...After viewing the Da Vinci Surgical system, I must admit it was a very interesting way of doing surgery. It is done by having the real surgeon working the console that controls the robot’s arms. As of now there is no way to program the equipment, but in time, I believe this will become a reality, with the age of technology advancing quickly; robots will be able to work alone without the aid of an actual person. At this time there is only one company that makes this robotic surgical system. They would like to make this procedure the standard for surgeries by encouraging surgeons and hospitals to adapt this technique. The cost to the hospital will be between $1 and $2.3 million depending on the model purchased. Plus, there is a service agreement that ranges from $100,000 to $170,000 per year. This alone will be a huge expense that the hospital has to endure and the patients will also feel the cost through the rising medical costs. There are some hospitals that have approved and have endorsed the robotic surgery are being better than conventional surgery, but there are not enough clinical trials proving this statement (M.D, 2013). To understand if the hospital facility should use robotic surgery, several things have to be considered. The first one being is the size of the community and how many hospitals there are. If there are less than 25 thousand and have only 1 to 2 hospitals, it would not be a viable solution to the community, if it was to occur and the need was minimal...
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...Robotic Surgery The robotic surgery system market is predominantly run by a surgical system currently known as: Da Vinci; however, the Raven II is another system that is out there and is making an impact on robotic surgery research and studies. There are obvious differences between both systems and their capabilities, but we will investigate further. Additionally, there are a significant number of surgeries that are being performed by the da Vinci surgical robots in hospitals and in regards to research. The Raven II surgical robot is opening doors of opportunity for technological advancement purposes. All this is a driving effort to better improve healthcare services in relations to minimally invasive surgical procedures and to drive the advancement of this technology through industry collaboration. The da Vinci surgical system was originally developed in the former Stanford Research Institute under contract to the U.S. Army; however, the idea of introducing a product for commercial applications was the route taken by Intuitive Surgical in an effort to find different applications for minimally invasive surgical procedures. Every aspect of the da Vinci robotic system is proprietary which includes both the production and assembly of the hardware and software. This closed model approach has allowed Intuitive Surgical to monopolize the surgical robot system market. Results of the success they have had, as of May 2013 they were listed as number eight on the Forbes list for innovative...
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...Plesnarski………………………33 10. Moral & Ethical Implications by Karen Quaderer…………………………… 39 11. Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….47 Abstract In this research paper our team will look at the use of Robotic Technology in the medical field, more specifically in the surgical field as well as discuss the issues and implications surrounding the topic. Our discussion will include topics ranging from the history and development of robots that can be found in surgical rooms, political concerns regarding the Food and Drug Administration and their requirements to approve use of these robots, the legal aspect of robotic technology on how to determine which party is held liable in case of accidents or malfunctions that can lead to injury and a legal case that shows the difficulty to prove fault against a manufacturer. Also discussed will be the economic ramifications on our society, psychological, sociological, cultural, moral and ethical impacts on human life, in particular the patients that undergo surgery involving a robotic surgical system, and the environmental impacts of robotics in surgery. It is our hope that through this research paper that we are able to explain to and educate our readers on the impacts of Robotic Surgery as this type of surgery is becoming more popular with doctors in order to...
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...------------------------------------------------- Robot Assisted Surgery: The Evolution of the Surgeon and the Operating Room Abstract The art of surgery has evolved significantly from the times of shaman priests in ancient Egypt and bloodletting barbers of Medieval Europe. This evolution was assisted by the development of new tools that were created as the result of some advancement in technology. These new instruments permitted the surgeons of their day to unlock new possibilities and develop new techniques, each more sophisticated than the one before. Due to the sensitive nature of surgery, moral and ethical obligations were established early on and eventually formed the basis of “The Hippocratic Oath”, which is still relevant to the modern surgeon. We are now in a place in history where robots are being used to assist with surgical procedures that were once only conceivably done by human hands. This paper seeks to detail this evolution as well as describe current and future applications of robotics in the surgery and the ethical implications inherit with this technology. This report will also attempt to identify and discuss the complex legal, political, and cultural issues that have also evolved with this science. A review of the literature was undertaken using Medline. Articles describing the history and development of surgical robots were identified as were articles reporting data on applications. This most recent development in surgical advancement has infinite potential...
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...Robotic Surgery Deborah Martin, ROBOTIC SURGERY ༉ Introduction ༉ Advantages & Disadvantages ༉ How Robotic Surgery Works ༉ Conclusion Robotic Surgery Mostly paying consideration on reducing the invasiveness of the surgical procedure Robotic Surgery • Computer supported surgery • Surgeon operates the machine to do the operation • Surgeon uses one or more technique to control the instrument • While operate the operation the Surgeon uses remote or directly the computer to manage those instrument AESOP Endoscope Positioner robotic system ༉ Computer Motion, Inc developed the AESOP Endoscope Positioner robotic system and in 1993 this became the first robot approved by the FDA for surgery. ༉ AESOP Endoscope Positioner is a voiceactivated robotic system for endoscopic surgery. ZEUS® Surgical System ༉ Computer Motion, Inc introduced the ZEUS® Surgical System in 1998. ༉ ZEUS® Surgical System consists of : ༉ Surgeon control console ༉ Three table mounted robotic arms Da Vinci Surgical system ༉ ༉ ༉ ༉ ༉ Intuitive Surgery, Inc. created the da Vinci Surgical system and approved in 1997 by FDA. July 2000 it become the first laparoscopic surgical robotic. The da Vinci system consists of: A Surgeon console A patient side cart Four robotic arms (the three arms of the da Vinci system holds the operation instruments and the fourth arm has a camera with two lenses...
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...Robotic Surgery Review Related Literature Twenty-five years have passed since the first successful minimally invasive surgical procedure and laparoscopic general surgery has grown exponentially with particular regard to certain pathologies and now, besides cholecystectomy , it is considered to be the gold standard for surgery of the oesophagogastric junction, adrenal glands, distal pancreas, and spleen. The expanding role of laparoscopic surgery is closely associated with technological advances, including the advent of flexible fibreoptic instruments and improved laparoscopic haemostatic devices such as clips, endoscopic staplers, and energy-induced forceps (electrical based and ultrasonic based). The most recent innovation in this field has been robotic-assisted technology. Multiple large study series have clearly demonstrated superior outcomes with laparoscopic versus conventional open surgery; the benefits of laparoscopy include decreased postoperative pain, morbidity, and length of hospital stay (LOS), improved cosmesis, and overall cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, the operative complexity that can be achieved with this kind of minimally invasive surgery has slowed the broad adoption of laparoscopy especially in the most challenging hepatobiliary surgery due to the complex vascular and biliary anatomy of the liver, propensity for bleeding, parenchymal friability, and extremely difficult surgical exposure. Considering the limitations of the laparoscopic technique, it is...
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...Robotic Surgery Table of Contents Introduction 3 Historical Development of Robotics 4 Political and Legal Influences 6 Economic Considerations 8 Technology in Today’s Culture 10 Environmental Concerns 12 Moral and Ethical Implications 13 Psychological and Sociological Effects 17 Conclusion 18 References 20 Introduction Robotic surgery, or computer-assisted surgery, is the term used to describe the technology of using robotic systems to aid in surgical procedures. It was developed to help surgeons and medical health professionals overcome the human limitations of minimally-invasive surgery and enhance the abilities of the surgeons performing these procedures. It has many benefits to not only surgeons and medical facilities but for the patients as well. After years of development, training, and global awareness of the technology, medical manufacturers of the robots, surgeons, and medical professionals hope the technologies benefits will outweigh and overcome the environmental, financial, legal and ethical controversies. Dr. James McEwen, Dr. Brian Day and a team of engineering students, developed the very first surgical robot in 1983. It was used on March 12, 1984 for an orthopedic surgical procedure in Vancouver, Canada. Over sixty minimally invasive joint surgeries were performed in the first 12 months after the first successful surgery. After this, several other robotic devices were developed. A surgical scrub nurse was created...
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...the 20th century, the field of robotics has the potential to equally alter how we live in the 21st century. We've already seen how robots have changed the manufacturing of cars and other consumer goods by streamlining and speeding up the assembly line. We even have robotic lawn mowers and robotic pets. And robots have enabled us to see places that humans are not yet able to visit, such as other planets and the depths of the ocean. In the coming decades, we may see robots that have artificial intelligence. Some, like Honda's ASIMO (Fig 1) robot, will resemble the human form. They may eventually become self-aware and conscious, and be able to do anything that a human can. When we talk about robots doing the tasks of humans, we often talk about the future, but robotic surgery is already a reality. Doctors around the world are using sophisticated robots to perform surgical procedures on patients. While robotic surgery systems are still relatively uncommon, several hospitals around the world have bought robotic surgical systems. These systems have the potential to improve the safety and effectiveness of surgeries. But the systems also have some drawbacks. It's still a relatively young science and it's very expensive. Some hospitals may be holding back on adopting the technology. Robotic surgery is the use of robots in performing surgery. Three major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery. 1.1 History In 1985 a...
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...LAS 432 Course Capstone Project Robotic Surgery (LAS 432 - 08) Robert Clark April 19, 2015 Team F Team Leader: Dylan Zinkiewicz - D# 03342318 Team Members: Alisha Young - D# 01615918 Antonice Thomas - D# 01487783 Brooke White - D# 01489597 Katherine Vega - D# 01487783 Contents Alisha Young Intro to Robotic Surgery 2 Antonice Thomas Timeline 10 Overview 15 The Future 17 Dylan Zinkiewicz Economic Talk 19 Marketing & Media Influence 24 Katherine Vega Psychological considerations and Sociological effects 29 Environmental Implications 33 Brooke White Ethics and Legal Issues 37 Conclusion 45 References 46 Intro to Robotic Surgery Robotic surgery is defined in the medical dictionary as "the performance of operative procedures with the assistance of robotic technology" ("Robotic," n.d.). Robotic surgery is an emerging technology that began its experimental phase in 1985 with the introduction of the PUMA 560 robotic arm. The first use of a robot for a surgical procedure was a neurosurgical biopsy, recorded in 1985. Following this successful surgery was the first laparoscopic surgery using the same kind of robot; the robotic arm. In 1987, a successful cholecystectomy was performed. In 1988, doctors decided to use the PUMA 560 robotic arm for a transurethral resection procedure. Finally, in 1990, the Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning (AESOP) became known as the first system to be approved by the Food and...
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...2013 Professor Aimee James DeVry University Abstract Robotic surgery is a described as when a surgeon uses robotic equipment to assist during a surgical procedure. The surgeon manipulates controls which send information to the robotic equipment, telling it what to do. This surgical technology can be used for a wide range of surgical procedures. There are multiple benefits from choosing this type of surgery, but can also cost more than laparoscopic. Robotic surgery has been discussed for over two decades. Over the last decade, it has increased in popularity and applicability. There are many economic concerns over the use of this technology such as the cost versus the applicable use. There are also concerns about the implications the use of this technology will have on the environment, as well as moral and ethical concerns. By providing background information and history of this technology, information on the use of this technology, economical, sociological, and psychological effects and concerns associated with this technology, and information on environmental implications and moral and ethical concerns of this technology, we hope to provide readers a basis to form an educated opinion on the applicability of remote and robotic surgery. Table of Contents Abstract (Jesse Edwards)…...……………………………………………….…………………….ii Introduction (Jesse Edwards)……………………………………………….……………………..1 Description of Robotic Assisted Surgical Technology and What it Means to You (Gregory...
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...Robotic Surgery October 8, 2015 Devry University The technology Robotic surgery refers to a method used to perform surgery with the help of very small surgical instruments attached to a robotic arm. The surgeon controls the robotic arm with a computer (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2013). Robotic surgery or robotic-assisted surgery uses robots that are controlled by actual surgeons. The robots are merely for precision and accuracy during the surgery as human surgeons are prone to error due to distractions. The development also allows doctors to perform a lot more complex operations than they were able to before. It does not stop there; Robotic surgery allows for much more flexibility options, control- ability and accuracy in precision (Lanfranco, et al. 2004). The surgeon makes tiny incisions on the patient, then the blades and other surgical instruments that are attached to the robot, penetrate through the incisions. This kind of surgery has been successful in some traditional open surgical operations (Mayo Clinic, 2015). Application of general anesthesia is important during surgery because it alters the perception of the body toward a painful stimulus. General anesthesia is applied to ensure that the procedure is painless. It takes a patient to relax and submit themselves to the hands of the surgeon as the only way of healing. The anesthesia, therefore, works by reducing the anxiety that may bring complications as the patients are unconscious...
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...Surgery Advantages and disadvantages Major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery, minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery. Some major advantages of robotic surgery are precision, miniaturization, smaller incisions, decreased blood loss, less pain, and quicker healing time. Further advantages are articulation beyond normal manipulation and three-dimensional magnification, resulting in improved ergonomics. Robotic techniques are also associated with reduced duration of hospital stays, blood loss, transfusions, and use of pain medication.[13] With a the cost of the robot at $1,200,000 dollars and disposable supply costs of $1,500 per procedure, the cost of the procedure is higher. Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system.[14] Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity, improved outcomes, reduced blood loss and less pain.[13] Higher expectations may explain higher rates of dissatisfaction and regret.[14] The main advantage of this technique is that the incisions are very small and, consequently, patient recovery is quick. In traditional open-heart surgery, the surgeon makes a ten to twelve-inch incision, then accesses the heart by splitting the sternum (breast bone) and spreading open the rib cage. The patient is then placed on a heart-lung machine and the heart is stopped for the length of the surgery. Not only is this a way for bacteria that can cause infections to access the...
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...Robotic Surgery To Stay Or Not Too Stay The use of surgical robots has increased greatly and is continuing to grow. Although these robots are already being used they have advantages as well as disadvantages. Surgical robots are only going to improve the outcomes for the patients, surgeons, and hospitals and will keep improving as time goes on, overcoming the disadvantages that are seen today. Many different types of robots are being used to carry out surgical procedures such as the Endowrist, AESOP, Zeus, PROBOT, ROBODOC, SOCRATES and the da Vinci being the most popular. Also there are many specific types of surgical procedures that are being carried out robotically such as urological, gynecological, cardiac, and general surgeries. “Shorter hospital stays, smaller incisions, less blood loss, quicker recovery, less painful, reduced rates of bacterial infections and blood transfusions, eliminating the surgeons hand tremors, more comfort and decrease in fatigue for the surgeon, 3D view, superior suturing skills, reverse fulcrum” are some of the advantages that affect the patient. Disadvantages involved with robot assisted surgery are “high cost, the large size of the robot, lack of compatible instruments and equipment, lengthy set up times, longer operative times, lack of haptic tactile feedback,” but are believed to disappear with more research and time. Surgical robots could be the most successful and most used technology in surgery in the future. “A surgical robot...
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...8/16/14 The Benefits and disadvantages of remotes and robotic surgery Robotic surgeries is a new technology that has drastically changed the health and medicine aspects by giving hope and promises in finding ways to cure patients. Robotic surgery is a new revolution and is one of the most used methods in hospitals. Until todays date the robotic and remote devices has increased their used in hospitals and clinics, and there is no doubt that their use will decrease because they have succeed in the past. As the time pass, robots and surgery remotes take a big picture in hospitals, but that doesn’t mean they are replacing humans. In fact they improved their knowledge and their ability skills to operate small and larger incisions. Robotic surgeries has helped many hospitals stability for patients and has increase the opportunities to complete multiple operation with less time that was used before. There are many types of robotic surgeries, and each work depending on the patient’s needs. Several types of robotic surgeries may be used depending on the patients and they can be used to treat different conditions. Furthermore, there are patients that don’t qualified for this types of surgeries because they don’t have the resistance to survive this operations, or they don’t have the financial requirement to pay for a surgery. Every new technology has their ups and downs, and robotic surgery does not stay behind. Before robotic surgeries and remotes to hits the process of maturity stage, they...
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...when A.G. was having a diagnostic test done. A.G. went to the doctor on January 23 for a routine colonoscopy and found out during the test that the third polyp was too big, but benign. A.G. states “The location of the polyp was in the right side. It is localized in a small area, a couple of inches of the bowel” A.G. states he feels no pain. Due to the location of the bowel, there are no signs or symptoms that A.G. can detect without the aid of a diagnostic test. A.G. did not have any symptoms associated with the diagnosis with the condition: no alteration in bowel movement, no sensations, or discharges that would alarm the him. No other signs or symptoms were present. The only treatment for this condition is surgery. Due to the location of the polyp, surgery was the only answer. A.G. did not...
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