...A CRITICAL REVIEW OF SITUATIONAL LEADERSHIP THEORY Situational Leadership Theory is arguably the most widely known and practiced theory of leadership and managerial effectiveness. In this essay, the origins and fundamentals of the theory are considered, as well as the available evidence that supports or contradicts the its validity. Background Situational Leadership Theory as presented by Hersey and Blanchard developed from the work of J. W. Reddin’s 3-Dimensional Management Style Theory. That theory hypothesizes the importance of a manager’s relationship orientation and task orientation in conjunction with effectiveness (Reddin 1967, 8). From the interplay of these dimensions, Reddin proposes a variety of management styles and theorizes that effectiveness as a manager can be explained as a function of matching a leader’s style to a specific situation. However, his theory does not specify whether certain situational characteristics could be unequivocally incorporated into a predictive model (Vecchio 1987, 444). From Reddin’s suggestion that a leader’s effectiveness varies according to style, Hersey and Blanchard proposed a life-cycle theory of leadership. According to this theory, degrees of task orientation and relationship orientation are to be examined in conjunction with the maturity of a follower or group of followers in order to account for leader effectiveness (Hersey and Blanchard 1969, 29). The main principle of the life-cycle theory is...
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...to Henry Sullivan* HOWARD MANCING n a recent essay entitled “Don Quixote de la Mancha: Analyzable or Unanalyzable?” published in this journal, Henry W. Sullivan makes the case for the psychoanalysis of literary characters. While there is much to ponder in Sullivan's essay, there are two points, both involving dualisms, that I would like to discuss. In the first case, Sullivan argues insightfully and convincingly against an absolute distinction between how we know and think about fictional characters and how we know and think about real people. In the second case, however, Sullivan insists on an absolute (Cartesian) mind-body dualism as a cornerstone of psychoanalytic theory. I would like to repeat and extend Sullivan's argument in the first case, but refute it and deny its validity in the second. First dualism: Fact/Fiction Sullivan cites as representative of a certain widely-shared approach Maud Ellmann's insistence that there is an important distinction between a “human being made of flesh and character made of words” (5), a distinction that allows us to make one kind statement about the former but not the latter. Ellmann is not alone in making the real-life/fictional distinction a fundamental matter of ontology. We are all familiar with arguments like hers, having heard * For a response to this response, see “Don Quixote & the ‘Third Term’ as Solvent of Binary Dualisms: A Response to Howard Mancing”, by Henry W. Sullivan, Cervantes 19.1 (1999): 177-97. -F.J. ...
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...Assessment task 2- Scenario 2 Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections diagnosed among women in the world. There has been increasing concern for alternative method to treat urinary tract infection over antibiotics since misuse of antibiotics can led to bacterial resistance(Scholes et al., 2004). This essay will establish PICO (population, intervention, comparison and outcome) question in the given scenario where a 22 year old Susan visits the GP with symptoms of urinary frequency, dysuria, lower back pain and shivering. She was diagnosed with Urinary tract infection (hereby referred as UTI) and antibiotics were prescribed. However after developing thrush due to antibiotics for urinary tract infection previously, she is reluctant to take antibiotics. On surfing the internet she read about cranberry juice being used to treat UTI and is considering to stop her antibiotics. PICO question development In order to provide the right pathway to commence our research and ensuring that every questions are suitable and relevant, PICO model will be used which is Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcome(Bronson and Davis, 2011). In the given scenario, population would be women suffering from UTI. Similarly intervention is using cranberry juice to prevent UTI and comparison is to use antibiotics. Richardson et al., 2014 mentioned that the outcome would analyze the effectiveness of the intervention. Therefore the outcome would be effectiveness of cranberry...
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...people in its early years, the space program was extremely male-dominant. However, in 1959 – according to an article from the Advances in Physiology Education – General Donald Flickinger and Dr. W. Randolph Lovelace II had suggested (from an engineering standpoint) it would have been “more practical” to try to send women into space because of their lower body weight and oxygen requirements. However, this suggestion was rejected by the Air Force. At least there was some sort of consideration of women involvement to play a crucial, early role in one of the most important times in American history. Despite the early times and setbacks for women, they continued to push through. Women have played a crucial role in the space program, from overcoming discrimination to make significant contributions in all aspects of space exploration, including mathematics and orbital flight. Women have made significant contributions to space flight, and one particular woman, Katherine G. Johnson, had had a huge contribution in the first test flights. At 15, she had already entered college. She was the youngest of her siblings and was an extremely intelligent and gifted in mathematics. She skipped grades and wound up at least two years ahead of her brother. Whilst attending college, a mathematician named William W. Schieffelin Claytor encouraged her to take advanced math courses. Several years...
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...Myth and Scripture resources for Biblical Study Susan ackerman, Old testament/hebrew Bible editor number 78 Myth and Scripture conteMporary perSpectiveS on religion, language, and iMagination Edited by dexter e. callender Jr. SBl press atlanta copyright © 2014 by SBl press all rights reserved. no part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permitted by the 1976 copyright act or in writing from the publisher. requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the rights and permissions office, Society of Biblical literature, 825 houston Mill road, atlanta, ga 30329 uSa. library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Myth and scripture : contemporary perspectives on religion, language, and imagination / Dexter E. Callender, Jr., editor. p. cm. — (Society of Biblical literature resources for biblical study ; number 78) includes bibliographical references and index. iSBn 978-1-58983-961-8 (paper binding : alk. paper) — iSBn 978-1-58983-962-5 (electronic format) — iSBn 978-1-58983-963-2 (hardcover binding : alk. paper) 1. Myth in the Bible. 2. Bible. old testament—criticism, interpretation, etc. i. callender, dexter e., 1962– editor of compilation. ii. callender, dexter e., 1962– author. Myth and Scripture : dissonance and convergence.. BS520.5.M98 2014 220.6'8—dc23 2014002897...
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...Bibliographic Essay on African American History Introduction In the essay “On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History” the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared “Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.”1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000), considered a classic; along with Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African American 1  Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); and, Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The...
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...Engineering of Animals. Cambridge University Press, 1995. Betty T. Bennett. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Bloom, Harold, ed.Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Caroline J.S. Picart. The Cinematic Rebirths of Frankenstein: Universal, Hammer and Beyond. Praeger, 2001. Dorothy Nelkin and M. Susan Lindee. The DNA Mystique: The Gene as a Cultural Icon. Henry Holt & Company, 1996. Forry, Steven Earl. Hideous Progenies: Dramatizations of Frankenstein from the Nineteenth Century to the Present. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1990. Frankenstein: Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical, Historical, and Cultural Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Contemporary Critics, 2nd ed. Johanna M. Smith, ed. St. Martin's Press, 2000. "Frankenstein." Literature.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2013. "Frankenstein Quotes." By Mary Shelley. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2013. Goldberg, M. A. "Moral and Myth in Mrs. Shelley's Frankenstein. In Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 8, 1959, pp. 27-38. John Williams. Mary Shelley: A Literary Life. St. Martin's Press, Inc., 2000. Jon Turney. Frankenstein's Footsteps: Science, Genetics and Popular Culture. Yale University Press, 1998. Kenan Malik. Man, Beast, and Zombie: What Science Can and Cannot Tell Us about Human Nature. Rutgers University Press, 2002. Leon R. Kass and James Q. Wilson. The Ethics of Human Cloning. AEI Press, 1998. Levine, George and...
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...Three Pillars Essay Harun Murage Grand Canyon University Entrepreneurship An entrepreneur is an individual who organizes and manages any initiative, particularly a business venture, typically with substantial creativity and risk, (Bolton and Thompson, 2000) have defined an entrepreneur as “an individual who usually makes and revolutionizes to build something of recognized importance around apparent openings”. According to (Onuoha, 2007), entrepreneurship is defined as the practice of starting a new venture particularly a business in response to a spotted window of opportunities. (Lowell & Sharon, 2001) entrepreneurship is the procedure of designing, starting and running a new business, which typically begins as a small business offering a product or service for sale or hire. It’s the capacity to organize resources for a profitable venture. Entrepreneurship entails total creativity and innovation, and usually, hard work to achieve the set objectives. It could be new and different ways of doing something much better, smarter, simpler and effectively. Entrepreneurship is a drive or a spirit to inspire others in what they do and how they have succeeded in the business. Ethics Ethics means doing what is right in a responsible and accepted manner, for example, putting something back where you found it, not yelling to your colleagues, always saying sorry and so on. (Rushworth, 2009) states that "standard definitions of ethics have typically included such phrases as 'the...
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...Name: Instructor: Course: Date: American Civil Rights Movement Introduction The American Civil Rights Movement was a mass protest movement which was against discrimination and racial segregation in southern United States. The American Civil Rights Movement came into national prominence during the period of mid-1950s. The roots of this movement can be traced to the era of African slaves where their descendants started resisting racial oppression and they also advocated for the abolishment of slavery. This effectively led to the American slaves being emancipated due to the Civil War and they were also granted vital civil rights. These civil rights were granted during the Fourteenth and the Fifteenth amendments were done to the US Constitution. There were also continued struggles during the following century to effectively secure federal protection in regard to the granted rights (Green and Harold, 03). These struggles used various ways to express what they actually wanted by use of nonviolent protests. It was during the periods of between the 1950s and the 1960s when the civil rights movements attained the abolishment of race discrimination in public facilities in the south that they were more motivated to continue with their struggles. This was a breakthrough since they had achieved the equal-rights legislation basically for the African Americans. This was a humongous achievement since the 1865-1877 periods that was referred to as the Reconstruction period. The passage...
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...rights or firms donate money to society for charity. There are several incentives for companies to establish CSR and it can also have an impact on improving the relationship with employees and consumers. There are some who would argue that top priority should be given to corporate social responsibility, then company improves their public image and as result, their profits. There are others who would insist that it is pointless in building CSR, and guaranteeing shareholders a profit should always be the top priority. Finally, there are others who would argue that there is a middle ground, however cynical the motive. This essay will attempt to demonstrate why making social responsibilities’ benefits outweigh drawbacks. Firstly, establishing corporate social responsibility can attract more skilled people to work for the company. For example, Johnson and Johnson “Balancing Work and Family” program which reflects company’s credo commitment to help employees well manage their work and family...
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...|Admin 515 | |Final Leadership Platform | | | | | |By Topper Johnson | |8/5/2008 | Topper Johnson Admin 515 8/5/2008 Assign# 8 Final Leadership Platform Introduction Success as a leader arises from who we really are... our own reality is difficult to disguise over the short term, and impossible to fake over the long term. (Michaelson xi) This is a statement that all leaders should take a minute to ponder because it transcends the most significant personal characteristics that we all value in a leader. I believe that our leaders have to be genuine and know who they really are as a leader. A leader has to be able to bridge the gap between their ideal self and their real self because their strengths as a leader lie at the intersection...
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...• Robert Livingston • War of 1812- Military conflict between US and Britain following revolution about unresolved issues: trade restrictions, etc. • Tecumseh- Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy; opposed US in war of 1812. • John Quincy Adams- sixth president; whig. • Empire of Liberty- theme developed first by Thomas Jefferson to identify America's world responsibility to spread freedom across the globe. Jefferson saw America's mission in terms of setting an example, expansion into the west, and by intervention abroad. • Transportation Revolution- early 1800s, development of steamboats, canals, and railroads. Faster transport of people, products, and knowledge. • National Road- First major improved highway in the United States to be built by the federal government. Connection between the Potomac and Ohio Rivers and a gateway to the West for thousands of settlers. • Communication Revolution- Samuel Morse invented telegraph. • The Market Revolution- improvements in how goods were processed and fabricated as well as by a transformation of how labor was organized to process trade goods for consumption. • Porkopolis- Cincinnati was the country's chief hog packing center, and herds of pigs traveled the streets. • Labor theory of value- The value of a commodity is only related to the labor needed to produce or obtain that commodity and not to other factors of production • Second Party System- 2 party system • Democrats-...
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...account of an alleged event can sometimes be fundamental to determining an accused’s guilt, rendering his or her liberty, livelihood and reputation at stake. The law requires witnesses to give truthful evidence and encourages them to admit when they do not know or cannot remember the details of the event (Evidence Act of 2008). Witnesses rely on their memories to testify as to what they believe is a true account of the event. However, memories have been found to be fallible with no guarantee of corresponding with objective reality (Johnson, 2001). Research has found that false memories (FM), where a person recalls an event that did not occur and mistakes it to be a true representation of that event (Gleaves & Smith, 2004; Johnson, 2001) exists within the realm of eyewitness testimony (ET) (Loftus, Miller & Burns, 1978). This raises the issue of how well does ET reflect reality. Some theories that explain FM include the source monitoring failure theory (Johnson, Hastroudi & Lindsay, 1993), activation monitoring theory (Roediger, Balota &Watson, 2001) and fuzzy trace theory (Brianerd & Reyna, 1998; Reyna & Brainerd, 1995). Due to word count limitations, this paper will explore the concept of FM using fuzzy trace theory, source monitoring errors and the misinformation effect to explain how FM occurs in the context of ET and why ET can never the representation of the complete truth. The FTT proposes that there are two parallel memory traces, the verbatim trace and the gist trace (Brianerd...
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...Penn State University Press Historical Perspective of the Logistics and Supply Chain Management Discipline Author(s): R. Neil Southern Source: Transportation Journal, Vol. 50, No. 1 (Winter 2011), pp. 53-64 Published by: Penn State University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/transportationj.50.1.0053 Accessed: 08-10-2015 12:36 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. Penn State University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transportation Journal. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 111.68.99.23 on Thu, 08 Oct 2015 12:36:12 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Historical Perspective of the Logistics and Supply Chain Management Discipline R. Neil Southern Abstract The purpose of this article is to examine the evolution of the study of business logistics and supply chain management from the perspective of one who has participated firsthand in the discipline in industry and academic positions over the past...
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...PAPER 28 THE HISTORY OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT FROM THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT DAY READING LIST: 2012-13 C. A. Bayly cab1002@cam.ac.uk 1 The History of The Indian Subcontinent From The Late Eighteenth Century To The Present Day A fifth of the world's population lives in the Indian subcontinent. While today the region’s place in the global world order is widely recognised, this is in fact only the most recent chapter in a longer history. This paper offers an understanding of the part played by the Indian subcontinent role and its people in the making of the modern world. From the decline of the great empire of the Mughals and the rise of British hegemony, to the rise of nationalism, the coming of independence and partition, the consolidation of new nation states despite regional wars and conflicts, and the emergence of India as the largest democracy in the world, this paper is a comprehensive and analytical survey of the subcontinent's modern history. The dynamic and complex relationships between changing forms of political power and religious identities, economic transformations, and social and cultural change are studied in the period from 1757 to 2007. In normal circumstances students will be given 6 supervisions in groups of 1 or 2. Key themes and brief overview: The paper begins by examining the rise of British power in the context of economic developments indigenous to southern Asia; it analyses the role played by Indian polities and social groups...
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