed Forces. The Army Profession is held to the highest standards. The U.S. Army is federally bonded by the U.S. Congress to preserve the peace and security of the U.S., to provide defense for the U.S., and to overcome any nation responsible for aggressive acts that imperil the peace and security of the U.S. (An Army White Paper, 2010). The preservation of peace and security can come at great costs. Members of the Armed Forces are aware of the potential ultimate sacrifice of not only themselves but of their men and women. Training in technical skills and leadership are not taken lightly. It is understood that knowledge in skill-sets and the perpetual education of...
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...“hypothesis or theory of culture lag”- the lag between the adaptive culture (nonmaterial culture) and the more advanced material culture. HUMAN ECOLOGY ROBERT PARKS (1864-1959, American) Introduce the term human ecology competition as the basic process in human relationships; biotic factors as the proper field of study in human ecology. ERNEST BURGESS (1886-1996, American) Introduced the Concentric Zones Theory in the development of cities. AMOS HAWLEY His “ecological theory” proposes five ecological processes which bring about changes in the pattern of relationships: concentration expansion or centralization, contraction or decentralization, segregation and conversion. WALTER FIREY Advanced the socio-cultural ecology; posited the theory that space may have symbolic value; cultural definition and cultural values in the giving of meaning to space. EUGENE ODUM Advance the “equilibrium theory” or a balanced development that is maintaining a proper ecological system, his idea is in the line with the concept of sustainable development. SOCIOMETRY AND MICROSOCIOLOGY JACOB MORENO (1890-1974, RUMANIAN) Chief promoter of sociometry as a theory about the informal structure , includes sociogram; psychodrama and socio-drama. ROBERT BALES (1916) Proponent of...
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...the flag of the republic for the last time in February 1846, the framework for the development of Texas over the next fifteen years was already constructed. The great majority of the new state's approximately 100,000 white inhabitants were natives of the South, who, as they settled in the eastern timberlands and south central plains, had built a life as similar as possible to that experienced in their home states. Their economy, dependent on agriculture, was concentrated first on subsistence farming and herding and then on production of cotton as a cash crop. This meant the introduction of what southerners called their "Peculiar Institution"-slavery.qv In 1846 Texas had more than 30,000 black slaves and produced an even larger number of bales of cotton (see COTTON CULTURE). Political institutions were also characteristically Southern. The Constitution of 1845,qv written by a convention in which natives of Tennessee, Virginia, and Georgia alone constituted a majority, depended heavily on Louisiana's fundamental law as well as on the existing Constitution of the Republic of Texas.qv As befitted an agricultural state led...
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...NAME: COLLINS EBUNOLUWA T MATRIC NO: 12BB013175 COURSE CODE: PSY 420 COURSE TITLE: SOCIAL PERCEPTION & GROUP PROCESSES. ASSIGNMENT. * WHAT IS A GROUP? * DISCUSS THE NATURE OF GROUP DYNAMICS. QUESTION 1: WHAT IS A GROUP. INTRODUCTION. Groups are a necessary part of social life. They can be very small including just two people or very large. Being in groups is part of everyday life and many of us will belong to a wide range of groups, for example: family groups, social groups, sports groups, committees, etc. * A group is a collection of people with some common characteristics or purpose. * A collection of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction, mutual influence, common feeling of solidarity, and who work together to achieve a common set of goals. * A group is a collection of individuals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree. * A group refers to a class of social entities having in common the property of interdependence among their constituent members. In the past decades, the collectivities of different individuals have been identified and also studied scientifically. In the last decade of the nineteenth century, Émile Durkheim established just how wrapped up individual identity was with group membership, and Gustave Le Bon argued that people changed as they joined groupings such as crowds. Soon North American sociologists such as Charles Horton Cooley (1909) began to theorize...
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...Deviant Behavior Social disorganization BIBLIOGRAPHY Both “deviant behavior” and “social disorganization” have been variously defined, but there have been few efforts to distinguish between the two concepts. In fact, it has been suggested that they are not different, that along with “social problems*’ and the somewhat outmoded “social pathology,” they signify only a potpourri of conditions that are considered undesirable from the standpoint of the observer’s values, conditions that vary at different times and with different observers. According to this view, these terms have no scientific value and no legitimate status as sociological concepts. Such nihilism and counsel of despair are not justified. True, there is no consensus on the meaning of these terms, and they are, indeed, burdened with value connotations. However, they point to a number of distinctions that sociology must take into account. Concept of deviance. Turning first to the concept of deviant behavior, we must distinguish among the several definitions of the term, which are discussed below. Behavior that violates norms. Deviant behavior is behavior that violates the normative rules, understandings, or expectations of social systems. This is the most common usage of the term and the sense in which it will be used here. Crime is the prototype of deviance in this sense, and theory and research in deviant behavior have been concerned overwhelmingly with crime. However, normative rules are inherent in...
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...Justice Charles Lawrence of the Illinois Supreme Court made an appalling statement in the case Bradwell v. Illinois back in 1873. "…God designed the sexes to occupy different spheres of action, and that it belonged to men to make, apply, and execute the laws…," Lawrence stated (Lupton). At that time, other justices also had the same thought; as a result, Myra Bradwell could not be allowed to be an attorney only because she was a woman. However, in 1981, according to "Sandra Day O'Connor," O'Connor became the first women to be on the United States Supreme Court in 191 years of history of the court. Her becoming a justice on the court encouraged other women to have a chance to proceed in male-dominant fields, and gave men a good look at what...
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...Digitised by COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Act 1968 Notice for paragraph 135ZXA (a) of the Copyright Act 1968 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of Monash University under Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication is subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. 13 11I11"11"1~"IIIII"III"~I""IIII~""II"11111 004113733 Metaphors of LeaderShip: An Overview ROBERT DUBIN I am not an expert on leadership. However, some knowledge of organizations and organizational behavior is claimed. It is from this perspective that I will engage in an over-view, not a re-view of the contents of this volume. One way to interpret an overview is to think of it as looking overliterally as looking beyond. It is in this sense that this overview is prepared. Initial Observations Two initial observations have struck me. 1) Leadership must ~urely mean followership. 12) Leadership is interestingto us because it occurs within organizations. Of clearly secondary importance for students of organizations is leadership expressed in informal groups, in natural groups, and in temporary groups. Yet, in this volume these simple points seem to slide by unnoticed and ignored to the peril of clarity in presenting and interpreting results. Another observation: 3) The...
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...[Chapter – 01] 1.0 Introduction: Every organization performs its task with the help of resources as men, machine, materials and money. Except manpower other resources are non-living but manpower is a live and generating resource. Manpower utilizes other resources and gives output. If manpower is not available then other resources are useless and cannot produce anything. Out of all the factors of production manpower has the highest priority and is the most significant factor of production and plays a pivotal role in areas of productivity and quality. In case, lack of attention to the other factors those are non-living may result in reduction of profitability to some extent. But ignoring the human resource can prove to be disastrous. In a country where human resource is abundant, it is a pity that they remain under-utilized. The people at work comprise a large number of individuals of different sex, age, socio-religious group and different educational or literacy standards. These individuals in the work place exhibit not only similar behavior patterns and characteristics to a certain degree but also they show much dissimilarity. Technology alone, however, cannot bring about desired change in economic performance of the country unless human potential is fully utilized for production. The management must therefore be aware not only organization but also employees and their needs. The human resource is critical and difficult to manage. It is because human behavior is highly unpredictable...
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... T SPE: As a student at Oxford in the late 1960s, Trevor, you were one of the most brilliant leaders of the student movement there. After finishing your studies you decided to go back to Jamaica, and to make a choice for political activism as opposed to a purely intellectual career. Why did you make this choice? What factors contributed to it? TM: The choice of activism is always a combination of processes. There is no particular moment when you can say, "I've been a student or a theoretician so far, let me become an activist now," or vice versa. I got to Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar from Jamaica, which is a kind of pinnacle of middle-class and national achievement. But by that time the changes in my own outlook pointed me toward a radical path, combining activism as a student at the University of the West Indies with a concern for theoretical work at the same time. The Cuban revolution occurred in 1959. In the 1960s Jamaica - along with many other Caribbean colonies - became independent; and in the Studies in Political Economy 31, Spring 1990 9 Studies in Political Ecomomy early 1960s the thing that struck many of the high-school students coming out of those institutions, including myself, was the contrast between what independence promised and the real conditions we saw around us. You could see, in my case, the...
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...Music Therapy Today Vol. IV (2) April 2003 Essential Guitar Skill Development Considerations for the Contemporary Music Therapist Robert E. Krout Abstract This article considers some guitar skills which might be considered “essential” for the contemporary music therapist. After some overall observations, 10 such essential areas are briefly outlined and described. Sample recommendations for clinician development are made in each area. They include a knowledge of open chords in various different positions for voice leading, barre chords, interesting strumming patterns with rhythmic emphasis, varied fingerpicking patterns, major and minor pentatonic scales for improvising, familiarity with guitars of various types (steel-string, classical, electric), blues/rock/jazz chord extensions and progressions, use of right (strum) hand rhythms, use of non-chord tones, and chord embellishments/left (chording) hand techniques. An emphasis is placed on the continuing guitar skill development of the clinician. 1 Krout, R. E. (2003) Essential Guitar Skill Development Considerations for the Contemporary Music Therapist. Music Therapy Today (online), available at http://musictherapyworld.net Introduction The guitar continues to be a mainstay for music therapists in their work with clients demonstrating a wide variety of needs, abilities, and interests (Kennedy, 2001). The versatility, portability, and musical integrity of the guitar allows clinicians to adapt it uses to music of...
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...MANAGING EXPATRIATE FOR AN INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENT Referring to the case study, there are gaps identified in the Kline & Associate international human resources management practices in terms of expatiate management. Before sending an employee to an international assignment there are certain skills an employee must acquire and it is the duty for the HRM of the firm to prepare the employee for any international assignment. However this was not done by Kline & and Associate before sending Fred Bailey to Tokyo which caused the culture shock and the challenges faced by Fred and his family in Japan. Firms use a variety of HR practices to manage their expatriates (Mendenhall et al., 1987; Brewster and Scullion, 1997). As successful expatriate assignments are indispensable to MNCs for strategy implementation, researchers and practitioners alike are interested in determining how to facilitate the success of expatriates’ assignments (Stroh and Caligiuri, 1998; Dowling and Welch, 2004; Scullion and Collings, 2006). However, MNCs differ on the extent to which these practices are used in managing expatriates (Tung, 1982; Kopp, 1994; Peterson et al., 1996; Scullion and Starkey, 2000) and how effectively they are designed (Mendenhall et al., 1987). According to Adler and Ghadar (1990), expatriate management practices, namely who the firm considers as possible expatriates, how the firm selects and trains them, what criteria the firm uses to assess their performance, and what impact the...
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...BTEC Level 3 National Health and Social Care uncorrected first proofs issued by marketing 2010. This material is © Hodder Education 2013 and should not be redistributed. Contents Walkthrough About the authors and Photo credits Core units vii ix Unit 1 Developing Effective Communication in Health and Social Care Understand effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Understand factors that influence communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care environments Understand ways to overcome barriers in a health and social care environment Be able to communicate and interact effectively in a health and social care environment 1 2 13 15 18 Unit 2 Equality, Diversity and Rights in Health and Social Care Understand concepts of equality, diversity and rights in relation to health and social care Know discriminatory practices in health and social care Understand how national initiatives promote anti-discriminatory practice Know how anti-discriminatory practice is promoted in health and social care settings 21 21 30 34 39 Unit 3 Health, Safety and Security in Health and Social Care Understand potential hazards in health and social care Know how legislation, policies and procedures promote health, safety and security in health and social care settings Be able to implement a risk assessment Understand priorities and responses in dealing with incidents and emergencies 44 45...
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...verbal dominance, which reduces team communication and consequently diminishes performance. Importantly, because these dynamics rely on the acquiescence of other team members to the leader’s dominant behavior, the effects only emerge when the leader holds a formal leadership position. Three studies offer consistent support for this argument. The implications for theory and practice are discussed. Organizations make extensive use of teams when structuring and allocating work projects. Given the increasing prevalence of teams in modern organizations and the complexities involved in group dynamics, questions about how to ensure high levels of collective learning and effective decision making, along with other key determinants of team performance, have captured extensive attention from researchers and practitioners alike (Martin & Bal, 2006). One important area of inquiry into team effectiveness is the issue of how the degree of hierarchy within a team can affect team performance. This question is relatively understudied, but some extant literature suggests that steeper hierarchy has a diminishing effect on team learning and team performance in general. For example, in a qualitative field study, Edmondson (2003) found power differences in teams to be negatively associated with team...
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...Rapport Management in Thai and Japanese Social Talk during Group discussions Ataya Aoki Abstract According to Hofstede’s (2003) often quoted survey, Japanese and Thai cultures rank high on the collectivist scale and both cultures attach the greatest importance to group harmony. Accordingly, we should see similar characteristics in Japanese and Thai speakers during discussions within their respective social groups. However, this is not the case. This paper examines social talk during the task-oriented interaction of Japanese and Thai speakers. The analysis focuses on how the speakers of Japanese and Thai present themselves and construct rapport in casual group talk. Using the concept of consciousness deployed in ‘idea units’ (Chafe, 1980, 1994) and some semantic considerations, I identify three major differences in rapport construction between Japanese and Thai speakers. First, Japanese participants prefer to build common ground through discussion of communal topics and through dealing with the comprehensiveness and the orderliness of the situation, whereas Thai participants incline toward individual-oriented topics and independent styles of talk. Second, the Japanese show a preference for using softening devices and conventionalized expressions in group discussion while the Thais tend to use intensifiers and spontaneous expressions to indicate involvement and create a friendly and fun atmosphere. Third, the Japanese like to demonstrate the minimization of self and the...
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