...borealis Cancer borealis ("Jonah crab") is found in the mid- to lower intertidal zone under algae and among rocks. This predator eats blue mussels and other invertebrates. The remains of this crab are often found in the upper intertidal zone, evidence of bird predation. Carcinus maenas Carcinus maenas ("green crab") is found under algae and small rocks, and it eats other invertebrates in the mid- to lower intertidal zones. This crab is native to Europe and is an invasive species. The green crab is smaller than the Jonah crab. Homarus americanus Homarus americanus ("American lobster") is a bottom-dwelling predator and scavenger. The American lobster is found throughout the Gulf of Maine, where it is commercially important. The lobster is found in rocky, subtidal habitats but, rarely, can be observed in lower intertidal pools. Idotea balthica This herbivorous crustacean, an isopod, feeds on a variety of algae including large rockweeds (Ascophyllum, Fucus). It is common in the mid- and lower intertidal zones but is hard to see because its color usually matches the algae it is feeding on. This behavior helps it resist predation by fish. Individuals vary in color from yellow to brown to deep burgundy. Semibalanus balanoides Semibalanus balanoides ("barnacles") are sessile filter feeders. Larvae settle in the spring and attach head down to the rock. They make heavy calcified plates, which protect them from predation and drying stress, and begin to sweep...
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...part of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and wholly protected within the Hinchinbrook Island National Park, except for a small resort. It is the largest island on the Great Barrier Reef.[2] It is also the largest island national park in Australia.[3][4] On the mainland adjacent Hinchinbrook Island is Girringun National Park, Kirrama National Park, Edmund Kennedy National Park and the Cardwell Range hinterland which is part of the World Heritage Wet Tropics of Queensland. The Great Green Way spans the coastal region Cairns City to the north, with Townsville City to the south. Cardwell is a southern Cassowary Coast Town with a population of around 1,350. Natural heritage[edit] Hinchinbrook Island is made up of late Palaeozoic igneous rocks.[5] The main 16 km long pluton in the east of the island, the Hinchinbrook Granite, is composed of various hypersolvus granites and intrudes volcanics, granodiorites, and granites.[5][6] The island and coastal ranges are thought to have been thrust up as blocks with subsidence between them to form the coastal plain with the summit level of the island being an older dissected surface that has been uplifted to approximately 1k m or more above sea level. The Hinchinbrook Channel that separates the island from the mainland is considered to be fault controlled. Since the last Ice Age 18,000 years ago sea level has risen. Once there was a significant rugged coastal range, now there is Hinchinbrook Island. To the west is the mangrove-fringed Hinchinbrook...
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...SimUText System®. . SimBio Virtual Labs®: EcoBeaker® The Barnacle Zone Background When we tell our kids about different species and where they live, we naturally start talking about weather and the physical environment. Camels are adapted to life in the desert and can go a long time without water. Polar bears live in the Arctic and are adapted to cold with their thick layers of insulation. A polar bear wouldn’t be very happy in the desert, and a camel would have a hard time in the Arctic (though a herd of camels pulling a sled over the ice is an amusing image). The underlying idea is that in order to be adapted to one environment, you necessarily give up the ability to live in other environments. But is this true for most species? Do species live where they do primarily because of their adaptations to the physical environment, or might the other species in the environment also be important? The intertidal zone of rocky coastlines makes an interesting natural laboratory in which to explore these questions. First, the physical environment itself is challenging. The intertidal zone is that portion of the shore that is covered during high tide and exposed to air during low tide. If you think about how rocks would be covered and exposed as tides come in and out (twice a day on average), you can see that, the higher an organism lives on the rocks, the more time it will...
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...History of Culture and Cuisine My Favorite Foods Mangos Mangos have been cultivated in South Asia for thousands of years and arrived to East Asia between the 4th and 5th centuries BC. By the 10th century AD, its culture had begun in East Africa. The 14th century Moroccan traveler, Ibn Battuta, reported it at Mogadishu Mangos then came later to Brazil, the West Indies and Mexico, where an appropriate climate allows its growth. “Selecting the ripeness of mangos can be determined by either smelling or squeezing” (Fresh mangos, 2011). A ripe mango will have a full, fruity aroma emitting from the stem end. Mangos can be considered ready to eat when slightly soft to the touch and yielding to gentle pressure, like a ripe peach. “The best flavored fruit have a yellow tinge when ripe; however, color may be red, yellow, green, orange or any combination” (Fresh mangos, 2011). Mangoes are widely used in cuisine. Sour, unripe mangoes are used in chutneys, pickles, or side dishes, or may be eaten raw with salt, chili, or soy sauce. Mango is used to make juices, smoothies, ice cream, fruit bars, pies, or a sweet and spicy chili paste. It is popular on a stick dipped in hot chili powder and salt or also as a main ingredient in fresh fruit combinations. “In Central America, mango is either eaten green mixed with salt, vinegar, black pepper and hot sauce, or ripe in various forms”(Fresh mangos, 2011). Toasted and ground pumpkin seed with lime and salt are used in their country when...
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...corals, lobsters, clams, sponges, seahorses, sea turtles are only a few of hundreds of thousands of creatures that rely on reefs for their survival. I think that coral reefs are beautiful and I find that ecosystem of a reef is fascinating. Despite the fact that Corals look like rock or plants they are definitely marine animals. Corals life begins in tropical water as floating larvae. After a short period of time the larvae attaches itself to a hard surface and becomes a polyp. Corals are related to the jellyfish some people say that a coral looks like a jelly fish upside down due to a coral having a lot of tiny polyps. A single coral polyp may be as large as a saucer or small as the top of a pinhead. There are billions of polyps working together in a cooperative colony. Generation after generation creating a limestone skeleton that forms the framework of the beautiful coral reefs. Coral Reefs grow very slowly. It could take up to a hundred years for a reef to grow 3ft. (Best&Bornbusch, 2001) Coral Reefs have been in existence for over 215 million years and located in tropical waters. The earths ocean floors cover more than 70% of our planet's surface and 97% of that water is found in the ocean. As everyone knows ocean water is salty and the reason being is due to the salinity in the water. The two ions found in seawater are chloride and sodium. The salt in the ocean's water has a lot of chemicals in it such as potassium, magnesium sulfate and calcium. There are rocks in the lakes...
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...eastern edge. Poike, which was formerly an island that eventually became joined to Terevaka by basalt flows emitted from Terevaka, has been seriously crumbled by the sea on each and every edge. The southwest flank of Rapa Nui was created by the Kao volcano. The Rano Kao lake inside the volcano's crater is one of Easter Island's only three pure chunks of crisp water. The water from the exceedingly submerged crater, which is approximately 3,000 feet in width, is carried to Easter Island's capital, Hanga Roa. The crater is roughly a mile in diameter and features a unique microclimate protected from winds. The lake has an abundance of climbing plants. The interior declivity was the spot of the most recent wild toromoro tree just before the species was felled for cordwood in 1960. The majority of Kao volcano is on the seacoast and has been abraded back to build towering sea escarpments which at one time have begun to cut into the caldera precipice. Kao is halfway between Poike and Terevaka in the level of its sea escarpment and soil growth. The Terevaka volcano dominates almost the entire mainland of Rapa Nui...
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...“The longer you live the longer you should live” –Wiley “Evolution’s a bitch” –Wiley “Suckers are good to eat” –Wiley WHAT HAS EVOLUTION DONE FOR ME What has evolution done for me • Agricultural crops and animal breeding for the past 8,000 years • With the discovery of methods to reconstruct evolutionary relationships there is been a vast increase in the relevance of evolutionary biology to human society. Reconstructing Phylogenies • 1859-1950- No coherent empirical methods • 1950-1966- Emergence of Phylogenetic Systematics • Phylogeny by discovery of the order of evolutionary innovation Ribotyping • Fingerprinting or sequencing RNA • Many diseases have unknown causes • However, diseased tissues can be ribotyped. (Wiley Death Fish) • This process involves extracting DNA from diseased tissues and then sequencing the DNA that codes for rRNA. • If a disease agent such as a bacteria is present, then we will get ribosomal DNA sequences from the host (you) and the bacteria (the infection agent). Ribotyping: Phylogeny matching • Once we have the rDNA sequences, we can plug them into a sequence matrix of all life and see where our unknowns appear on the tree of life. Our Food Chain • Some products are easy to identify, but others are not. • A slab of fish fillet from a sea bass looks like a slab of sih fillet from a farmed Asian catfish. • But the sea bass costs $10/pound while the Asian catfish...
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...Critically assess ‘Individual Transferable Quotas’ as a way of managing an Open Access Fishery Open Access Fisheries have long been susceptible to irrational over-exploitation by fishermen. The nature of such an open and accessible resource coupled with the issue of overfishing has resulted in a growing area of research and academia in sustainable management strategies. Economists became aware of the common property problems of the fishery through H. Scott Gordon in 1954 and have been concerned with effective measures of management ever since1. The economist, Parzival Copes 1986, pin points the problem that fisheries are absent of individual property rights. This, he argued, produces no incentive for fishermen to ‘husband the resource’ and invariably leads to excessive exploitation1. It is this exploitation that is a concern for governments worldwide as populations rise and the demand for such resources increase. This essay will look at one way of managing an Open Access Fishery, a strategy of Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ), and will assess the effectiveness of such an approach. An early output-limitation management strategy has been to impose a total allowable catch (TAC) in fisheries to try and prevent exploitation and conserve fish stocks. These limits on the amount that fishermen can harvest each season are aimed at allowing conservation objectives to be met, but in reality they resulted in a racing mentality, a ‘race for fish,’ as soon as the fishing season began...
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...Environment Our commitment to good environmental stewardship is shaped firstly by the need to respond appropriately to global imperatives concerning climate change, biodiversity conservation, energy use and water security; and secondly by our belief that the sustainable management of the natural environment is key to the future prosperity of all the countries where we operate. Our approach to managing environmental issues is built on the effective integration of the environment discipline into our core business and the development of appropriate policies and tools to aid their implementation. This process is underpinned by our ISO 14001 compliant management systems. Within this framework we develop holistic management solutions individually tailored to the environmental, social and economic contexts of each of our operations. This in turn means that we are sensitive to local needs and place particular emphasis on forging strategic partnerships with governments, local communities and Non-Governmental Organisations to find creative solutions to environmental challenges wherever we operate. In addition to our focus on developing effective management systems, our ongoing investment in building the capability of the environment discipline across the Family of Companies has also enabled us to respond to environmental challenges beyond the traditional mining focus area of land rehabilitation. Biodiversity, energy and water management are now specific areas of...
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...A new frontier in discovery and exploration, Cambodia offers wonderful vistas both in and out of the water. text sol Foo Photography Paul Ferber, Kua Kay yaw & birKan Tanis charms cambodian 70-77 Siteseeing-Cambodia.indd 70 7/26/08 3:42:31 PM Photo Kua Kay yaw cambodia Photo Paul Ferber hen I was invited to dive in Cambodia, I was more than sceptical. I’d never heard of anything like that there. then Paul Ferber, manager of the Dive Shop Cambodia, set the bait: he sent me pictures. I booked the next possible flight out. After all, even if the diving were average, I knew I’d still have a good time exploring this place that is more known for Angkor Wat, the Mekong river and the killing fields. three-and-a-half-hours south-west of Phnom Penh, Sihanoukville is a whole different world. on the gulf of thailand, this place has transformed into a holiday destination, much like Phuket 20 years ago, with a similar laidback feeling and guesthouses, cafes and restaurants lining the main road. the beaches can rival some of the best in Asia. Checking into the Dive Shop Cambodia (DSC), I meet the rest of the Photo Kua Kay yaw W 71 Issue 98 • asian Diver sihanouKville New perspectives Explore a different part of Cambodia, away from its historical sites and enjoy what its waters can offer — you’ll be quite impressed! CAMBODIA crew, and we set out for the island of Koh Rung. on the way there, Ferber tells me of his plans to create more awareness of the...
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...Fishing is the activity of catching fish. It is an ancient practice dating back at least 40,000 years. Since the 16th century fishing vessels have been able to cross oceans in pursuit of fish and since the 19th century it has been possible to use larger vessels and in some cases process the fish on board. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. The term fishing may be applied to catching other aquatic animals such as shellfish, cephalopods, crustaceans, and echinoderms. The term is not usually applied to catching aquatic mammals, such as whales, where the term whaling is more appropriate, or to farmed fish. In addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational sport. According to FAO statistics, the total number of fishermen and fish farmers is estimated to be 38 million. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people.[1] In 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms.[2] Contents 1 Prehistory 2 Ancient history 3 Commercial fishing 3.1 Fish netting 3.2 Herring fisheries 3.3 Trawling 3.4 Cod trade 3.5 Trepanging 3.6 Chinese Americans 4 Artisan fishing 5 Recreational fishing 5.1 The fishing reel 5.2 Fly fishing ...
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...EA TOOLS & MATERIALS END USER LICENSE Electronic Arts Inc, and its subsidiaries, affiliates and licensors (collectively, “EA”) grants you a non- transferable non-exclusive license to download and/or install and use one copy of the software tool (“Tool”) and/or materials (“Materials”) (collectively the “Tools & Materials”) solely for your personal noncommercial use in connection with EA’s products, in accordance with the terms below. EA owns all of the rights, title and interest in the Tools & Materials. You may not alter any of EA’s trademarks or logos, or alter or remove any of EA’s trademark or copyright notices included in or with the Tools & Materials or EA’s products. Your right to use Tools & Materials is limited to the license grant above, and you may not otherwise copy, display, distribute, perform, publish, modify, create works from, or use any of the Tools & Materials. Without limiting the preceding sentence, you may not modify, reverse engineer, disassemble, license, transfer, distribute, create works from, or sell the Tool, or use the Tools & Materials to further any commercial purpose. Without limiting the foregoing, you may not use the Tools & Materials to promote another product or business, or on any site that operates or promotes a server emulator. You may include materials created with the Tools & Materials on your personal noncommercial website for the noncommercial benefit of the fan community for EA’s products and provided that if you do so, you must also...
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...Bio Vocab 1. ecology - noun the branch of biology concerned with the relations between organisms and their environment; the environment as it relates to living organisms 2. biosphere - noun the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist 3. species - noun a specific kind of something; (biology) taxonomic group whose members can interbreed 4. population - noun the act of populating (causing to live in a place); (statistics) the entire aggregation of items from which samples can be drawn; a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area; the people who inhabit a territory or state; the number of inhabitants (either the total number or the number of a particular race or class) in a given place (country or city etc.) 5. community - noun (ecology) a group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other; a group of people living in a particular local area; a group of people having ethnic or cultural or religious characteristics in common; a group of nations having common interests; common ownership; agreement as to goals; the body of people in a learned occupation; a district where people live; occupied primarily by private residences 6. ecosystem - noun a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment 7. biome - noun a major biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plant life and the prevailing climate 8. autotroph...
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...Langkawi: Tourist destination Are you after a holiday that combines some of Malaysia's finest resorts, most stunning beaches and UNESCO-listed natural beauty? Whether you are on the lookout for a romantic getaway, after some well-earned rest and relaxation, or after a budget-friendly destination for the family, your perfect holiday awaits in Langkawi. Five unforgettable experiences in Langkawi include: 1) Take in the stunning view from the Skybridge For a breathtaking experience, the Langkawi Skybridge is world-class. Clinging to a 700 metre high mountain ridge, the 125 metre long pedestrian bridge offers incredible views of the Andaman Sea. You'll get to the Skybridge by taking an awe-inspiring cable car journey to the top of Gunung Mat Chinchang. How to get there: The Cable Car Park is located at the Oriental Village, a 30 minute drive from Kuah town and 15 minutes drive from Langkawi International Airport. Regular tours are also available to the Cable Car Park, and can be easily arranged in Langakwi. The Cable Car Park is open daily, and entry is approximately RM30 for adults (approximately $AUD10) and RM20 for children (approximately $AUD7).For more information go to: http://www.panoramalangkawi.com 2) Do absolutely nothing at all… Home to warm waters and gorgeous beaches, Langkawi is the perfect destination if you're looking for lazy days, and a holiday far away from the bustling pace of daily life. Many of the resorts in Langkawi are set on private...
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...CONTENT Exercise 1. 2 Exercise 2. 5 Exercise 3. 8 Exercise 4. 11 Exercise 5. 15 Exercise 6. 18 Exercise 7. 21 Exercise 8. 25 Exercise 9. 28 Exercise 10. 31 Exercise 11. 34 Exercise 12. 37 Exercise 13. 40 Exercise 14. 43 Exercise 15. 46 Exercise 16. 49 Exercise 17. 53 Exercise 18. 57 Exercise 19. 61 Exercise 20. 65 Exercise 21. 68 Exercise 22. 72 Exercise 23. 76 Exercise 24. 80 说明： 题目来源： Exercise 1-24：所有题目都来自官方真题 其中： Exercise 1-14：我们将OG和PP2中的题目编排为前14个Exercise, 每个Exercise都是按照GRE考试中阅读部分的出题习惯编排，即每个Exercise 10个题目，形式为（1长+2短+1逻辑 or 4短+1逻辑）。 Exercise 15-24：我们将近年来考试中出现的文章和老GRE中极为接近现行出题风格的文章编排为后10个Exercise，每个Exercise 13个题目左右，形式为（1长+1短+2逻辑）。 练习方法： 建议大家第一遍做能够限时练习，按照考试的要求每个Exercise的大致难度和应该用的时间都标在了前面。没做完6个exercise可以做一个回顾总结，将文章反复做一遍，总结单词，长难句，文章的出题规律，句子之间的关系。 答案显示方法： 如果你打印出来练习：参考答案见P 页 如果你在电脑上练习：windows 系统：Ctrl+Shift+8；Mac系统：Command+8 Exercise 1. 20min While most scholarship on women’s employment in the United States recognizes that the Second World War (1939–1945) dramatically changed the role of women in the workforce, these studies also acknowledge that few women remained in manufacturing jobs once men returned from the war. But in agriculture, unlike other industries where women were viewed as temporary workers, women’s employment did not end with the war. Instead, the expansion of agriculture and a steady decrease in the number of male farmworkers combined to cause the industry to hire more women in the postwar years...
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